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Encyclopedia > Mohammed Omar

Mohammed Omar
In office
September 27, 1996 – October, 2001
Preceded by Burhanuddin Rabbani (as President of Afghanistan)
Succeeded by Burhanuddin Rabbani (as President of Afghanistan)
Born c.1959
Nodeh, near Kandahar,
Kandahar Province, Afghanistan
Political party Islamic Revolutionary Forces, later Taliban
Religion Sunni Islam

Mullah Mohammed Omar (Pashto: ملا محمد عمر) (born c. 1959, Nodeh, near Kandahar[1]) often simply called Mullah Omar, is the reclusive leader of the Taliban of Afghanistan and was Afghanistan's de facto head of state from 1996 to 2001, under the title Commander of the Faithful. Since the Post-9/11 war in Afghanistan began in 2001 he has been in hiding and wanted by U.S. authorities for harboring Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda organization. He is believed to be hiding in Pakistan. It has been suggested that Amir-al-Muminin be merged into this article or section. ... Flag of the Islamic Emirate Afghanistan (1997-2001). ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see October (disambiguation). ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Afghanistan has only intermittently been a republic - between 1973-1992 and from 2001 onwards - at other times being governed by a variety of kings, emirs and (under the mujahideen and Taliban regimes in the 1990s) Islamist rulers. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the city in Afghanistan. ... Kandahar or Qandahar (Pashto: قندھار) is one of the largest of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. ... Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic Revolutionary Forces) was a traditionalist Afghan mujahedeen group fighting against Soviet forces from 1980 to 1988, during the Soviet war in Afghanistan. ... The Taliban (Pashto: , also anglicized as Taleban) are a Sunni Muslim and ethnic Pashtun movement [2] that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, when their leaders were removed from power by a cooperative military effort between the Northern Alliance, United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. ... Sunni Muslims are the largest denomination of Islam. ... Mullah (Persian: ملا) is a title given to some Islamic clergy, coming from the Arabic word mawla, meaning both vicar and guardian. ... Pashto (پښتو; also known as Afghan, Pushto, Pashto, Pashtoe, Pashtu, and Pukhto) is the language spoken by the ethnic Afghan otherwise known as the Pashtun people who inhabit Afghanistan and the Western provinces of Pakistan. ... Year 1959 (MCMLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the city in Afghanistan. ... The Taliban (Pashto: , also anglicized as Taleban) are a Sunni Muslim and ethnic Pashtun movement [2] that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, when their leaders were removed from power by a cooperative military effort between the Northern Alliance, United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... For the comedy film of the same name, see Head of State (film). ... It has been suggested that Amir-al-Muminin be merged into this article or section. ... For other uses of War in Afghanistan, see War in Afghanistan (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: ‎; born March 10, 1957[1]), most often mentioned as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden, is a Saudi Arabian militant Islamist and is widely believed to be one of the founders of the organization called al-Qaeda. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ...


Despite his former political rank, and his current high status on terrorism wanted lists,[2] not much is publicly known about this man. Few photos and no official photos of him exist as the Taliban forbid portrait photography. During his tenure as "emir" of Afghanistan, Omar seldom left Kandahar and almost never met with non-Muslims. Most of the contact between that country and the rest of the world was via his foreign minister Wakil Ahmad Mutawakkil. Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil. ...

Contents

Personal life

Omar is an ethnic Pashtun, a member of the Hotak tribe, of the Ghilzai branch of the Pashtun.[3] He is thought to have been born sometime around 1959 to a family of "poor, landless peasants," growing up in mud huts around the village of Singesar in Orugzgan province, (or, by some reports, Nodeh), near Kandahar. His father died before he was born and the responsibility of fending for his family fell to him.[4] Language(s) Pashto (plus second languages from countries of residence) Religion(s) Islam (predominantly Sunni) Pashtuns (Pashto/Urdu/Persian: or پختون , also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns), also called Pathans (Urdu: پٹھان, Hindi: पठान ) or ethnic Afghans (Pashto: افغان )[9][10] are an Eastern Iranian ethno-linguistic group with populations primarily in eastern and... The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, ethnic Afghan, or Pathan) are an ethno-linguistic group consisting mainly of eastern Iranian stock living primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan, and the North West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan. ... Singesar (population 2400) is a village near Kandahar, Afghanistan. ... This article is about the city in Afghanistan. ...


Soviet Invasion and radicalization

Omar fought as a guerilla with the Harakat-i Inqilab-i Islami faction of the anti-Soviet Mujahideen under the command of Nek Mohammad, and fought against the Najibullah regime between 1989 and 1992.[5] Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic Revolution Movement) was a traditionalist Afghan mujahedeen group fighting against Soviet forces during the Soviet war in Afghanistan. ... CCCP redirects here. ... For the Iranian opposition group, see Peoples Mujahedin of Iran. ... Dr. Mohammad Najibullah (Pashto/Persian: ‎ ; born 1947, died September 27, 1996) was the fourth and last President of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. ...


Thin but tall and strongly built, he was reportedly "a crack marksman who had destroyed many Soviet tanks during the Afghan War."[6]


He was wounded four times and lost one eye in the battle of Jalalabad in 1989, which also marred his cheek and forehead.[7] Taliban lore has it that, upon being wounded by a piece of shrapnel, Omar removed his own eye and sewed the eyelid shut. However, reports from a Red Cross facility near the Pakistan border indicate that Omar was treated there for the injury, where his eye was surgically removed. Red Cross redirects here. ...


After he was disabled, Omar may have studied and taught in a madrasah, or Islamic seminary, in the Pakistani border city of Quetta. He was reportedly a mullah at a village madrasah near the Afghan city of Kandahar.   (Urdu: کوئٹہ) also spelled Kwatah city is a variation of kwatkot, a Pashto word meaning “fort,”. It is the largest city and provincial capital and district of Baluchistan Province, Pakistan. ... Mullah (Persian: ملا) is a title given to some Islamic clergy, coming from the Arabic word mawla, meaning both vicar and guardian. ...


Unlike most of the Afghan mujahideen, he speaks passable Arabic. [8] He was "devoted to the lectures of Sheikh Abdullah Azzam. Piety, modesty, and courage were the main features of his personality," according to Lawrence Wright.[9]


Forming the Taliban

Following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989 and the collapse of the Communist regime in Kabul in 1992, his country fell into chaos as various mujahideen factions fought for control. Omar came to head a group of warriors known as the Taliban, or Students. His recruits came from the Qur'anic schools within Afghanistan and in the Afghan refugee camps across the border in Pakistan. They fought against the rampant corruption that had emerged in the civil war period and were initially welcomed by Afghans weary of warlord rule. Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the form of society and political movement. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... The Qur’ān [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, or Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ... The Muhajir or Mohajir Afghans are the Afghan refugees that fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979. ... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ... A warlord is a person with power who has de facto military control of a subnational area due to armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority. ...


Reportedly, in early 1994, Omar led 30 men armed with 16 rifles to free two girls who had been kidnapped and raped by local commanders.[10] His movement gained momentum through the year, and he quickly gathered recruits from Islamic schools. By November 1994, Omar's movement managed to capture the province of Kandahar and Herat in September 1995.[11] This article is about the city in Afghanistan. ... Herāt (Persian: ‎ ) is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. ...


Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

In April 1996, supporters of Mullah Omar bestowed on him the title Amir al-Mu'minin (أمير المؤمنين, "Commander of the Faithful"[12]), after he took a cloak alleged to be that of Muhammad out of a series of chests it was locked in, held in a shrine in Kandahar. Legend decreed that whoever could retrieve the cloak from the chests would be the great Leader of the Muslims, or "Amir al-Mu'minin".[13] In September that year, Kabul fell to Mullah Omar and his followers. Flag of the Islamic Emirate Afghanistan (1997-2001). ... It has been suggested that Amir-al-Muminin be merged into this article or section. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ...


Under Omar's rule lawlessness and crime diminished, but fighting and the suffering of civilians from destruction of war continued. What his regime was most famous for was its enforcement of a particularly strict version of Islamic Law (the Sharia or Path). The only professions open to women in government-run organisations were in the field of medicine, and the women working as doctors or nurses could only treat other women. Women were also not permitted to attend co-educational schools; in practice, this prevented the vast majority of young women and girls in Afghanistan from receiving even a primary education. In major cities, a stringent interpretation of the Islamic dress code, specifically the Hijab or Veil, was enforced: women could not leave the house without a burqa. Men were forced to grow beards and avoid non-Islamic haircuts or dress. Cinemas were closed and music banned. Theft was punished by the amputation of a hand, rape and murder by public execution. Married adulterers were stoned to death. In Kabul, punishments were carried out in front of crowds in the city's former soccer stadium. Hundreds of cultural artifacts that were deemed polytheistic were also destroyed including major museum and countless private art collections. Mullah Mohammed Omar defended his order saying it was an honor for Islam, despite international outcries, particularly with regard to the destruction of the world's largest and amongst the oldest buddhist statues, at Bamyan. This article is about Islamic religious law. ... A primary school in Český Těšín, Poland Primary education is the first stage of compulsory education. ... “Higab” redirects here. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Olympia Stadium: start and finish lines visible, defining the length of one stadium (in this case 192. ... Polytheism is belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities. ... The Buddhas of Bamyan (Pashto: د بودا بتان په باميانو کې De Buda butan pe bamiyano ke, Farsi: تندیس‌های بودا در باميان tandis-ha-ye buda dar bamiyaan) were two monumental statues of standing Buddhas carved into the side of a cliff in the Bamyan valley of central Afghanistan, situated 230 km (143 miles) northwest of Kabul at an altitude... Bamiyan province is one of the thirty_four provinces of Afghanistan. ...


Omar renamed Afghanistan the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in October 1997. However, he did not move to Kabul, which has been the capital of Afghanistan for several centuries. In fact, he only visited Kabul twice during the reign of the Taliban from 1996 to 2001. Instead, Omar preferred to rule from his base in Kandahar. Flag of the Islamic Emirate Afghanistan (1997-2001). ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ...


On November 15, 2001, following the the 9/11 attack on America and the American retaliatory attack on the Taliban, Omar talked in a BBC interview of the need for a "screening" of the Taleban for loyalty, which "is a big task;" and of "the destruction of America ... extinction of America" a plan for which "is going ahead and, God willing, it is being implemented." Asked about the possiblity of representatives of "moderate Taleban" joining the new government, Omar proclaimed, is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

All Taliban are moderate. There are two things: extremism ["ifraat", or doing something to excess] and conservatism ["tafreet", or doing something insufficiently]. So in that sense, we are all moderates - taking the middle path.[14]

In hiding

After the international invasion of Afghanistan began in 2001, Omar went into hiding and is still at large. He is thought to be in the Pashtun regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The United States government is offering a reward of up to $10 million for information leading to his capture.[2]


Omar is believed to have played a significant role in the ending of the Waziristan War between Waziri Pashtuns and the government of Pakistan in September, 2006. He continues to have the allegiance of prominent pro-Taliban military leaders in the region, including Jalaluddin Haqqani. Former foe Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's faction has also reportedly allied with Omar and the Taliban. Combatants Pakistan, USA Waziristan tribesmen, al-Qaeda members Commanders Pervez Musharraf Ayman al-Zawahiri (probable) Strength 15,000? 8000-20,000? Casualties 500 Pakistanis, 50 Americans 2000 confirmed The Waziristan War (2004-present) is an ongoing armed conflict that began in 2004 when the Pakistani Army began its search for... Maulavi Jalaluddin Haqqani (c. ... Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (born 1947) Islamist Mujahideen leader and warlord. ...


A captured Taliban spokesman, Muhammad Hanif, told Afghan authorities in January 2007, that Omar was being protected by the Inter-Services Intelligence in Quetta, Pakistan. This matches an allegation made by the President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai, in 2006, though it is denied by officials in Pakistan. Muhammad Hanif is an Afghani who is alleged to have been a Taliban spokesman. ... This article is about the Pakistani intelligence agency. ...   (Urdu: کوئٹہ) also spelled Kwatah city is a variation of kwatkot, a Pashto word meaning “fort,”. It is the largest city and provincial capital and district of Baluchistan Province, Pakistan. ...


Numerous statements reportedly from Omar have been released. In June 2006 a statement regarding the death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in Iraq was released hailing al-Zarqawi as a martyr and claimed that the resistance movements in Afghanistan and Iraq "will not be weakened".[15] Then in December 2006 Omar issued statement expressing confidence that foreign forces will be driven out of Afghanistan.[16] In April 2007 Omar issued another statement through an intermediary encouraging more suicide attacks.[17] Wikinews has related news: Abu Musab al-Zarqawi killed in airstrike Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (Arabic: , , Abu Musab from Zarqa)) (October 20, 1966 – June 7, 2006), born as Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal al-Khalayleh (Arabic: , )was a Jordanian who ran a militant training camp in Afghanistan. ... For other uses, see Martyr (disambiguation). ... A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied country or the government of a sovereign nation through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence. ...


In Ayman al-Zawahiri's frequent appearances in as-Sahab videos, he continues to refer to Omar as "Commander of the Faithful". Ayman Muhammad Rabaie al-Zawahiri (Arabic: ) or closer to the original Arabic pronunciation al-Zawahri (born June 19, 1951) is an extremist Muslim leader and prominent member of al-Qaeda, and was the second and last emir of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, having succeeded Abbud al-Zummar in the latter role... The As-Sahab Foundation for Islamic Media Publication (Arabic: السحاب) (meaning The Cloud in Arabic and sometimes written Assahab) is the media production house of Al-Qaeda, used to relay the organizations views to the world. ...


Notes

  1. ^ Rashid (2001) p.23
  2. ^ a b Wanted Poster on Omar. Rewards for Justice Program. US Department of State.
  3. ^ Rashid (2001)
  4. ^ Rashid, Taliban (2000), p.23
  5. ^ Rashid, Taliban (2000), p.23
  6. ^ Ismail Khan, `Mohaddedi Opposes Elevation of Taliban's Omar,` Islamabad the News, April 6, 1996, quoted in Wright, Looming Tower, (2006), p.226
  7. ^ source: Arnaud de Borchgrave, `Osama bin Laden - Null and Void,` UPI, June 14, 2001, quoted in Wright, Looming Tower, (2006), p.226
  8. ^ interview with Farraj Ismail, by Lawrence Wright in Looming Tower, (2006), p.226
  9. ^ Wright, Looming Tower, (2006), p.226
  10. ^ "The mysterious Mullah behind the Taliban", Reuters, 2001-09-20. Retrieved on 2006-07-02. 
  11. ^ Goodson (2001) p. 107
  12. ^ Messages by Al-Qaeda Operatives in Afghanistan to the Peoples of the West "... alongside the Emir of the Believers..." September 2005
  13. ^ Healy, Patrick. "Kandahar residents feel betrayed", Boston Globe, 2001-12-19. 
  14. ^ "On whether moderate Taliban will join the new Afghani government", BBC News, 2001-11-15. 
  15. ^ "Taleban play down Zarqawi death", BBC News, 2006-06-09. Retrieved on 2006-07-02. 
  16. ^ "Mullah Omar issues Eid message", Al Jazeera, 2006-12-31. Retrieved on 2007-01-01. 
  17. ^ "Taliban's elusive leader urges more suicide raids", Reuters, 2007-04-21. Retrieved on 2007-04-23. 

The Rewards for Justice Program is an anti-terrorism program which offers rewards of up to $25 million for information that prevents or favorably resolves acts of international terrorism against U.S. persons or property worldwide. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 160th day of the year (161st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Al Jazeera logo Al Jazeera (الجزيرة), meaning The Island or The (Arabian) Peninsula (whence also Algiers) is an Arabic television channel based in Qatar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Reuters Group plc (LSE: RTR and NASDAQ: RTRSY); pronounced is known as a financial market data provider and a news service that provides reports from around the world to newspapers and broadcasters. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 113th day of the year (114th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

Further reading

  • Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin Press. ISBN 1-594-20007-6. 

See also

For other uses of War in Afghanistan, see War in Afghanistan (disambiguation). ... Combatants Northern Alliance Taliban Al-Qaeda Commanders Burhanuddin Rabbani Ahmed Shah Massoud † Mohammed Fahim Abdul Rashid Dostum Mohammed Omar Osama bin Laden The Afghan Civil War continued after the capture of Kabul by the Taliban, with the formation of the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (more commonly... Combatants USSR DRA Mujahideen of Afghanistan Commanders Soviet forces: Sergei Sokolov Valentin Varennikov Boris Gromov DRA: Babrak Karmal Mohammad Najibullah Abdul Haq Jalaluddin Haqqani Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Ismail Khan Ahmad Shah Massoud Strength Soviet forces: 80,000-104,000 Afghan forces: 329,000 (in 1989)[1] 45,000 (in 1983) 150... ‹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ...

External links

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Preceded by
Burhanuddin Rabbani		 Commander of the Faithful (De facto head of state of Afghanistan)
1996–2001		 Succeeded by
Burhanuddin Rabbani
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Heads of State of Afghanistan since 1919
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