Mondino de Liuzzi (1275 - 1326) was a medical professor at Bologna and a pioneer of anatomy in practice. // April 22 - The first of the Statutes of Westminster are passed by the English parliament, establishing a series of laws in its 51 clauses, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of bailable and non-bailable offenses. ... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman I (1299-1326) to Orhan I (1326-1359) Aradia de Toscano, is initiated into a Dianic cult of Italian Witchcraft (Stregheria), and discovers through a vision that she is the human incarnation of the goddess Aradia. ... Bologna (IPA , from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in the local dialect) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, in the Pianura Padana, between the Po River and the Apennines, exactly between the Reno River and the Sàvena River. ... Anatomical drawing of the human muscles from the Encyclopédie. ...

Mondino dei Lucci was born in Bologna, where he became a Professor of Medicine at the University. As such he reintroduced the practice of the Alexandrian School, emphasizing the importance of dissection by performing a series of public dissections in the early part of the fourteenth century. He systemized dissection and in 1315 published a manual called Anathomia (also known as De Anatome) which, due to the clarity of its text, became the literature of choice in nearly all European medical schools for three centuries after his time, running to a dozen or so editions, with successive commentaries by Achillini, Berengario and Johann Dryander. It became such an authority that anything not represented was declared anomalous. Mondino's practice was to read from a text (from Galen or one of his commentators) while seated in a professorial chair, with a barber-surgeon carrying out the actual dissection and a demonstrator pointing out parts referred to. In Anathomia he divides the body into three cavities (ventres) - the abdomen, thorax and the upper, comprising the head and appendages. His general manner was to briefly note the situation and shape or distribution of textures or membranes, and then to mention the disorders to which they are subject. The peritoneum he describes under the name of siphac, in imitation of Avicenna and Rhazes, the omentum as zirbus, and the mesentery or eucharus as distinct from both. In speaking of the intestines he describes the rectum, colon, sigmoid flexure (of which, as well as the transverse arch and its relation to the stomach, he particularly remarks), then the caecum or monoculus, and the small intestine divided into ileum, jejunum, and duodenum. The liver and its vessels are minutely, if not very accurately, examined, and the cava, under the name chilis, a corruption from the Greek koile, is treated at length, with the 'emulgents' (kidneys). Dissected rat showing major organs. ... Alessandro Achillini (October 20, 1463 - August 12, 1512), Italian philosopher, was born at Bologna. ... Galen (Greek: Γαληνός, Galinos; Latin: Claudius Galenus; AD 129 – 200) of Pergamum was an prominent ancient Greek physician, whose theories dominated medical science for over 1300 years. ... The barber surgeon was one of the most common medical practitioners of medieval times - generally charged with looking after soldiers during or after a battle. ... The abdomen is a part of the body. ... Diagram of a tsetse fly, showing the head, thorax and abdomen The thorax is a division of an animals body that lies between the head and the abdomen. ... Human Head redirects here. ... Look up Limb in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A serous membrane is a very thin layer of cells (usually one row) covering internal body cavity. ... In higher vertebrates, the peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity - it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs. ... Avicenna (latinized from Arab Ibn Sina; full name AbÅ« ‘AlÄ« al-Husayn ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn SÄ«nā al-BalkhÄ«; Persian: ‎ ; arabicized ; born 980, dead 1037) was a Persian [2][3] physician, philosopher, and scientist. ... Not to be confused with Fakhr al-Din al-Razi. ... The intestine is the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. ... The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ... Colon has several meanings: colon (anatomy) colon (punctuation) colon (rhetoric) See also Colón This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The sigmoid colon (pelvic colon; sigmoid flexure) forms a loop which averages about 40 cm. ... In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine. ... Grays Fig. ... Diagram of the Human Intestine In anatomy of the digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the small intestine and lies between the duodenum and the ileum. ... In anatomy of the digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. ... The liver is an organ in some animals, including mammals (and therefore humans), birds, and reptiles. ... The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ...

Mondino's anatomy of the heart is remarkably accurate, to the extent that he seems to describe rudimentary circulation of the blood, although he immediately repeats the old assertion that the left ventricle ought to contain pneuma or air, generated from the blood. His osteology of the skull is rather erroneous, but his account of the cerebral meninges, though short, describes the principal characters of the dura mater. He briefly describes the lateral ventricles, their anterior and posterior cornua, and the choroid plexus as a blood-red substance like a long worm. He then speaks of the third ventricle, and one posterior, which seems to correspond with the fourth; and describes the infundibulum under the names of lacuna and emboton. On the base of the brain he describes the mammillary bodies and seven pairs of cranial nerves (which seem to correspond to the optic, oculomotor, abducens, trigeminal, facial, vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves). Diagram of the human circulatory system. ... Osteology is the scientific study of bones. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Cranial nerve nucleus. ... MRI scan of human eye showing optic nerve. ... The oculomotor nerve () is the third of twelve paired cranial nerves. ... The sixth of twelve cranial nerves, the abducens nerve is a motor nerve that innervates the lateral rectus muscle and therefore controls each eyes ability to abduct (move away from the midline). ... The trigeminal nerve is the fifth (V) cranial nerve, and carries sensory information from most of the face, as well as motor supply to the muscles of mastication (the muscles enabling chewing), tensor tympani (in the middle ear), and other muscles in the floor of the mouth, such as the... The facial nerve is seventh of twelve paired cranial nerves. ... The vagus nerve (also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X) is the tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves, and is the only nerve that starts in the brainstem (within the medulla oblongata) and extends, through the jugular foramen, down below the head, to the abdomen. ... The glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth of twelve cranial nerves. ...