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The Mongol invasions of Korea consisted of a series of campaigns by the Mongol Empire against Korea, then known as Koryo, from 1231 to 1259. There were six major campaigns at tremendous cost to civilian lives throughout the Korean peninsula, ultimately resulting in Korea becoming a vassal of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty for approximately 80 years. Mongol Empires largest extent outlined in red; Timur-i-Lenks empire is shaded The Mongol Empire (1206–1368) was the largest contiguous land empire in world history ruling 35 million km² (13. ...
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The Goryeo kingdom ruled Korea from the fall of Silla in 935 until the founding of Joseon in 1392. ...
The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. ...
The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: å…ƒæœ or 大元å¸åœ‹) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty, was the name given to the significant ruling family of Borjigin in Asia. ...
The initial campaigns
Kojong of Koryo (reigned 1213-1259) was the twenty-third king of Koryo. In 1225, the Mongol Empire demanded tribute from Koryo, but Koryo refused, and the Mongol envoy Chu-ku-yu was killed. The Goryeo kingdom ruled Korea from the fall of Silla in 935 until the founding of Joseon in 1392. ...
Mongol Empires largest extent outlined in red; Timur-i-Lenks empire is shaded The Mongol Empire (1206–1368) was the largest contiguous land empire in world history ruling 35 million km² (13. ...
The Goryeo kingdom ruled Korea from the fall of Silla in 935 until the founding of Joseon in 1392. ...
In 1231, Ögedei Khan ordered the invasion of Korea as part of a general campaign to conquer China. The Mongols reached Chungju in central Korean peninsula, but after costly concessions, Korea convinced the Mongols to withdraw. Ögedei Khan Ögedei, (also Ögädäi, Ögedäi, Ogotai, etc. ...
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The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: å…ƒæœ or 大元å¸åœ‹) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty, was the name given to the significant ruling family of Borjigin in Asia. ...
Chungju is a city in North Chungcheong province, South Korea. ...
The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. ...
In 1232, the royal court of Koryo moved from Songdo to Kanghwa Island in the Bay of Kyonggi, and started the construction of significant defenses to prepare for the Mongol threat. Kaesong city centre KaesÅng (Gaeseong) is a city in North Hwanghae Province, North Korea, a former Directly Governed City, and the capital of Korea during the Koryo Dynasty. ...
Ganghwa Island is an island in the estuary of the Han River, on the west coast of South Korea. ...
Gyeonggi is the most populous province in South Korea. ...
The Mongols protested the move, and immediately launched a second attack. Although they reached parts of the southern peninsula, the Mongols failed to capture Kanghwa Island, and were repelled in Kwangju. The Mongol leader Sartai (撒禮塔) was killed by a monk in strong civilian resistance at Yongin, forcing the Mongols to withdraw again. This article is about Gwangju Metropolitan City in South Korea. ...
Yongin is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. ...
Third campaign and treaty In 1235, the Mongols began a campaign that ravaged parts of Kyongsang and Cholla Provinces. Civilian resistance was strong, and the royal court at Ganghwa attempted to strengthen its fortress, but the Korean military could not withstand the waves of invasions. In 1236, Kojong ordered the re-creation of the Tripitaka Koreana, destroyed during the 1232 invasion. This collection of Buddhist scriptures took 15 years to carve on some 81,000 wooden blocks, and is preserved to this day. Gyeongsang (Gyeongsang-do) was one of the eight provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. ...
Species Many, see text Opuntia is a genus in the cactus family Cactaceae. ...
The Tripitaka Koreana (lit. ...
A replica of an ancient statue of Gautama Buddha, found from Sarnath, near Varanasi. ...
Many religions and spiritual movements hold certain written texts (or series of spoken legends not traditionally written down) to be sacred. ...
In 1238, Koryo relented, and sued for peace. The Mongols withdrew, in exchange for Koryo's agreement to send the royal family as hostages. However, Koryo sent an unrelated member of the royal line. Incensed, the Mongols demanded clearing the seas of Korean ships, sending of hostages, and the arrest and hand-over of anti-Mongol bureaucrats, and, again, the royal family as hostages. In response, Korea sent a distant princess and ten children of nobles, rejecting the other demands.
Fourth and fifth campaigns In 1247, the Mongols began the fourth campaign against Koryo, again demanding the return of the capital to Songdo and royal family as hostages. With the death of Guyuk Khan in 1248, however, the Mongols withdrew again. Güyük (c. ...
Upon the 1251 ascension of Mongke Khan, the Mongols again repeated its demands. When Goryeo refused, the Mongols began a large campaign in 1253. Kojong finally agreed to move the capital back to the mainland, and sent one of his sons, Prince Angeyonggong (安慶公) as a hostage, and the Mongols withdrew. Möngke Khan (1208-1259, also transliterated as Mongke, Mongka, Möngka, Mangu) was the fourth khan of the Mongol Empire. ...
Sixth campaign and surrender The Mongols later learned that top Koryo officials remained on Kanghwa Island, and had punished those who surrendered to the Mongols. Between 1253 and 1258, the Mongols under Jalairtai launched four devastating invasions in the final successful campaign against Korea.
Korea suffered tremendous losses in civilian lives, and the Mongols surrounded the court on Kanghwa Island. Koryo finally submitted in December 1258, ending the military hostilities. The Kanghwa fortresses were dismantled and the crown prince was sent as a hostage.
Aftermath Internal struggles within the royal court continued regarding the submission to the Mongols until 1270. Some military officials who refused to surrender formed the Sambyolcho Rebellion (1270-1273) and resisted in the islands off the southern shore of the Korean peninsula. Unlike other rebels, Sambyolcho had assumed the reins of Koryo government before the rebellion. They were private armies of the Choe family, who had maintained a military dictatorship. The Sambyeolcho Rebellion (1270-1273) was a Korean rebellion against the Goryeo Dynasty during the Mongol invasion. ...
The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. ...
Beginning with King Wonjong, for approximately 80 years, Korea was a vassal of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. The Koryo dynasty survived under Mongolian control until King Kongmin began to push Mongolian forces back around 1350. The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: å…ƒæœ or 大元å¸åœ‹) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty, was the name given to the significant ruling family of Borjigin in Asia. ...
See also This article is about the history of Korea. ...
Korean kingdoms are listed in the order of their fall. ...
This is a list of Wikipedia articles on Korea-related people, places, things, and concepts. ...
External links - Korea Britannica article (in Korean)
- Sanderson Beck
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