The People's Repubic of Mongolia was a communist state in central Asia which existed between 1924 and 1990. Throughout its history, the state remained firmly Stalinist and an ally of the Soviet Union. It existed in the region known as Outer Mongolia. In 1206 AD, a single Mongolian state was formed based on nomadic tribal groupings under the leadership of Chinghis Khan (see Genghis Khan). ... 1911: Mongolia declares independence under Bogd haan. ... // Origins of the Mongols Archaeological evidence places early Stone Age human habitation in the southern Gobi between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago. ... The Mongol Empire (1206–1368) was the largest contiguous empire in world history. ... Chagatai Khan (alternative spellings Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai, Jagatai), a son of Genghis Khan (1206—1227), controlled the part of the Mongol Empire which extended from the Ili river (eastern Kazakhstan) and Kashgaria (western Tarim Basin) to Transoxiana. ... This article refers to the Mongol state in what is now Russia. ... Khanates of Mongolian Empire: Il-Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty), Golden Horde The Ilkhanate (also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate) was one of the four divisions within the Mongol Empire. ... The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: 元朝 or 大元帝國) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty, was the name given to the significant ruling family of Borjigin in Asia. ... Jüün Ghar was a tribe of the Oyirad Mongols. ... The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of Inner Asia, establishing... Following the collapse of the Peoples Republic of Mongolia, Mongolias first free, multi-party elections for a bicameral Peoples Khural were held on July 29, 1990. ... A Communist state is a term for a state governed by a single political party which declares its allegiance to the principles of Marxism-Leninism. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Stalinism is a brand of political theory, and the political and economic system implemented by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. ... Outer Mongolia makes up the independent state of Mongolia, while Inner Mongolia (内蒙古; Nèi Měnggǔ) is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

Formation

Outer Mongolia was a Manchu outerland (1691-1911), an autonomous state under Russian protection (1912-1919), and again a Chinese province (1919-1921). As Manchu authority in China waned, and as Russia and Japan confronted each other, Russia gave arms and diplomatic support to nationalists among the Mongol religious leaders and nobles. The Mongols accepted Russian aid and proclaimed their independence of Chinese rule in 1911, shortly after a successful Chinese revolt against the Manchus. By agreements signed in 1913 and 1915, the Russian Government forced the new Chinese Republican Government to accept Mongolian autonomy under continued Chinese control, presumably to discourage other foreign powers from approaching a newly independent Mongolian state that might seek support from as many foreign sources as possible. Outer Mongolia makes up the independent state of Mongolia, while Inner Mongolia (内蒙古; Nèi Měnggǔ) is an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Chinese: 滿族 pinyin: Mǎnzú; often shortened to 滿, Mǎn) are an ethnic group who originated in Manchuria. ... Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender October 3 - Treaty of Limerick which guaranteed civil rights to catholics was signed. ... 1911 was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... 1912 is a leap year starting on Monday. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... For other province-level divisions, see Political divisions of China. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1911 was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Link title1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Between 1911 and 1919, Mongolia was a puppet state of Russia. However, Russia's entry into the First World War and political unrest led to a relaxation of Russian control. The Russian revolution of 1917 and the resulting civil war allowed Chinese warlords an opportunity to reestablish their rule in Mongolia, and Chinese troops were dispatched there in 1919. Mongolia declared independence from China (for the second time) on March 13, 1921 after Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's troops drove the Chinese out of the Mongolian capital of Urga. Following Soviet military victories over White Russian and Sternberg's forces in the early 1920s, and the occupation of Urga in July 1921, Moscow again became the major outside influence on Mongolia. The Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed on November 25, 1924, under the control of a communist regime dominated by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP). 1911 was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution, the first having been instigated by the events around the February Revolution. ... 1917 was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. ... The Russian Civil War was fought between 1918 and 1922. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Sternberg, ca 1919 Baron Roman Nicolaus Fyodorovich von Ungern-Sternberg (Russian Роман Фёдорович Унгерн фон Штернберг) (January 22, 1886, new style — September 15, 1921) a. ... Ulaanbaatar (Mongolian: Улаанбаатар) or Ulan Bator is the capital of Mongolia. ... Soviet redirects here. ... The White movement, whose military arm is known as the White Army (Белая Армия) or White Guard (Белая Гвардия, белогвардейцы) and whose members are known as Whites (Белые, or the derogatory Беляки) or White Russians (a term which has other meanings) comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the... 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Peoples Repubic of Mongolia was a communist state in central Asia which existed between 1924 and 1990. ... November 25 is the 329th (in leap years the 330th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a popular movement. ... The Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party (Mongolian: Mongol Ardyn Khuvsgatt Nam, Монгол Ардын Хувьсгалт Нам) is a political party in Mongolia. ...

Consolidation of power (1925 - 1938)

Between 1925 and 1928, the new regime became established. However, a considerable inter-party power struggle between pro-Soviet and independent minded factions took place. Peljidiyn Genden, an independent thinker and moderate communist, led Mongolia from 1932 to 1936. Genden scaled back the implementation of a command economy, refused permission for Soviet troops to be based in Mongolia, and refused an order from Stalin to "liquidate" Buddhist monks. In 1936, Horloogiyn Choybalsan became the leader of the MPRP and the government with Soviet backing. Genden was arrested and executed, and his followers were sidelined. Choybalsan was a follower of Joseph Stalin and emulated many of the policies Stalin implemented in the USSR in Mongolia. The MPRP gradually undermined rightist elements, seizing control of the party and the government. During this period, the nation still remained largely nomadic and illiterate. There was no industry. What little wealth the country posessed was controlled by the aristocracy and the religious establishment. 1925 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Peljidiyn Genden (1892 - November 26, 1937) was a Prime Minister of Mongolia. ... The Prime Minister of Mongolia is the highest member of the Mongolian governments executive arm, and heads the Mongolian cabinet. ... 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Horloogiyn Choybalsan Horloogiyn Choybalsan (Mongolian: Хорлоогийн Чойбалсан;February 8, 1895–January 26, 1952) was the Communist leader of Mongolia from the 1930s until his death. ...   Joseph Stalin? (December 21, 1879 – March 5, 1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from mid-1920s to his death in 1953 and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1953), a position which had later become that of party leader. ... Communities of nomadic people move from place to place, rather than settling down in one location. ... Literacy is the ability to use text to communicate across space and time. ... The Ancient Greek term aristocracy meant a system of government with rule by the best. This is the first definition given in most dictionaries. ...

Unfortunately for the regime, the MPRP lacked popular support. Obediance to traditional authorities (such as tribal leaders) was widespread, the party lacked grassroots support, and the government had little organization or experience. In an effort at swift socioeconomic reform, the government applied extreme measures which attacked the two most dominant institutions in the country: the aristocracy and the religious establishment. Between 1932 and 1945, their methods led to anticommunist uprisings. In the late 1930s, purges directed especially at the Lamaist monasteries resulted in the destruction of all but four monasteries and killing of more than 10,000 people. 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Tibetan Buddhism, (formerly also called Lamaism after their religious gurus known as lamas), is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and the Himalayan region. ... Buddhist monastery near Tibet A monastery is the habitation of monks. ...

World War II (1939-1945)

During World War II, because of a growing Japanese threat over the Mongolian-Manchurian border, the Soviet Union reversed the course of Mongolian socialism in favor of a new policy of economic gradualism and buildup of the national defense. The Soviet-Mongolian army defeated Japanese forces that had invaded eastern Mongolia in the summer of 1939 at the Battle of Halhin Gol, and a truce was signed setting up a commission to define the Mongolian-Manchurian border in the autumn of that year. World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was by far the bloodiest, most expensive, and most significant war in... 1939 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Battle of Halhin Gol, sometimes spelled Khalkhin Gol or Khalkin Gol and alternately known as the Nomonhan Incident (after a nearby village) in Japan, was the decisive engagement of the undeclared Soviet-Japanese Border War (1939), or Japanese-Soviet War. ...

In late 1945, the Soviet Union used Mongolia as a base for launching Operation August Storm, a successful attack against the Japanese. The preceding buildup brought 1.5 million Soviet soldiers to Mongolia, along with massive amounts of equipment. The Mongolian army played a limited support role in the conflict. Operation August Storm was the codename for the Soviet invasion of Manchukuo, Mengjiang, Korea, the southern portion of Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and Hokkaido. ...

Cold War politics (1945 - 1985)

Choybalsan died in Moscow in 1952. He was succeded by Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal, another Soviet loyalist. Following Nikita Kruschev's denounciation of the policies of Joseph Stalin, the Mongolian government did the same in 1956. The personality cult of Choybalsan was condemned as were many of his hardline policies. 1952 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal (1916 - 1991) was the communist leader of Mongolia from the 1940s to the 1980s. ... Nikita Khrushchev in 1962 Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв) (nih-KEE-tah khroo-SHCHYOFF) (April 17, 1894 – September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... Adolf Hitler built a strong cult of personality, based on the Führerprinzip. ...

Secure in its relations with Moscow, the Mongolian Government shifted to postwar development, focusing on civilian enterprise. International ties were expanded, and Mongolia established relations with North Korea and the new Communist states in Eastern Europe. Mongolia and the People's Republic of China recognized each other in 1949, and China renounced all territorial pretensions towards Outer Mongolia. China even provided laborers to help construct much of the infrastructure built in the postwar period. Mongolia also increased its participation in communist-sponsored conferences and international organizations. Mongolia became a member of the United Nations in 1961. A Communist state is a term for a state governed by a single political party which declares its allegiance to the principles of Marxism-Leninism. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange) and other former communist regimes (light orange). ... 1949 is a common year starting on Saturday. ... The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945 and now made up of 191 states. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In the early 1960s, Mongolia attempted to maintain a neutral position amidst increasingly contentious Sino-Soviet dispute; this orientation changed in the middle of the decade. Mongolia and the Soviet Union signed an agreement in 1966 that introduced largescale Soviet ground forces as part of Moscow's general buildup along the Sino-Soviet frontier. Relations between Mongolia and China deteriorated. In 1983, Mongolia systematically began expelling some of the 7,000 ethnic Chinese in Mongolia to China. Many of them had lived in Mongolia since the 1950s, when they were sent there to assist in construction projects. All people of the world unite, to overthrow American imperialism, to overthrow Soviet revisionism, to overthrow the reactionaries of all nations! (Chinese poster, 1969) — bold text corresponds to blackened characters The Sino-Soviet split was a major conflict between the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China, beginning... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... 1983 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Han Chinese (Simplified Chinese: 汉族; Traditional Chinese: 漢族; pinyin: ) is a term which refers to the majority ethnic group within China and the largest single human ethnic group in the world. ...

Collapse (1985 - 1990)

After Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the USSR, he implemented the policies of Perestroika and Glasnost. The relaxing atmosphere in the Soviet Union prompted a similar relaxation in Mongolia. Following mass demonstrations in the winter of 1990, the MPRP began to loosen its controls of the political system. The politburo of the MPRP resigned in March, and in May the constitution was amended, deleting reference to the MPRP's role as the guiding force in the country, legalizing opposition parties, creating a standing legislative body, and establishing the office of president. On July 29, 1990, the first free, multiparty elections in Mongolia were held. The election results returned a majority for the MPRP, which won with 85% of the vote. It was not unitl 1996 that the reformed MPRP would be voted out of office. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov (Gorbachev)   listen? (Russian: ; pronunciation: ) (born March 2, 1931), was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ... Perestroika   listen? (Перестро́йка) is the Russian word (which passed into English) for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. ... Glasnost (Russian: гла́сность,   listen?) was one of Mikhail Gorbachevs policies introduced to the Soviet Union in 1985. ... Politburo is short for Political Bureau. ... July 29 is the 210th day (211th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 155 days remaining. ... 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1996 is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ...