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A monitor was a special form of warship, little more than a self-propelled floating artillery platform that could move close inshore and give its support to military operations on land. In the twentieth century it was developed into a range of sizes adapted for use in different waters, until it was superseded by aerospace technology. USS Port Royal (CG-73), a Ticonderoga class cruiser. ...
For the thrash metal band, see Artillery (band) Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. ...
Planning, calculating, or the giving or receiving of information. ...
(19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...
Look up aerospace in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
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Image File history File links H59543. ...
Image File history File links H59543. ...
USS Monitor was an ironclad warship of the United States Navy. ...
Origins
 Ship-rigged bomb vesels (left foreground) firing over the British line of battle into Copenhagen (right background). 1801 The principle of supporting a landing with ship-mounted artillery had been prepared for in the armament of the Spanish Armada of 1588, for example. The principle of supporting a land army was employed in the Battle of the Dunes in 1658. The bomb ketch was well established by the end of the seventeenth century and continued into the early nineteenth century. During the Crimean War, the French and British built "floating batteries" - screw-driven heavily armoured ships built for the sole purpose of bombardment of shore positions. The Crimean war also saw an early example of a rotating gun mount (an experiment by Captain Cowper Coles RN mounting a 32 pounder gun on a raft). Image File history File links Battle of Copenhagen (1801), by Nicholas Pocock File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Image File history File links Battle of Copenhagen (1801), by Nicholas Pocock File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
A full rigged ship or fully rigged ship is a square rigged sailing vessel with three or more masts, all of them square rigged. ...
Combatants England, The Netherlands Spain Commanders Charles Howard Francis Drake Duke of Medina Sidonia Strength 34 warships 163 merchant vessels 22 galleons 108 merchant vessels Casualties 500 dead or wounded 600 dead 3 merchant ships sunk 1 merchant ship captured {{{notes}}} The Spanish Armada or Great/Grand Armada(Old Spanish...
1588 was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. ...
Combatants France England United Provinces Spain Commanders Vicomte de Turenne Don John of Austria Louis II de Condé Strength 26,000 15,000 Casualties 500 dead or wounded 2,000 dead or wounded 4,000 captured The Battle of the Dunes, fought on June 14, 1658, is also known as...
Events January 13 - Edward Sexby, who had plotted against Oliver Cromwell, dies in Tower of London February 6 - Swedish troops of Charles X Gustav of Sweden cross The Great Belt (Storebælt) in Denmark over frozen sea May 1 - Publication of Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial and The Garden of Cyrus by...
A bomb ketch was a type of wooden sailing ship with two masts. ...
(16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...
The Battle of Copenhagen The Battle of Copenhagen (Danish: Slaget på Reden) was a naval battle fought on 2 April 1801 by a British fleet under the command of Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, against a Danish fleet anchored just off Copenhagen. ...
Combatants United Kingdom, France, Ottoman Empire, Sardinia Imperial Russia Commanders Strength 250,000 British 400,000 French 10,000 Sardinian 1,200,000 Russian Casualties 17,500 British 30,000 French 2,050 Sardinian killed and wounded 256,000 killed and wounded {{{notes}}} The Crimean War lasted from 28 March...
Captain Cowper Phipps Coles (born 1819; died September 7, 1870) was an English naval captain and inventor. ...
Nineteenth Century In Latin, a monitor is someone who admonishes--that is, reminds another of his duties--which is how USS Monitor was given its name. She was designed by John Ericsson for emergency service in the Federal navy during the American Civil War. She was designed to serve in shallow water and to present as small a target as possible, the water around acting as protection. The Battle of Hampton Roads, between the Monitor and CSS Virginia, (the wreck of the frigate, USS Merrimack, converted into an ironclad floating battery) was a battle between two vessels and not typical of the action for which later monitors would be designed. Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...
USS Monitor was an ironclad warship of the United States Navy. ...
Illustration of John Ericsson John Ericsson (July 31, 1803 – March 8, 1889) was a Swedish inventor and mechanical engineer, as was his brother, Nils Ericson. ...
The American Civil War (1861–1865) was fought in North America between the United States of America, called the Union and the Confederate States of America, a coalition of eleven southern states that declared their independence and claimed the right of secession from the Union. ...
The Battle of Hampton Roads, often called the Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimac, was a naval battle of the American Civil War, famous for being the first fight between two powered iron-covered warships, or ironclads, the CSS Virginia and the USS Monitor. ...
CSS Virginia was an ironclad warship of the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War (built using the remains of the scuttled USS Merrimack). ...
Frigate is a name which has been used for several distinct types of warships at different times. ...
USS Merrimack was a screw frigate of the United States Navy, best known as the hulk upon which CSS Virginia was built during the American Civil War. ...
Three months after the Battle of Hampton Roads, John Ericsson took his design to his native Sweden, and in 1865 the first Swedish monitor was being built at Motala Warf in Norrköping; taking the engineers name. She was followed by 14 more monitors. One of them, Kanonbåten Sölve, served until 1922 and is today preserved at the marine museum in Gothenburg. These and others built by several navies the 1860s and 1870s were used for coastal defence and took the name monitor as a type of ship. Those that were directly modelled on the Monitor were low-freeboard, mastless, steam-powered vessels with one or two rotating armoured turrets. The low freeboard meant that these ships were unsuitable for ocean-going duties and were always at risk of water entering the ship and causing flooding and possible loss, but it reduced the amount of armour required for protection, and in heavy weather the sea would wash over the deck rather than heeling the ship over. Norrköping [ˈˈnÉ”rʃøËpɪŋ] is a city in Östergötland County in midth-east Sweden. ...
Gothenburg (Swedish: ▶ (help· info)) ) is a city and municipality on the west-coast of Sweden, in the County of Västra Götaland. ...
// Events and trends Technology The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States is built in the six year period between 1863 and 1869. ...
Events and Trends Technology The invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell. ...
Attempts were made to design monitors with sail rigs, to overcome the reliance on the steam engine, which besides its technical problems was still met with antipathy in some navies. The provision of masts interfered with the turrets' ability to operate in a 360 degree arc of fire and the weight of mast and sail aloft made the the ships less stable. One ship, HMS Captain, which combined turret and sails with a low freeboard was lost in heavy weather. A steam engine is a heat engine that makes use of the thermal energy that exists in steam, converting it to mechanical work. ...
At least six ships of the Royal Navy have been called HMS Captain. ...
A late example of a vessel fairly directly modelled on the Monitor was the Huáscar, designed by Cowper P. Coles, the advocate and developer of turret ships for the Royal Navy. She was launched in 1865 at Birkenhead and attained fame serving the Peruvian Navy during the War of the Pacific under the command of Rear Admiral Miguel Grau. She successfully raided enemy sea lanes for several months and delayed an invasion of Chilean territory until captured by the Chilean Navy at the Battle of Angamos in 1879. Over the years, both Chile and Peru have come to venerate the ship and the officers from both sides that died on her deck, either commanding her or boarding her, as national heroes. Huáscar is currently commissioned in the Chilean Navy, has been restored to a near-original condition and, as a museum ship, is open to visitors at its berth in Talcahuano. Huáscar is a small armoured turret ship, similar to the monitor type. ...
Captain Cowper Phipps Coles (born 1819; died September 7, 1870) was an English naval captain and inventor. ...
Birkenhead is a town on The Wirral, Merseyside, on the left bank of the River Mersey, opposite Liverpool. ...
Peruvian Navy Jack The Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Perú) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with surveillance, patrol and defense on lakes, rivers and the Pacific Ocean up to 200 nautical miles from the peruvian littoral. ...
Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Bolivia Republic of Chile Commanders Juan BuendÃa Andrés Cáceres Miguel Grau Manuel Baquedano Patricio Lynch Strength Peru-Bolivian Army Peruvian Navy Army of Chile Chilean Navy Casualties The War of the Pacific was fought between Chile and the joint forces of...
Miguel Grau Seminario Rear Admiral Miguel Grau Seminario (July 27, 1834 - October 8, 1879) was a renowned Peruvian naval officer and hero of the Naval Battle of Angamos during the War of the Pacific (1879-1884). ...
Chiles armed forces are subject to civilian control exercised by the president through the Minister of Defense. ...
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A museum ship, or sometimes memorial ship, is an old ship that has been preserved and converted into a museum open to the public. ...
Talcahuano is a port city of Chile, lying near Concepción. ...
A more seaworthy variation was called the breastwork monitor, this raised the turrets and superstructure on a platform above the hull. These were still not particularly successful as sea-going ships, because of the short sailing range due by the low efficiency and poor reliability of the steam engines they used. The first of these ships was the HMVS Cerberus, built between 1868 and 1870. She still exists (in rather poor condition) near Melbourne, Australia. HMVS Cerberus was an ironclad warship launched in 1868 to defend the Australian colony of Victoria. ...
Melbourne is the state capital and largest city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-largest city in Australia (after Sydney), with a population of approximately 3. ...
Gunboats The monitor, by proving the efficacy of turrets over fixed guns, played a part in development of the dreadnought battleship from the ironclad. As a shallow draft vessel it also led to the gunboat which served to intimidate potential opponents in imperial territories. HMS Victory in 1884 Battleship was — from the 15th century until the mid-20th century — the name given to the most heavily gun-armed, most heavily armored, most powerful and most effective class of warship, at any particular time. ...
Ironclad warships, frequently shortened to just ironclads, were ships sheathed with thick iron plates for protection. ...
A gunboat is literally a boat carrying one or more guns. ...
These were two specialized forms, for use on rivers and coasts respectively. There was also a class of river monitors — the strongest dedicated river warships. They were used by several imperial navies; for example, that of Japan. River monitor was the strongest class of riverine warships. ...
Twentieth century
In the early twentieth century support of land forces ashore was given by a more developed form of the monitor. They are best regarded as self-propelled gun platforms. They were broad beamed for stability (beam was about 1/3 of the overall length) which together with a lack of emphasis on speed made them extremely slow, and they were not suitable for naval combat or any sort of work on the high seas. Monitors of the Royal Navy played a part in consolidating the left wing of the Western Front during the Race to the Sea in 1914. The monitors principally in use at this time were those of the Humber class, orignally built for the Brazilian Navy as river monitors [1]. These were smaller than the later coastal monitors and of particularly shallow draught, with a single main turret forward. Combatants Entente Powers Central Powers Commanders {{{commander1}}} {{{commander2}}} Strength {{{strength1}}} {{{strength2}}} Casualties > 5 million military deaths > 3 million military deaths {{{notes}}} World War I, also known as the First World War and (before 1939) the Great War, the War of the Nations, War to End All Wars was a world...
Combat, or fighting, is purposeful conflict between one or more persons, often involving violence and intended to establish dominance over the opposition. ...
The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the senior service of the British armed services, being the oldest of its three branches. ...
Western Front was a term used during the First and Second World Wars to describe the contested armed frontier between lands controlled by Germany to the East and the Allies to the West. ...
Course of the Race to the Sea showing dates of encounters and highlighting the significant battles. ...
1914 (MCMXIV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ...
To these were added monitors built during the course of the war. Their armament was typically a turret taken from a de-commissioned pre-dreadnought battleship. These monitors were built from the start with protection against torpedo attack - waterline bulges were incorporated into the Abercrombie class of 1915. [2]. As the war settled to its longer course, these heavier monitors formed patrols along with destroyer s on either side of the Straits of Dover to exclude enemy surface vessels from the English Channel and keep the enemy in port. The monitors could also operate into the river mouths, the General Wolfe which mounted a single 18 inch gun was able to shell a bridge 20 miles away near Ostend. Other RN monitors served in the Mediterranean. Image File history File links HMS_Abercrombie. ...
Image File history File links HMS_Abercrombie. ...
HMS Magnificent, a pre-dreadnought battleship launched in 1894 The term pre-dreadnought refers to the last type of battleship before HMS Dreadnought (1906). ...
The Abercrombie class of monitors served in the Royal Navy during the First World War. ...
The Strait of Dover (Fr. ...
Satellite view of the English Channel The English Channel (French: La Manche, IPA: , the sleeve), also for some time known in England as the British Sea, is the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the...
Ostend (Dutch: Oostende, French: Ostende) is a municipality located in Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium, and in the Flemish province of West Flanders. ...
The dimensions of the several classes of monitor varied greatly. Those of the Abercrombie class were 320 ft (116 m) by 90 ft (27.4 m) in the beam and drew 9 ft (3 m) compared to the M29 class monitors of 1915 that were only 170 ft (52 m) long. and th Erebus class of 1916 were 405 ft (123.5 m) long - the largest monitors carried the heaviest guns. The M29-class comprised five monitors of the Royal Navy, all built and launched during 1915. ...
The Erebus class of monitors of the Royal Navy consisted of two ships: HMS Erebus and HMS Terror. ...
Second World War The Royal Navy monitors were mostly scrapped following the First World War. As such when the requirements for shore support returned in the Second World War they had to be built again. The guns as before coming from scrapped battleships. The last U.S. Navy monitor-class warship was struck from the Navy List in 1937. However, several of these ships were still in existence, and a few more were built, to play a part in the Second World War. Allied monitors saw service in the Mediterranean in support of the British Eighth Army's desert and Italian campaigns. They were part of the offshore bombardment for the Invasion of Normandy in 1944. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...
The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...
The Eighth Army was one of the best-known formations in World War II, fighting in the campaigns in North Africa and Italy. ...
During World War II the North African Campaign, also known as the Desert War, took place in the North African desert from September 13, 1940 to May 13, 1943. ...
Combatants Allied Powers Nazi Germany Commanders Dwight D. Eisenhower (Supreme Allied Commander) Bernard Montgomery (land) Bertram Ramsay (sea) Trafford Leigh-Mallory (air) Gerd von Rundstedt (OB WEST) Erwin Rommel (Heeresgruppe B) Strength 326,000 (by June 11) ? Casualties 53,700 dead, 18,000 missing, 155,000 wounded about 200,000...
Post War The Royal Navy still had HMS Abercrombie (completed 1943) and Roberts (1941) in reserve in 1953. They were typical monitors, trunk-decked vessels, some 373 feet long overall, 90 foott in the beam and with an 11 foot mean draught carrying two 15-inch guns.
Later in the century, vessels of similar design and construction were built and gave good service in the U.S. Navy's 'Brown Water' fleet in the rivers and delta of Vietnam. These would best be described as river gunboats.
Submarines USS Monitor had had very little freeboard so as to bring the mass of the gun turret down thereby increasing stability but also making a smaller target to shoot at. This latter idea was carried further with the concept of the Royal Navy's R class of submarine gunboats. The British M class submarines were intially designed for shore bombardment, but then redefined for attacking enemy merchant vessels - believing that their 12-inch gun would be more effective at longer range than a torpedo on a moving target. In practice only one even entered service before the end of the Great War - the same vessel, HMS M1, was lost in the English Channel in 1925. It was later discovered that she had been accidentally rammed while submerged - her gun had come free of its mount completely flooding her. The M class submarines were a small class of Diesel electric submarine used by the British Royal Navy during World War I. The main distinguishing feature of the M class was a 12_inch gun mounted in a turret forward of the conning tower. ...
His Majestys Submarine M1 was a submarine of the British Royal Navy, one of four vessels of the M class ordered towards the end of World War I. She sank with the loss of her entire crew in 1925. ...
Satellite view of the English Channel The English Channel (French: La Manche, IPA: , the sleeve), also for some time known in England as the British Sea, is the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the...
Derivative uses of the name To overcome the stability problems arising from the heavy turret mounted high in the vessel, their hulls were designed so as to reduce other top weight. After Ericsson's ships, monitors developed the trunk deck design as the upper deck had to be heavily armoured against plunging shells. Because of the weight hugh in the hull, its breadth was minimized. This design thus produced a broad-beamed vessel at the waterline, with a narrow upper deck. By analogy, nineteenth century railway coaches which were of the same form to accommodate ventilators and lamps above the heads of standing passengers in the centre while to the sides, passengers were seated, were called in the U.S. monitors or monitor cars. The raised part of the roof was known un the U.S. as a turret. In ship design of around 1900, a turret deck was a more austere version of the trunk deck.
See also This is a list of monitors of the Royal Navy: Humber-class HMS Severn HMS Humber HMS Mersey Abercrombie-class HMS Abercrombie HMS Havelock HMS Raglan HMS Roberts Lord Clive-class HMS Lord Clive HMS General Craufurd HMS Earl of Peterborough HMS Sir Thomas Picton HMS Prince Eugene HMS Prince...
The Abercrombie class of monitors served in the Royal Navy during the First World War. ...
The Erebus class of monitors of the Royal Navy consisted of two ships: HMS Erebus and HMS Terror. ...
The Clive class monitors were a series of British ships constructed for the Royal Navy During the first World war. ...
The Marshal Ney class monitors consisted of two monitor warships built for the British Royal Navy during First World War The need for monitors for naval gunfire support had become apparent only at the start of the war and they were designed with some haste. ...
The M29-class comprised five monitors of the Royal Navy, all built and launched during 1915. ...
The M33 was a M29-class monitor of the Royal Navy built in 1915 as part of the rapid ship construction campaign following the outbreak of World War I. Ordered in March of 1915, she was launched in May and commissioned in June; an impressive ship-building feat especially considering...
The Roberts class of monitors of the Royal Navy consisted of two heavily gunned vessels built during the Second World War. ...
Pantserschip Hertog Hendrik A pantserschip can be described as a coastal defence battleship with limited blue-water capacity. ...
External links A conning tower was an armoured observation post on a warship from where the vessel was controlled during a battle. ...
References - Anon. Jane's Fighting Ships 1953-54 (1953)
- Churchill, W.S. The World Crisis 1911-1918 (1938) Chapter XVI
- Oxford English Dictionary
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