A monogastric organism has only one stomach, and is the alternate gastric complex to a four-chambered stomach known as a ruminant. Examples of monogastric animals include rabbits, humans, and pigs. The stomach (Gaster) In anatomy, the stomach (in ancient Greek στόμαχος) is an organ in the gastrointestinal tract used to digest food. ... Families Antilocapridae Bovidae Cervidae Giraffidae Moschidae Tragulidae A ruminant is any hooved animal that digests its food in two steps, first by eating the raw material and regurgitating a semi-digested form known as cud, then eating the cud, a process called ruminating. ...

The monogastric system

Starting with the mouth where food enters and is first broken down by mastication, moistening and lubrication of food prior to swallowing by saliva. As food is swallowed, it slides down the esophagus into the stomach. As the stomach contracts, the cardiac sphincter prevents backflow while secretion of HCl and other enzymes is mixed with food. In the small intestine, nutrients are absorbed and duodenal cells secrete hormones which stimulate release of bile and pancreatic enzymes. This is sent into the large intestine where water is absorbed. Finally in the anus and the rectum the feces are stored and eventually excreted. Mastication or chewing is the process by which food is torn and/or crushed by teeth. ... The cardia is the anatomical term for the junction orifice of the stomach and the esophagus. ...

Similarities and differences between the monogastric and ruminant systems

In both systems excess protein and amino acids are used as an energy source. Carnivorous, herbivorous, and omnivorous diets are common in monogastric animals, while ruminant animals are usually herbivorous.