NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Monoikos

The early history of Monaco is primarily concerned with the protective and strategic value of the Rock of Monaco, the area's chief geological landmark, which served first as a shelter for ancient peoples and later as a fortress. From the 1200s to the early 1400s, the area was contested for primarily political reasons; since that point, excepting a period of French occupation, it has remained steadily under the control of the House of Grimaldi. Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1150s 1160s 1170s 1180s 1190s - 1200s - 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s Years: 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 Events and Trends 1200 University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France 1202-1204 Fourth Crusade - diverted to... Centuries: 14th century - 15th century - 16th century Decades: 1350s 1360s 1370s 1380s 1390s - 1400s - 1410s 1420s 1430s 1440s 1450s Years: 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 Events and Trends Categories: 1400s ... The House of Grimaldi has been the princely family of the Principality of Monaco since 1297. ...

Early history and Ligurian settlement

The Rock of Monaco served as a shelter for the area's early inhabitants from the end of the Paleolithic period, approximately 300000 BC, evidence of whom has been found in a cave in St. Martin's Gardens in present-day Monaco. According to the accounts of historian Diodorus Siculus and geographer Strabon, the area's first permanent settlers were the mountain-dwelling Ligurians, who emigrated from their native city of Genoa, Italy. However, the ancient Ligurian language, which was apparently not Indo-European, is not connected to the Italian dialect spoken by the modern inhabitants of Liguria, nor to the modern Monegasque language. The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic – lit. ... Diodorus Siculus was a Greek historian, born at Agyrium in Sicily (now called Agira, in the Province of Enna). ... Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions. ... Location within Italy Flag of Genoa Christopher Columbus monument in Piazza Aquaverde Genoa (Italian Genova (jeno-vah), Genoese Zena (zaynah), French Gênes) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of Liguria. ... The Ligurian language was spoken in pre-Roman times and into the Roman era by an ancient people of north-western Italy and south-eastern France known as the Liguri. ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies Indo-European is originally a linguistic term, referring to the Indo-European language family. ... Monegasque (or Monégasque) is a Romance language based on Ligurian; it is spoken in Monaco and taught in schools there. ...

The local Hellenes referred to the Ligurians as Monoikos, from the Greek the Greek Μόνοικος— μόνος + οίκος, "single house", which bears the sense of a people either settled in a "single habitation" or of "living apart" from others. This article or section should include material from Greeks According to Thucydides, Hellenes were the people of Hellas. ...

Greek colonization and Herculean legend

The Phocaeans of Massilia founded the colony of Monoikos, named for its Ligurian inhabitants, in the 6th century B.C. in the area now known as Monaco. Monoikos was associated with Hercules, venerated in this location alone as Hercules Monoecus. According to the "travels of Hercules" theme, also documented by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo, both Greeks and native Ligurian people asserted that Hercules passed through the area. Marseilles redirects here. ... Hercules and Cacus, by Baccio Bandinelli, 1525 - 1534. ... Diodorus Siculus was a Greek historian, born at Agyrium in Sicily (now called Agira, in the Province of Enna). ... Strabo (squinty) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed. ... Ligurian may mean one of several things: Pertaining to the ancient Ligures Pertaining to modern Liguria Ligurian language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Hercules and Cacus, by Baccio Bandinelli, 1525 - 1534. ...

The modern port is still sometimes called the "Port of Hercules". The 1907 Catholic Encyclopedia wrote, "From ancient times until the nineteenth century the port of Monaco was among the most important of the French Mediterranean coast, but now it has lost all commercial significance."

Roman rule

After the Gallic Wars, Monoecus, which served as a stopping-point for Julius Caesar on his way to campaign in Greece, fell under Roman control as part of the province of Gallia Transalpina. The Gallic Wars were a series of wars fought between the Romans and the people of Gaul during the first century BC which ended with the expansion of the Roman Republic across Gaul. ... Painting of Gaius Julius Caesar Bust of Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (Latin: C·IVLIVS·C·F·C·N·CAESAR¹) (July 12 or July 13, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader whose conquest of Gallia Comata extended the Roman world all the way... Roman Empire between AD 60 and 400 with major cities. ... Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis, 120 AD Gallia Narbonensis was a Roman province located in what is now Provence in southern France. ...

Roman poet Virgil called it "that castled cliff, Monoecus by the sea" (Aeneid, VI.830). The commentator Servius's use of the passage (in R. Maltby, Lexicon of Ancient Latin Etymologies, Leeds) asserts, under the entry portus, that the epithet was derived: For other uses see Virgil (disambiguation). ... The Aeneid is a Latin epic written by Virgil in the 1st century BC that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who traveled to Italy where he became the ancestor of the Romans. ...

The port is mentioned in Pliny's Natural History (III.v) and in Tacitus' Histories (III.42), when Valens was forced to put into the port (Fabius Valens e sinu Pisano segnitia maris aut adversante vento portum Herculis Monoeci depellitur). There is also a town named Lucan in Ireland Marcus Annaeus Lucanus (November 3, AD 39 - April 30, 65), better known in English as Lucan, was a Roman poet, and is one of the outstanding figures of the Silver Latin period. ... There are two famous persons named Pliny: Pliny the Elder, a Roman nobleman, scientist and historian who died in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD The great-nephew of the former, Pliny the Younger, a statesman, orator, and writer who lived between 62 AD and 113 AD. This... Gaius Cornelius Tacitus Publius or Gaius Cornelius Tacitus (c. ... The Histories ( Latin: Historiae) is a book by Tacitus, written c. ...

Middle Ages

Monaco remained under Roman control until the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476, from which point the area was ravaged by Saracens and various barbarian tribes. Though these raids left the area almost entirely depopulated, the Saracens were expelled in 975, and by the 11th century area was again populated by Ligurians. The Western Roman Empire is the name given to the western half of the Roman Empire after its division by Diocletian. ... Events August - The usurper Basiliscus is deposed and Zeno is restored as Eastern Roman Emperor. ... For the rugby club Saracens see Saracens (rugby club) The term Saracen comes from Greek sarakenoi. ... Barbarian was originally a Greek term applied to any foreigner, one not sharing a recognized culture or degree of polish with the speaker or writer employing the term. ... Events Coronation of King Edward the Martyr Births Deaths July 8 Edgar of England Categories: 975 ... (10th century - 11th century - 12th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... Liguria is a coastal region of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions. ...

In 1191, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI granted suzerainty over the area to the city of Genoa, the native home of the Ligurians. On June 10, 1215, a detachment of Genoese Ghibellines led by Fulco del Cassello began the construction of a fortress atop the Rock of Monaco. This date is often cited as the beginning of Monaco's modern history. Events May 12 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. ... The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806. ... Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (November 1165 - September 28, 1197) was king of Germany 1190-1197, and Holy Roman Emperor 1191-1197. ... Suzerainty refers to a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy but controls its foreign affairs. ... Location within Italy Flag of Genoa Christopher Columbus monument in Piazza Aquaverde Genoa (Italian Genova (jeno-vah), Genoese Zena (zaynah), French Gênes) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of Liguria. ... June 10 is the 161st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (162nd in leap years), with 204 days remaining. ... Events June 15 - King John of England forced to put his seal to the Magna Carta, outlining the rights of landowning men (nobles and knights) and restricting the kings power. ... The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting, respectively, the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in Italy during the 12th century and 13th century. ...

As the Ghibellines intended their fortress to be a strategic military stronghold and center of control for the area, they set about creating a settlement around the base of the Rock to support the garrison; in an attempt to lure residents from Genoa and the surrounding cities, they offered land grants and tax exemption to new settlers. A tax is an involuntary fee paid by individuals or businesses to a state, or to functional equivalents of a state, including tribes, secessionist movements or revolutionary movements. ...

Rise of the Grimaldis

The Grimaldis, descended from Otto Canella and taking their name from his son Grimaldo, were an ancient and prominent Guelphic Genoese family who, in the course of the civil strife in Genoa between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, took refuge in Monaco, accompanied by various other Guelphic families, most notably the Fieschis. The House of Grimaldi has been the princely family of the Principality of Monaco since 1297. ... Guelph is a city in Ontario, Canada. ...

François Grimaldi seized the Rock of Monaco in 1297; the area remained under the control of the Grimaldi family to the present day, except when under French control from 1789 to May 17, 1814. Designated as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna after Napoleon's defeat, Monaco's sovereignty was confirmed by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861. The Prince of Monaco was an absolute ruler until a constitution was promulgated in 1911. François Grimaldi (François Malizia - the Cunning) was the leader of the Guelphs who captured the Rock of Monaco on the night of January 8, 1297. ... Events 8 January - Monaco gains independence. ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... May 17 is the 137th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (138th in leap years). ... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1839: Mainland Piedmont, with Savoia upper left (pink) and Nizza (Nice) lower left (brown) both now French, and Sardinia in the inset The Kingdom of Sardinia is a former kingdom in Italy. ... 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Congress of Vienna (October 1, 1814 - June 9, 1815) was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria. ... 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... A database query syntax error has occurred. ...

The famous Casino of Monte Carlo opened in 1863, organized by the Societé des Bains de Mer ("Sea-bathing Society"), which also ran the Hotel de Paris; taxes paid by the S.B.M. have been plowed into Monaco's infrastructure. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France. In July 1918, a treaty was signed providing for limited French protection over Monaco. The treaty, written into the Treaty of Versailles, established that Monegasque policy would be aligned with French political, military, and economic interests. 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Woodrow Wilson with the American Peace Commissioners The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 is the peace treaty created as a result of six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 which put an official end to World War I between the Allies and Central Powers. ...

The current ruler, Prince Albert II, succeeded his father Prince Rainier III in 2005. Prince Rainier, in turn, had acceded to the throne following the death of his grandfather, Prince Louis II, in 1949. Albert II, Prince of Monaco, here pictured in an official portrait before his succession. ... Rainier III ruled Monaco from 1949 to 2005. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Louis II of Monaco (July 12, 1870 – May 9, 1949) was the Sovereign Prince of Monaco from June 26, 1922 until May 9, 1949. ...

The revised Constitution of Monaco, proclaimed in 1962, abolished capital punishment, provided for female suffrage, established a Supreme Court to guarantee fundamental liberties and made it difficult for a French national to transfer his or her residence there. The Constitution of Monaco, first adopted in 1911 and heavily revised by Prince Rainier III on December 17, 1962, outlines three branches of government, including several administrative offices and a number of councils, who share advisory and legislative power with the Prince. ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

In 1993, Monaco became an official member of the United Nations with full voting rights. In 2002, a new treaty between France and Monaco clarifies that if there are no heirs to carry on the dynasty, the Principality will remain an independent nation rather than revert to the French. Monaco's military defense, however, is still the responsibility of France. The United Nations, or UN, is an international organization established in 1945 and now made up of 191 states. ... 2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The principality's mild climate, splendid scenery, and gambling facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center.

Timelines

Early history and Ligurian settlement

Greek colonization and Herculean legend

Roman rule

Middle Ages

Rise of the Grimaldis

Timelines

See also

References

Early history and Ligurian settlement GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Greek colonization and Herculean legend

Roman rule

Middle Ages

Rise of the Grimaldis

Timelines

See also

References

Early history and Ligurian settlement