Summer drought in East Asia durring the monsoon of 1994 A monsoon is a major wind system that changes direction seasonally. "Most summer monsoons have a dominant westerly component and a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious amounts of rain (because of the condensation of water vapour in the rising air). The intensity and duration, however, are not uniform from year to year. Winter monsoons, by contrast, have a dominant easterly component and a strong tendency to diverge, subside, and cause drought."[1] Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
The Vindhya Range is a range of hills in central India, which geographically separates The Indian subcontinent into northern India and Southern India. ...
"Monsoon" is also a common slang term used to describe torrential rains.
In terms of total precipitation, total area covered and the total number of people affected, the monsoons affecting the Indian Subcontinent dwarf the North American monsoon (also called the "Mexican", "southwest", "desert", or "Arizona" monsoon).
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 958 KB) Summary A photo of dark stormy clouds over the city of Lucknow,India. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 958 KB) Summary A photo of dark stormy clouds over the city of Lucknow,India. ...
Lucknow (Hindi: लखनऊ, Urdu: لكهنو, ) is the capital city of the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. ...
History
Strengthening of the Asian monsoon has been linked to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau after the collision of India and Asia around 50 million years ago. Evidence for when this first happened remains controversial. Many geologists believe the monsoon first became strong around 8 million years ago based on records from the Arabian Sea and the record of wind-blown dust in the Loess Plateau of China. More recently plant fossils in China and new long-duration sediment records from the South China Sea led Peter Clift to propose a much older monsoon starting around 24 million years ago and linked to early Tibetan uplift. Testing of this hypothesis awaits deep ocean sampling by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. The monsoon has varied significantly in strength since this time, largely linked to global climate change, especially the cycle of the Pleistocene ice ages. Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province and Sichuan Province of China lie on the Tibetan Plateau. ...
Map of the Arabian Sea. ...
This article cites very few or no references or sources. ...
The South China Sea, showing surrounding countries and neighbouring seas and oceans The South China Sea is a marginal sea south of China. ...
Peter Clift is a marine geologist specializing in the geology of Asia and the western Pacific. ...
The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) is an international research program whose goal is to explore the structure of the Earth as recorded in oceanic sediments and rocks. ...
The Pleistocene epoch (IPA: ) is part of the geologic timescale. ...
Processes Monsoons are caused by the larger amplitude of the seasonal cycle of land temperature compared to that of nearby oceans. This differential warming happens because heat in the ocean is mixed vertically through a "mixed layer" that may be fifty metres deep, through the action of wind and buoyancy-generated turbulence, whereas the land surface conducts heat slowly, with the seasonal signal penetrating perhaps a metre or so. Additionally, the specific heat of liquid water is significantly higher than that of most materials that make up land. Together, these factors mean that the heat capacity of the layer participating in the seasonal cycle is much larger over the oceans than over land, with the consequence that land warms faster and reaches a higher temperature than the ocean. The hot air over the land tends to rise, creating an area of low pressure. This creates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it. Similar rainfall is caused by the moist ocean air being lifted upwards by mountains, surface heating, convergence at the surface, divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface. However the lifting occurs, the air cools due expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces condensation. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...
The Howrah Bridge spans the Hooghly River, linking Howrah to Kolkata. ...
(IPA: [] Bengali: কলকাতা) (formerly ) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. ...
In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean keeps the heat longer. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean while a large area of drying high pressure is formed over the land, increased by wintertime cooling. Monsoons are similar to sea breezes, a term usually referring to the localized, diurnal (daily) cycle of circulation near coastlines everywhere, but they are much larger in scale, stronger and seasonal.
Monsoon systems
Low lying clouds before rainfall in Singapore As monsoons have become better understood, the term monsoon has been broadened to include almost all of the phenomena associated with the annual weather cycle within the tropical and subtropical land regions of the earth. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1642x1382, 241 KB) Licensing Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1642x1382, 241 KB) Licensing Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ...
Weather is a term that encompasses phenomena in the atmosphere of a planet. ...
The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ...
Subtropical (or semitropical) areas are those adjacent to the tropics, usually roughly defined as the ranges 23. ...
Even more broadly, it is now understood that in the geological past, monsoon systems must have always accompanied the formation of supercontinents such as Pangaea, with their extreme continental climates. In geology, a supercontinent is a land mass comprising more than one continental core, or craton. ...
For other uses, see Pangaea (disambiguation). ...
A continental climate is the climate typical of the middle-latitude interiors of the large continents of the Northern Hemisphere in the zone of westerly winds; similar climates exist along the east coasts and southwest coasts of the same continents, and also at higher elevations in certain other parts of...
Northeast Winter Monsoon (Asia) In Asia, the northeastern winter monsoons take place from December to early March. The temperature over central Asia is lower, creating a zone of high pressure there. The jet stream in this region splits into the southern subtropical jet and the polar jet. The subtropical flow directs northeasterly winds to blow across south Asia, creating dry air streams which produce clear skies over India from the months of November to May. Meanwhile, a low pressure system develops over northern Australia and winds are directed toward Australia known as a monsoon trough. World map showing the location of Asia. ...
Jet streams are fast flowing, relatively narrow air currents found in the atmosphere at around 12 km above the surface of the Earth, just under the tropopause. ...
An airstream is a relatively well-defined prevailing wind, it is name given to a body of air, or air mass, that moves from its source region and brings the weather with it. ...
The Glossary of Meteorology defines a monsoon trough simply: A line in a weather map showing the locations of minimum sea level pressure in a monsoon region. ...
During the northeast winter monsoon, Australia and southeast Asia receive large amounts of rainfall. World map showing the location of Asia. ...
Indian Ocean Monsoon
Onset dates and prevailing wind currents of the southwest summer monsoon. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
South-West Summer Monsoon The southwestern summer monsoons occur from June through September. The Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert) and adjoining areas of the northern and central Indian Subcontinent heats up too much during the hot seasons of summer. This causes a low pressure area over the northern and central Indian subcontinent. To fill up this void, the moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean rush in to the subcontinent. These winds, rich in moisture, are drawn towards the Himalayas, creating winds blowing storm clouds towards the subcontinent. However the Himalayas act like a high wall and do not allow the winds to pass into Central Asia, forcing them to rise. With the gain in altitude of the clouds, the temperature drops and precipitation occurs. Some areas of the subcontinent receive up to 10,000 mm of rain. Summer is a season of the year that is defined as beginning on June 21st, and ending in September in the Northern Hemisphere. ...
A NASA satellite image of the Thar Desert, with the India-Pakistan border superimposed is found in canada, united states. ...
Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ...
Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ...
Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...
Fig. ...
The southwest monsoon is generally expected to begin around the middle of June and dies down by September. The moisture-laden winds on reaching the southernmost point of the Indian peninsula, due to its topology, become divided into two parts: A compass rose with Southwest highlighted. ...
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations by or about: India Wikinews has news related to this article: India Look up India in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikibooks has more about this subject: India Wikisource has original text related to this article: India Official GOI Directory — Directory of governmental websites Indiaimage...
- Arabian Sea Branch of the SW Monsoon
- Bay of Bengal Branch of the SW Monsoon
The Arabian Sea Branch of the SW Monsoon first hits the Western Ghats of the coastal state of Kerala, India and hence Kerela is the first state in India to receive rain from the South-West Monsoon. This branch of the monsoon moves northwards along the Western Ghats giving rain to the coastal areas west of the Western Ghats. It is to be noted that the eastern parts of the Western Ghats do not receive much rain from this monsoon as the wind does not cross the Western Ghats. The Agasthiyamalai range of the Western Ghats The Western Ghats are a mountain range in India. ...
Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...
Kerala (IPA: ; Malayalam: കേരളം — Keralam) is a state on the southwestern tropical Malabar Coast of India. ...
The Agasthiyamalai range of the Western Ghats The Western Ghats are a mountain range in India. ...
A compass rose with west highlighted This article refers to the cardinal direction; for other uses see West (disambiguation). ...
The Agasthiyamalai range of the Western Ghats The Western Ghats are a mountain range in India. ...
The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST, internally called HT-7U) is a project being undertaken to construct an experimental superconducting tokamak magnetic fusion energy reactor in Hefei, the capital city of Anhui Province, in eastern China. ...
The Agasthiyamalai range of the Western Ghats The Western Ghats are a mountain range in India. ...
The Agasthiyamalai range of the Western Ghats The Western Ghats are a mountain range in India. ...
View of south-west monsoon rain in Kerala. The Bay of Bengal Branch of SW Monsoon flows over the Bay of Bengal heading towards North-Eastern India and Bengal, picking up more moisture from the Bay of Bengal. Its hits the Eastern Himalaya and provides a huge amount of rain to the regions of North-East India, Bangladesh and West Bengal. Cherripunji, situated on the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalaya in Shillong, India is one of the wettest place on Earth. After striking the Eastern Himalaya it turns towards the West, travels over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, at a rate of roughly 1-2 weeks per state[citation needed], pouring raining all along its way. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...
Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
The Himalayas in Sikkim North-East India is the easternmost region of India consisting of the contiguous Seven Sister States and the state of Sikkim. ...
Bengal (Bengali: বঙà§à¦— Bôngo, বাংলা Bangla, বঙà§à¦—দেশ Bôngodesh or বাংলাদেশ Bangladesh), is a historical and geographical region in the northeast of South Asia. ...
Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ...
The Himalayas in Sikkim North-East India is the easternmost region of India consisting of the contiguous Seven Sister States and the state of Sikkim. ...
West Bengal (Bengali: পশà§à¦šà¦¿à¦®à¦¬à¦™à§à¦—, Poshchimbôŋgo) is a state in eastern India. ...
Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ...
Shillong (Hindi: शिलांग, Bengali: শিলং) is the capital of Meghalaya, one of the smaller states in India. ...
Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ...
A compass rose with west highlighted This article refers to the cardinal direction; for other uses see West (disambiguation). ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
The monsoon accounts for 80 percent of the rainfall in the country[citation needed]. Indian agriculture (which accounts for 25 percent of the GDP and employs 70 percent of the population) is heavily dependent on the rains, especially crops like cotton, rice, oilseeds and coarse grains. A delay of a few days in the arrival of the monsoon can, and does, badly affect the economy, as evidenced in the numerous droughts in India in the 90s. Cotton ready for harvest. ...
Species Oryza glaberrima Oryza sativa Brown basmati rice Terrace of paddy fields in Yunnan Province, southern China. ...
Seeds which are grown for their oil. ...
The monsoon is widely welcomed and appreciated by city-dwellers as well, for it provides relief from the climax of summer in June. However, because of the lack of adequate infrastructure in place, most major cities are often adversely affected as well. The roads, already shoddy, take a battering each year; houses and streets at the bottom of slopes and beside rivers are waterlogged, slums are flooded, and the sewers and the rare hurricane drain start to back up and pour out toxic filth rather than drain it away. This translates into various minor casualties most of the time; lack of city infrastructure coupled with changing climate patterns also causes severe damage to and loss of property and life. Bangladesh and some regions of India like in Assam and places of West Bengal experiences heavy flood, which claims huge number of lives and huge loss of property and causes severe damage to economy, as evidenced in the Mumbai floods of 2005. Also in the recent past, areas in India that used to receive scanty rainfall throughout the year, like the Thar Desert, have surprisingly ended up receiving floods due to the prolonged monsoon season. June is the sixth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with a length of 30 days. ...
A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows his find. ...
Assam (Assamese: অসম Ôxôm) is a north eastern state of India with its capital at Dispur, a part of Guwahati. ...
West Bengal (Bengali: পশà§à¦šà¦¿à¦®à¦¬à¦™à§à¦—, Poshchimbôŋgo) is a state in eastern India. ...
Picture of flooding in Amphoe Sena, Ayutthaya Province, Thailand. ...
The Maharashtra floods of 2005 refers to the flooding of many parts of the Indian state of Maharashtra including large areas of the metropolis of Mumbai (formerly Bombay), a city located on the coast of the Arabian Sea, on the western coast of India, in which at least 1,000...
A NASA satellite image of the Thar Desert, with the India-Pakistan border superimposed is found in canada, united states. ...
View of central Kolkata after a monsoon rain. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
(IPA: [] Bengali: কলকাতা) (formerly ) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. ...
North-East Monsoon (Retreating Monsoon) Around September, with the sun fast retreating south, the northern land mass of the Indian Subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly. With this air pressure begins to build over northern India. The Indian Ocean and its surrounding atmosphere still holds its heat. This causes the cold wind to sweep down from the Himalayas and Indo-Gangetic Plain towards the vast spans of the Indian Ocean south of the Deccan peninsular. This is known as the North-East Monsoon or Retreating Monsoon. Look up September in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ...
Dark green region marks the approximate extent of northern India while the regions marked as light green lies within the sphere of north Indian influence. ...
Perspective view of the Himalayas and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
The Deccan Plateau is a vast plateau in India, encompassing most of Central and Southern India. ...
While traveling towards the Indian Ocean, the dry cold wind picks up some moisture from the Bay of Bengal and pours it over peninsular India. Cities like Chennai, which get less rain from the South-West Monsoon, receives rain from the Retreating Monsoon. About 50% - 60% of the rain received by the state of Tamil Nadu is from the North-East Monsoon[citation needed]. Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
“Madras†redirects here. ...
Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ...
It is worth noting that North-East Monsoon (or the Retreating Monsoon) is not able to bring much rain as the South-West Monsoon.
North American Monsoon The North American Monsoon (NAM) occurs from late May or early June into September, originating over Mexico and spreading into the southwest United States by mid July. It affects Mexico along the Sierra Madre Occidental as well as Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, West Texas, and California. It pushes as far west as the Peninsular Ranges and Transverse Ranges of southern California but rarely reaches the coastal strip (a wall of desert thunderstorms only a half-hour's drive away is a common summer sight from the sunny skies along the coast during the monsoon). The North American monsoon is known to many as the Summer, Southwest, Mexican or Arizona monsoon. It is also sometimes called the Desert Monsoon as a large part of the affected area is desert. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Avenues neighborhood damage The Salt Lake City Tornado was a very rare tornado that occurred in Salt Lake City, Utah on August 11, 1999, during an unusually strong summer monsoon season. ...
August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...
This picture shows an aerial view of the Sierra Madre Occidental crossing the territory of Durango, western Mexico The Sierra Madre Occidental is a mountain range in western Mexico and the extreme southwest of the United States, extending 1500 km from southeast Arizona (south and east of Tucson) southeast through...
Official language(s) English Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Area Ranked 6th - Total 113,998 sq mi (295,254 km²) - Width 310 miles (500 km) - Length 400 miles (645 km) - % water 0. ...
Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area Ranked 5th - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²) - Width 342 miles (550 km) - Length 370 miles (595 km) - % water 0. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Salt Lake City Largest city Salt Lake City Area Ranked 13th - Total 84,876 sq mi (219,887 km²) - Width 270 miles (435 km) - Length 350 miles (565 km) - % water 3. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Denver Largest city Denver Area Ranked 8th - Total 104,185 sq mi (269,837 km²) - Width 280 miles (451 km) - Length 380 miles (612 km) - % water 0. ...
The dry plains of West Texas, have often been divided up into tracks of land divided by barbed wire fences. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area Ranked 3rd - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²) - Width 250 miles (400 km) - Length 770 miles (1,240 km) - % water 4. ...
The Peninsular Ranges are a group of mountain ranges which stretch 900 miles from southern California to the southern tip of Baja California, part of the North American Coast Ranges that run along the Pacific coast from Alaska to Mexico. ...
The Transverse ranges are a group of mountain ranges of southern California, part of the North American Coast Ranges that run along the Pacific coast from Alaska to Mexico. ...
The North American monsoon is associated with an area of high pressure called the subtropical ridge that moves northward during the summer months and a thermal low (a trough of low pressure which develops from intense surface heating) over the Mexican Plateau and the desert southwest of the United States. The monsoon begins in late May to early June in southern Mexico and quickly spreads along the western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental, reaching Arizona and New Mexico in early July. The monsoon extends into the southwest United States as it matures in mid July when an area of high pressure, called the monsoon ridge, develops in the upper atmosphere over the four corners region, creating an easterly to southeasterly wind flow aloft. This wind flow pattern directs moisture originating in the Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of California and the tropical Pacific by way of northern Mexico into the region, setting off brief, but often torrential thunderstorms, especially over mountainous terrain. This activity is occasionally enhanced by the passage of easterly waves or the entrainment of the remnants of tropical storms. A high, high-pressure cell, or high pressure area is a region where the atmospheric pressure is greater than the surrounding area. ...
The subtropical ridge is a large belt of high pressure situated around 30ºN in the Northern Hemisphere and 30ºS in the Southern Hemisphere. ...
A large low-pressure system swirls off the southwestern coast of Iceland, illustrating the maxim that nature abhors a vacuum. ...
The Four Corners region is in the red area on this map The Four Corners Monument, placed by the Interior Department at the exact point. ...
Tropical waves, also known as easterly waves, are elongated areas of relatively low air pressure, oriented north to south, causing areas of cloudiness and thunderstorms. ...
Entrainment (brainwave synchronization) Entrainment (engineering) Entrainment (hydrodynamics) Entrainment (meteorology) Entrainment (physics) Entrainment (chronobiology) Category: ...
This article is about weather phenomena. ...
As much as 70% of rainfall in the region occurs during the summer monsoon. Many desert plants are adapted to take advantage of this brief wet season. Because of the monsoons, the Sonoran and Mojave are considered relatively "wet" when ranked among other deserts such as the Sahara. Sonoran Desert wildlife Mountains in the Sonoran Desert 3D photograph of Saguaro National Park at dusk. ...
For the indigenous American tribe, see Mohave. ...
Monsoons play a vital role in managing wildfire threat by providing moisture at higher elevations and feeding desert streams. Heavy monsoon rain can lead to excess winter plant growth, in turn a summer wildfire risk. A lack of monsoon rain can hamper summer seeding, reducing excess winter plant growth but worsening drought. The Southwest has been in continuous drought status since the mid-1990s.[citation needed]
Thunderstorms during the North American Monsoon as seen from El Cajon, California. The thunderstorms rarely push beyond the Peninsular Ranges to the clear skies of the coastal strip. Flash flooding is a serious danger during the monsoon season. Dry washes can become raging rivers in an instant, even when no storms are visible as a storm can cause a flash flood tens of miles away (never camp in a dry wash in the desert). Lightning strikes are also a significant danger. Because it is dangerous to be caught in the open when these storms suddenly appear, many golf courses in Arizona have thunderstorm warning systems. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2237x381, 160 KB) Summary Thunderstorms during the North American Monsoon as seen from El Cajon, California. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2237x381, 160 KB) Summary Thunderstorms during the North American Monsoon as seen from El Cajon, California. ...
Lower Antelope Canyon was carved out of sandstone by flash floods A Flash Flood is a rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas (washes), rivers and streams, caused by the intense rainfall associated with a thunderstorm, or multiple training thunderstorms. ...
The North American monsoon affects much of the United States and Mexico. Major drought episodes in the midwestern United States are associated with an amplification of the upper tropospheric monsoon ridge, along with a weakening of the western edge of the "Bermuda high" and the low-level jet stream over the great plains[1]. A drought is a period of time when there is not enough water to support agricultural, urban, human, or environmental water needs. ...
Atmosphere diagram showing the mesosphere and other layers. ...
African Monsoon The monsoon of western sub-Saharan Africa is the result of the seasonal shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the great seasonal temperature differences between the Sahara and the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The dry, northeasterly trade winds, and their more extreme form, the harmattan, are interrupted by the northern shift in the ICZ and resultant southerly, rain-bearing winds during the summer. The semiarid Sahel and Sudan depend upon this pattern for most of their precipitation. A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...
The thunderstorms of the Intertropical Convergence Zone form a line across the eastern Pacific Ocean. ...
The trade winds are a pattern of wind found in bands around Earths equatorial region. ...
The Harmattan is a dry and dusty wind blowing northeast and west off the Sahara into the Gulf of Guinea between November and March (winter). ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
South American Monsoon Much of Brazil experiences seasonal wind patterns that bring a summer maximum to precipitation. Rio de Janeiro is infamous for flooding as a result of monsoon rains. This article is about the Brazilian city. ...
See also The climate of India is difficult to lay due to the countrys large geographic size and varied topography. ...
The Glossary of Meteorology defines a monsoon trough simply: A line in a weather map showing the locations of minimum sea level pressure in a monsoon region. ...
The Monsoon Cup is a main sporting events in Malaysia. ...
Reference and external links - National Weather Service: The North American Monsoon
- Initial text from the Goddard Space Flight Center's public domain Distributed Active Archive Center
- North American Monsoon Experiment
- Influence of monsoon winds
- Meet the Indian monsoons at PBS.org
- Arizona Central monsoon page
- American Heritage Dictionary definition and Etymology of "monsoon"
- AMMA - African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses
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