Monumental Brass is a species of engraved sepulchral memorial which in the early part of the 13th century began to take the place of tombs and effigies carved in stone. Made of hard latten or sheet brass, let into the pavement, and thus forming no obstruction in the space required for the services of the church, they speedily came into general use, and continued to be a favorite style of sepulchral memorial for three centuries. (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... A tomb is a small building (or vault) for the remains of the dead, with walls, a roof, and (if it is to be used for more than one corpse) a door. ... An effigy is a rough representation of a person, for example a George Bush or Guy Fawkes made of straw and old clothing. ... Latten – refers loosely to copper alloys much like brass used in the Middle Ages up through to the late 18th and early 19th Centuries, for things like decorative effect on borders, rivets or other details of metalwork (particuarly armour) and for funerary effigies. ... Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. ...

Monumental brass to the 2nd Earl of Kenmare in the Kenmare Chapel of Killarney Cathedral.

Besides their great value as historical monuments, they are interesting as authentic contemporary evidence of the varieties of armour and costume, or the peculiarities of palaeography and heraldic designs, and they are often the only authoritative records of the intricate details of family history. Although the intrinsic value of the metal has unfortunately contributed to the wholesale spoliation of these interesting monuments, they are still found in. remarkable profusion in England, and they were at one time equally common in France, Germany and the Low Countries. In France, however, those that survived the troubles of the 16th century were totally swept away during the reign of terror, and almost the only evidence of their existence is now supplied by the collection of drawings bequeathed by Gough to the Bodleian library. Palæography (British) or paleography (American) (from the Greek palaios, old and graphein, to write) is the study of ancient and medieval manuscripts, indpendent of the language (Koine Greek, Classical Latin, Medieval Latin, Old English, etc. ... Heraldry is the science and art of describing of coats-of-arms, also referred to as achievements or armorial bearings. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (mid-2004) - Density Ranked 1st UK 50. ... The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries (see Country) on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt, and Meuse (Maas) rivers. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Hon Gough Whitlam Edward Gough Whitlam (born July 11, 1916), Australian politician and 21st Prime Minister of Australia, was the only Australian Prime Minister to be dismissed by the Governor-General. ... Entrance to the Library, with the coats-of-arms of several Oxford colleges Oxford University Libraries Service (OULS) comprises over 30 of the University of Oxfords central and faculty libraries: from the world-famous Bodleian Library, established 400 years ago, to the modern digital library ventures. ...

The fine memorials of the royal house of Saxony in the cathedrals of Meißen and Freiberg are the most artistic and striking brasses in Germany. Among the 13th century examples existing in German churches are the full-length memorials of Yso von Welpe, bishop of Verden (1231), and of Bernard, bishop of Paderborn (1340). Many fine Flemish specimens exist in Belgium, especially at Bruges. Only two or three examples, and these of late date, are known in Scotland, among which are the memorials of Alexander Cockburn (1564) at Ormiston; of the regent Murray (1569) in the collegiate church of St Giles, Edinburgh; and of the Minto family (1605) in the south aisle of the nave of Glasgow Cathedral. List of Dukes, Electors, and Kings of Saxony, 880-1918 The original Duchy of Saxony comprised lands in the north-westen part of present-day Germany, roughly corresponding to the modern German state of Lower Saxony and to Westphalia. ... Verden is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. ... Events Ardengus becomes bishop of Florence. ... Position of Paderborn in Germany Paderborn is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the district Paderborn. ... Events January 26 - King France June 24 - The Battle of Sluys is fought between the naval fleets of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France. ... Sometimes referred to as the Venice of the North, Bruges has many waterways that run through the city. ... Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within the UK Languages with Official Status1 English Scottish Gaelic Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... Alexander Claud Cockburn (pronounced coburn) (born June 6, 1941) is a progressive Irish journalist who has lived and worked in the United States since 1973. ... Events March 8 — Naples bans kissing in public under the penalty of death June 22 — Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World September 10 — The Battle of Kawanakajima Ottoman Turks invade Malta Modern pencil becomes common in England Conquistadors crossed the Pacific Spanish founded a colony... The Parish of Ormiston is bounded by Humbie to the South, Pencaitland on the East, Tranent on the North and Cranston on the West. ... Murray is the name of several places in the United States of America: Murray, Iowa Murray, Kentucky Murray, New York Murray, Utah Murray is also surname of several people: Albert Murray - African American jazz critic and novelist Daniel A. P. Murray - African American intellectual Francis J. Murray - U.S. mathematician... Events January 11 - First recorded lottery in England. ... Saint Giles (Latin Ægidius) was a 7th-8th century Christian hermit saint. ... Edinburghs location in Scotland Edinburgh viewed from Arthurs Seat. ... Minto may refer to: Places Minto, Alaska Minto, North Dakota Minto, a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba People Any Earl of Minto, including Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto (1751-1814) Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 2nd Earl of Minto (1782-1859) Gilbert John Elliot... Events April 13 - Tsar Boris Godunow dies - Feodor II accedes to the throne May 16 - Paul V becomes Pope June 1 - Russian troops in Moscow imprison Feodor II and his mother. ... Glasgow Cathedral Glasgow Cathedral is a Church of Scotland cathedral in Glasgow. ...

Anonymous civilian Lady, c.1540, Little Walsingham, Norfolk.

England is the only country which now possesses an extensive series of these interesting memorials, of which it is calculated that there may be about 4000 still remaining in the various churches. They are most abundant in. the eastern counties, and this fact has been frequently adduced in support of the opinion that they were of Flemish manufacture. But in the days when sepulchral brasses were most in fashion the eastern counties of England were full of commercial activity and wealth, and nowhere do the engraved memorials of civilians and prosperous merchants more abound than in the churches of Ipswich, Norwich, Lynn and Lincoln. Flemish brasses do occur in England, but they were never numerous, and they are readily distinguished from those of native workmanship. The Flemish examples have the figures engraved in the centre of a large plate, the background filled in with diapered or scroll work, and the inscription placed round the edge of the plate. The English examples have the figures cut out to the outline and inserted in corresponding cavities in the slab, the darker color of the stone serving as a background. This is not an invariable distinction, however, as figure-brasses of Flemish origin are found both at Bruges and in England. But the character of the engraving is constant, the Flemish work being more florid in design, the lines shallower, and the broad lines cut with a chisel-pointed tool instead of the lozenge-shaped burin. For alternative meanings see: Norfolk (disambiguation) Norfolk (pronounced NOR-fk) is a low-lying county in East Anglia in the east of southern England. ... Map sources for Ipswich at grid reference TM1644 Ipswich Marina, where the old industries have closed and been replaced with executive flats Ipswich is the county town of Suffolk in East Anglia, England, and a local government district, on the estuary of the River Orwell. ... Norwich (pronounced variously Norritch or Norridge) is a city in East Anglia, in Eastern England, and the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk. ... Lynn is the name of some places in the United States of America: Lynn, Massachusetts Lynn, Alabama Lynn, Arkansas Lynn, Indiana Lynn, Wisconsin Lynn Township, Michigan Lynn Township, Minnesota Lynn Township, Pennsylvania Lynn County, Texas Lynn is also part of the name of these U.S. places: Lynn Haven, Florida... // Now a widespread name, Lincoln is originally a city in eastern England. ...

The brass of Robert Hallum, bishop of Salisbury, the envoy of King Henry V to the council of Constance, who died and was interred there in 1416, precisely resembles the brasses of England in the peculiarities which distinguish them from continental specimens. Scarcely any of the brasses which now exist in England can be confidently referred to the first half of the 13th century, though several undoubted examples of this period are on record. The full-sized brass of Sir John d'Aubernon at Stoke d'Abernon in Surrey (c. 1277) has the decorations of the shield filled in. with a species of enamel. Other examples of this occur, and the probability is, that, in most cases, the lines of the engraving were filled with coloring matter, though brass would scarcely bear the heat requisite to fuse the ordinary enamels. A well-known 13th-century example is that of Sir Roger de Trumpington (c. 1290), who accompanied Prince Edward in his expedition to Palestine and is represented cross-legged. About half a dozen instances of this peculiarity are known. Salisbury Cathedral from the Cathedral Yard High Street Market Great West Front of Salisbury Cathedral Salisbury (pronounced Solsbree or Sauls-bree) is a small cathedral city in Wiltshire, England. ... Henry V, (August 9 or September 16, 1387 – August 31, 1422), King of England (1413-1422), son of Henry IV by Mary de Bohun, was born at Monmouth, Wales, in September 1387. ... The Council of Constance was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, called by the Emperor Sigismund, a supporter of Antipope John XXIII, the pope recently elected at Pisa. ... Events May 30 - The Catholic Church burns Jerome of Prague as a heretic. ... A small village situated between Cobham, Surrey and Leatherhead. ... Surrey is a county in southern England, one of the Home Counties. ... Events The philosophical doctrine Averroism is banned from Paris by bishop Etienne Tempier Burmas Pagan empire begins to disintegrate after being defeated by Kublai Khan at Ngasaungsyan, near the Chinese border. ... Events King Edward I of England banishes all Jews from Britain. ... HRH The Earl of Wessex His Royal Highness The Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex (Edward Antony Richard Louis Mountbatten-Windsor), styled HRH The Earl of Wessex (born March 10, 1964), is a member of the British Royal Family, the youngest son of Queen Elizabeth II. He has held the title... ...

Roger and Agnes Thornton (1441): St Nicholas's Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne (rubbing)

The 14th-century brasses are much more numerous, and present a remarkable variety in their details. The finest specimen is that of Nicholas Lord Burnell (1315) in the church of Acton Burnell, Shropshire. In the 15th century the design and execution of monumental brasses had attained their highest excellence. The beautiful brass of Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick (d. 1401), and his wife Margaret, which formerly covered the tomb in St Marys church, Warwick, is a striking example. One of the best specimens of plate armour is that of Sir Robert Stantoun (1458) in Castle Donington church, Leicestershire, and one of the finest existing brasses of ecclesiastics is that of Abbot Thomas de la Mare of St Albans. This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right}. It is housed in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was that century which lasted from 1301 to... Events August 13 - Louis X of France marries Clemence dAnjou. ... Shropshire (abbreviated Salop or Shrops) is a traditional, ceremonial and administrative county in the West Midlands region of England. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick (March 16, 1338/9 - 1401) was an English nobleman, and one of the primary opponents of Richard II. He was the son of Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick and Catherine Mortimer, a daughter of the 1st Earl of March, and succeeded... Events The Lollards, a religious sect taught by John Wycliffe, were persecuted for their beliefs. ... Map sources for Warwick at grid reference SP2865 Warwick (pronounced warrick ) is the historic county town of Warwickshire in England and has a population of 25,434 (2001 census). ... Events January 24 - Hungary Foundation of Magdalen College, University of Oxford George of Podebrady becomes king of Bohemia Pope Pius II becomes pope Turks sack the Acropolis Births Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet Deaths June 27 - Alfonso V of Aragon August 6 - Pope Callixtus III Marques de Santillana, Spanish poet Categories... Map sources for Castle Donington at grid reference SK446272 Castle Donington is a village with a population of around 7000 in the North of Leicestershire, close to Derby and Nottingham and on the edge of the National Forest. ... Leicestershire (abbreviated Leics) is a landlocked county in central England. ... St Albans (thus spelt, no apostrophe or dot) is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England, around 22 miles (35. ...

It is only in the 16th century that the engraved representations become portraits. Previous to that period the features were invariably represented conventionally, though sometimes personal peculiarities were given. A large number of brasses in England are palimpsests, the back of an ancient brass having been engraved for the more recent memorial. Thus a brass commemorative of Margaret Bulstrode (1540) at Hedgerley, on being removed from its position, was discovered to have been previously the memorial of Thomas Totyngton, abbot of St Edmunds, Bury (1312). The abbey was only surrendered to Henry VIII in 1539, so that before the year was out the work of spoliation had begun, and the abbots brass had been removed and re-engraved to Margaret Bulstrode. In explanation of the frequency with which ancient brasses have thus been stolen and re-erected after being engraved on the reverse, as at Berkhampstead, it may be remarked that all the sheet brass used in England previous to the establishment of a manufactory at Esher by a German in 1649, had to be imported from the continent. (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... A palimpsest is a manuscript page, scroll, or book that has been written on, scraped off, and used again. ... Events January 6 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort. ... Location within the British Isles Bury is a town on the northern side of Greater Manchester in North West England, between Rochdale and Bolton and just west of the M66. ... Events June 15 : Battle near Rozgoni Battle near Thebes Siege of Rostock begins Births November 13 - King Edward III of England Deaths June 19 - Piers Gaveston, favourite of Edward II of England September 7 - King Ferdinand IV of Castile Categories: 1312 ... Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 22 April 1509 until his death. ... Events May 30 - In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal to find gold. ... This article is about the town. ... // Events January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. ...

• Monumental Brass Society

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