The Mormaerdom or Kingdom of Moray (Middle Irish: Muireb or Moreb; Medieval Latin: Muref or Moravia; Modern Gaelic:Moireabh) was a lordship in High Medieval Scotland that was destroyed by King David I of Scotland in 1130. It did not have the same territory as the modern local government council area of Moray, which is a much small area, around Elgin. The medieval lordship was in fact centered on both the lower Spey valley and around Inverness and the northern parts of the Great Glen, and probably originally included Buchan and Mar, as well as Ross. my children are my life ... Medieval Latin refers to the Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church. ... Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. ... The cathedral Notre Dame de Paris, a significant architectural contribution of the High Middle Ages. ... Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots2 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by Kenneth I 843  Area    - Total 78... King David I (or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim; also known as Saint David I or David I the Saint) (1084 – May 24, 1153), was King of Scotland from 1124 until his death, and the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and of Saint Margaret (sister of Edgar Ætheling). ... Events February 13 - Innocent II is elected pope An antipope schism occurs when Roger II of Sicily supports Anacletus II as pope instead of Innocent II. Innocent flees to France and Anacletus crowns Roger King. ... Moray (Moireibh in Gaelic), one of the 32 unitary council regions (or areas) of Scotland, lies in the north-east of the country and borders on the regions of Aberdeenshire and Highland. ... Elgin is a town in Moray the North of Scotland. ... The River Spey is a river in Scotland that runs 107 miles (172 km) to the Moray Firth at Spey Bay, making it the second longest river in Scotland. ... Inverness (Inbhir Nis in Scottish Gaelic) is the only city in the Scottish Highlands. ... The Great Glen, also known as Glen Albyn or Glen Mor is a series of valleys in Scotland running 100 kilometers from Inverness on the Moray Firth to Fort William at the head of Loch Linnhe. ... Buchan comprises a traditional area and earldom of north-eastern Scotland. ... Marr is a committee area in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. ... Ross (Ros in Scottish Gaelic) is a region of Scotland and a former mormaerdom, earldom and county. ...

Status of Moray

Both Scandinavian and Irish sources style the ruler of Moray before the 12th century not merely as King, but as "King of Scotland". This certainly means that the rulers of Moray regarded themselves as the most important ruler of Northern Britain, and casts doubt on the claims of the southern Kings of Alba to monopolize regal lordship north of the Kingdom of England. Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe named after the Scandinavian Peninsula. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... The Kingdom of Scotland (Alba) was first unified as a state by Kenneth I of Scotland ( Cináed mac Ailpín in old Gaelic or Coinneach mac Alpin in modern Gaelic ) in 843. ... The Flag of England The Kingdom of England was a kingdom located in Western Europe, in the southern part of the island of Great Britain. ...

Traditional Scottish king-lists which ignore this can be regarded the product of the triumphant southern Kings who finally destroyed their northern rivals under David I. This means that it is misleading to call Moray a mere Mormaerdom. It was evidently more. The ruler of Moray is even called Dux in one Latin source. This is notable because all Latin sources (except some earlier Gaelic ones which do not bother translating) always translate Mormaer as Comes (i.e. count). Dux (i.e. Duke) signifies a more powerful leader, perhaps a nominal vassal of another king, who had not secured regal status in the larger international scene, but who functioned in practice as a King (c/f Duke of Normandy). King David I (or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim; also known as Saint David I or David I the Saint) (1084 – May 24, 1153), was King of Scotland from 1124 until his death, and the youngest son of Malcolm Canmore and of Saint Margaret (sister of Edgar Ætheling). ... The title of mormaor or mormaer designated one of the rulers of the seven provinces of Celtic Scotland, i. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Goidelic is one of two major divisions of modern-day Celtic languages (the other being Brythonic). ... Look up Count in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Countess redirects here. ... Duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Portugal, Spain and France (in Italy, principe is... Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Duke of Normandy is a title held (or claimed) by various Norman, English, French and British rulers from the 10th century. ...

Origins

The origins of the Kingdom of Moray are not clear. The traditional account is that the Cenél Loairn took Moray by travelling up the Great Glen from northern Dál Riata and conquering Northern Pictavia from the native Picts. Hence, the idea is that the two main kindreds - the Cenél nGabráin and the Cenél Loairn of Dalriada - spawned and replicated themselves in the new kingdom of Alba. The problem of course is that not every historian views the Kingdom of Alba as the product of any kind of Dalriadan conquest, viewing the kingdom's origin as rooted in that of Pictland. Dál Riata (also Dalriada or Dalriata) was a Goidelic kingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland and the northern coasts of Ireland, situated in the traditional Scottish and Northern Irish counties of Argyll, Bute and County Antrim. ... A replica of the Hilton of Cadboll Stone. ...

Fortriu

Sueno's Stone Located in Forres, this gigantic post-Pictish monument marks some kind of military triumph.

The Kingdom of Fortriu is traditionally seen as a Kingdom centered on central Scotland, equivalent to the Kingdom of the Southern Picts. However, new research by Alex Woolf has destroyed this idea. As Woolf has pointed out, the only basis for it had been that a battle had taken place in Strathearn in which the Men of Fortriu had taken part. This is obviously an unconvincing reason on its own, because there are two Strathearns - one in the south, and one in the north - and, moreover, every battle has to be fought outside the territory of one of the combatants. By contrast, a northern recension of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle makes it clear that Fortriu was north of the Mounth, in the area visited by Columba. ¹ The Prophecy of Berchan tells us that King Dub was killed in the Plain of Fortriu. ² Another source, the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, tells us that Dub was killed at Forres, a location in Moray. ³ Moreover, additions to the Chronicle of Melrose tell us that Dub was killed by the Moravians at Forres. ⁴ There can be no doubt then that Fortriu centered on northern Scotland, and more specifically, on Moray. Download high resolution version (600x800, 87 KB)Suenos stone in Forres Author: Wojsyl File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (600x800, 87 KB)Suenos stone in Forres Author: Wojsyl File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Suenos Stone in Forres Suenos Stone is an ancient Pictish standing stone—standing 23 feet high—on a major road junction. ... Suenos Stone in Forres The Royal Burgh of Forres (Gaelic: Farrais), an ancient burgh, is situated in the north of Scotland on the Moray coast. ... Fortriu or the the Kingdom of Fortriu is the name given by historians for an ancient Pictish kingdom, and often used synonymously with Pictland in general. ... Alex Woolf is a British medievalist based at the University of St Andrews, and one of the most pioneering scholars in British medieval studies. ... Strathearn or Strath Earn, (Scottish Gaelic, Srath Èireann) is the strath (valley) of the River Earn. ... The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals narrating the history of the English and their settlement in Britain. ... Saint Columba (7 December 521 - 9 June 597) is sometimes referred to as Columba of Iona, or, in Old Irish, as Saint Colm Cille or Columcille (meaning Dove of the church). He was the outstanding figure among the Gaelic missionary monks who reintroduced Christianity to Scotland during the Dark Ages. ... The Prophecy of Berchán, is a relatively large historical poem written in the Middle Irish language. ... King Duff (Dub mac Maíl Coluim), was king of Scotland from 962 to 967. ... The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, or Scottish Chronicle, is a short written chronicle of the Kings of Alba, covering the period from the time of King Cináed I mac Ailpín (d. ... Suenos Stone in Forres The Royal Burgh of Forres (Gaelic: Farrais), an ancient burgh, is situated in the north of Scotland on the Moray coast. ... The Chronicle of Melrose is a medieval chronicle from the Cottonian Manuscript, Faustina B. ix within the British Museum. ...

Early Rulers of the North

The Annals of Ulster (s.a. 866) tells us that the Gallaib Erenn & Alban (i.e. the Vikings of Ireland and Alba) went to Fortriu and "raided all the lands of the Picts."⁵ The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba confirms this, telling us that it happened in the third year of King Causantín I's reign. ⁶ The Annals of Ulster are a chronicle of medieval Ireland. ... Events Fujiwara no Yoshifusa becomes regent of Japan, starting the Fujiwara regentship. ... The name Viking is a loan from the native Scandinavian term for the Norse seafaring warriors who raided the coasts of Scandinavia, Europe and the British Isles from the late 8th century to the 11th century, the period of European history referred to as the Viking Age. ... Alba is the ancient and modern Gaelic name (IPA: ) for the country of Scotland (also Alba in Irish, and in Old Gaelic Albu). ... Constantine I (Causantín mac Cináeda) (836-877), son of King Kenneth I of Scotland, became King of Scots and King of the Picts in 863 when he succeeded his uncle Donald I of Scotland. ...

Scandinavian sources shed some more light on the earlier rulers of Moray. The Heimskringla tells us that, somewhere between 889 and 892, ⁷ Thorstein the Red, allied with Sigurd, conquered Caithness and Sutherland, and killed a Scottish Jarl named Máel Brigte. This is confirmed by both the Orkneyinga Saga and Landnámabók. The latter names another Scottish Jarl, called Máel Duin. This man fathered a man with the fascinating name of Erp, (otherwise known as a figure in Pictish mythology equivalent to Scottish Erc). ⁸ The Chronicon Scotorum tells us that a man called Áed (written Ead), called rí Cruithentuaithe (=King of Pictland) was killed by the "grandsons of Ivar."⁹ The Annals of Ulster (s.a. 904) adds that Ivar, the grandson of Ivar, was killed by the Fír Fortrenn (i.e., the Men of Fortriu);¹⁰ the two events are obviously either the same or closely related, and refer to happenings in Moray. These sources give use some names for local rulers, but these are not necessarily rulers of Moray as a whole. We must still presume that Moray (=Fortriu) is still the core area of Scotland. Perhaps, we may regard these Viking onslaughts, with perhaps Scottish conquests in the south, as the key explanation for the shift of Alba's power center to the south. Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe named after the Scandinavian Peninsula. ... Heimskringla is the Old Norse name of a collection of sagas recorded in Iceland around 1225 by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson (1179-1242). ... Events End of Strathclyde as a fully independent kingdom. ... Events Poppo of Thuringia, count of the march in Thuringia,is deposed by the German Carolingian king Arnulf of Carinthia Arnulf of Carinthia invades Great Moravia Duke Guido of Spoleto crowned Roman Emperor in April The former Silla general Gyeonhwon attacks the city of Gwangju and declares himself king. ... Caithness (Gallaibh in Gaelic) is a committee area of Highland Council, Scotland; a lieutenancy area; and a registration county, Caithness was formerly a district within the Highland region from 1975 to 1996 and a local government county with its own county council from 1891 to 1975. ... Sutherland (Cataibh in Gaelic) is a traditional county which is now within the Highland local government area of Scotland. ... The Orkneyinga saga (also called the History of the Earls of Orkney) is an unique historical narrative of the history of the Orkney Islands from their capture by the Norwegian king in the 9th century onwards until about 1200 AD. The saga was written around 1200 AD by an unknown... Landnámabók (the book of settlement), is one of the strangest of the works of Icelandic literature. ... Chronicon Scotorum is an Irish chronicle. ... The Annals of Ulster are a chronicle of medieval Ireland. ... Events Accession of Sergius III Destruction of Changan, the capital of Tang Dynasty and the largest city in the ancient world. ...

Emergence of Muireb

Hudson postulates Giric mac Dúngail and his brother Causantin mac Dúngail as Cenél Loairn rulers (of Moray).¹¹ However, there is little strong evidence for this. Giric was recorded as being killed by the Men of Fortriu. If that is understood to be southern Pictland, then this would fit with Hudson's suggestion. However, Fortriu did not mean that. Giric of Scotland was king of Scotland from 878 to 889. ...

Morggán

In the Genelaig Albanensium, a list of early 11th century Scottish genealogies consistently appended to the Senchus fer n-Alban, the name Morggán features prominently in the genealogies of both Mac Bethad mac Findláich and Máel Snechtai mac Lulaich. The Annals of Tigernach (s.a. 976) reports that three Scottish Mormaers were in the warbands of the Leinster kindred called Uí Failge, with the three mormaers each meeting his death.¹² One of these was Donnchad mac Morggáin (Donnchadh mac Morgaínd). The Book of Deer records a prominent Buchan kindred called Clann Morggáin (=children of Morggán), indicating that a historical person named Morggán was powerful enough in the 10th century to spawn a clan in the 11th. It is therefore very possible that Morggán is crucial to understanding northern Scotland in the mid-10th century.¹³ It may be that he built up the Moravian Kingdom independent of the south, or took it over, although it should be noted that both Mac Bethad and Lulach descendended from Ruadrí, Morggán's grandson (see genealogical table). Ruadrí is the name of the progenitor of all the known Moravian rulers of the 11th century. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... The Senchus Fer n-Alban was an ancient text created at some time during the 10th century and attributed to the 7th century. ... Macbeth and the witches by Henry Fuseli (Johann Heinrich Füssli) (1741-1825) Mac Bethad mac Findláich, known in English as Macbeth c. ... Findláech of Moray, or Findláech mac Ruaidrí, was the King or Mormaer of Moray, ruling from some point before 1014 until his death in 1020. ... The Annals of Tigernach (abbr. ... Events January 10 - Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor, see Byzantine Emperors. ... Statistics Area: 19,774. ... Folio 29v contains a portrait of the Evangelist Luke. ... Buchan comprises a traditional area and earldom of north-eastern Scotland. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... A clan is a group of people united by kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor. ... Macbeth and the witches by Henry Fuseli (Johann Heinrich Füssli) (1741-1825) Mac Bethad mac Findláich, known in English as Macbeth c. ... Lulach (Lulach mac Gilla Comgain) (c. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ...

Cellach

The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba reported that King Máel Coluim (942/3–954) "went into Moray and slew Cellach." The same source tells us that king Máel Coluim was killed by the Moravians.¹⁴ Additions to the Chronicle of Melrose confirm this. It could be that this Cellach was Mormaer of Moray, but we can not definitely say this, because the source does not attribute this title to him. The Annals of Tigernach record the names of two Mormaers by the name of Cellach who were killed in Ireland in 976, but unless the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba is totally wrong, neither can be the same Cellach; and neither is either the son of this Cellach. Cellach evidently ruled some part of northern Scotland, but he was not necessarily King or Mormaer of Moray. Malcolm I (Máel Coluim mac Domnaill), the son of Donald II of Scotland, became the King of Scotland in 942 or 943 after his cousin King Constantine II of Scotland abdicated and became a monk. ... Events Kaminarimon, the eight-pillared gate to Japans Kinryuzan Sensouji Temple is erected. ... Events King Constantin II of Scotland retires and becomes a monk, succeeded by his cousin Malcolm I of Scotland Births Deaths Harald I of Norway Categories: 943 ... Events King Malcolm I of Scotland is killed in battle against Highlanders. ... Events January 10 - Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor, see Byzantine Emperors. ...

Break With Alba

What is clear above all is that there is somekind of break between Moray and southern Alba. Máel Coluim I's expedition is the first time we here of Albanian-Moravian polarization. Previously, Kings of Alba were pretty much at home in Moray. After all, the kingdom was probably born there. Additions to the Chronicle of Melrose and the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba both tell us, for instance, that Domnall II mac Causantín, the first ever king to be called ri Alban, ¹⁵ instead of Rex Pictorum (i.e. King of the Picts) or Ri Fortrenn (King of Fortriu), ¹⁶ died - apparently peacefully - at Forres, in Moray. If there was a break, it was later. It certainly did not occur in the reign of Domnall's successor, Causantín. It happened during the reign of Causantín's successor, Máel Coluim I (mentioned above). Máel Coluim was the son of Domnall II. The only conclusion is that Cellach, or his overlord, prevented Máel Coluim taking power in the north; hence the conflict. It probably was not a son descendant of Domnall II or Causantín II, because the genealogy of Máel Snechtai does not trace their lineage back to either. Perhaps it was a member of Cenél Loairn who had married into the so-called Cenél nGabráin. Máel Snechtai's genealogy (see table) suggests that the man was either Domnall or his father Morggán. Is this why Mac Bethad's genealogy goes no further than Morggán? The answer is probably yes. Donald II of Scotland (Domnall mac Causantín) was king of Scotland from 889 to 900. ... Constantine II (874?–952) was king of Scotland from 900 to 942 or 943. ...

Comparative Moravian and Scottish Genealogies

This table is a comparison of the genealogies apparently used by the Kings of Muireb and of (southern) Alba. Both trace their descent to Ercc. All three, incidentally, are called King of Alba in the manuscript. A manuscript (Latin manu scriptus, written by hand), strictly speaking, is any written document that is put down by hand, in contrast to being printed or reproduced some other way. ...

Genealogies from Rawlinson B 502

Book of Deer

Book of Deer

The Book of Deer lists more than half a dozen patrons from the 10th and 11th century. Some are called Mormaers, and some are called Toisechs. Máel Snechtai mac Lulaich and Máel Coluim mac Máil Brigti, who we know from other sources to have been Mormaers of Moray, do not have their rank indicated. The fact that they were listed sheds a lot of tantalizingly dull light on the political structure of the north in this period. It suggests, firstly, that the ruler of Moray controlled Buchan, and perhaps Mar as well. Secondly, it hints that some of the other names were rulers of Moray-Buchan-Mar too. Download high resolution version (531x705, 93 KB)Page from the Book of Deer. ... Download high resolution version (531x705, 93 KB)Page from the Book of Deer. ... Folio 29v contains a portrait of the Evangelist Luke. ... Máel Snechtai of Moray, or Máel Snechtai mac Lulaich, was the ruler of Moray, and, as his name suggests, the son of Lulach, King of Scotland. ... Máel Coluim of Moray, or Máel Coluim mac Máil Brigti was King or Mormaer of Moray (1020-1029), and, as his name suggests, the son of a Máel Brigte. ...

Dynasty of Ruaidrí: Findláech to Óengus

The ruins of Elgin cathedral, the seat of the Bishops of Moray

Njal's Saga mentions Mormaers and Kings in northern Scotland from the later 10th century, namely Jarl Melsnatr (=Máel Snechtai) and King Melkofr (=Máel Coluim) of "Scotland." Both date, in the context of the text, from the period 976 to 995.¹⁷ Suggestively, no king named Máel Coluim reigned in Scotland in this period. It is difficult to conclude much from this, as both names were associated with Moray by the time Njal's Saga was written, and the text is notoriously unreliable as a historical guide for details outside Iceland or Scandinavia. Elgin cathedral Author: Wojsyl File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Elgin cathedral Author: Wojsyl File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Njáls saga (also known as The Story of Burnt Njál) is an epic of Icelandic literature from the 13th century that describes the progress of a 50-year blood feud. ... Events January 10 - Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor, see Byzantine Emperors. ... Events (Erik Segersäll) is succeeded by (Olof Skötkonung), the first baptized ruler of Sweden. ... Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe named after the Scandinavian Peninsula. ...

The first ruler who can without doubt be called the King/Mormaer of Moray was Findláech mac Ruaidrí. All subsequent rulers of Moray were also descended from his father, this otherwise unknown Ruadrí. Findláech's son, Mac Bethad, became king of Scotland as a whole. Findláech of Moray, or Findláech mac Ruaidrí, was the King or Mormaer of Moray, ruling from some point before 1014 until his death in 1020. ...

The status of Moray changes through the various reigns. Findláech and Máel Coluim mac Máil Brigti are both called "King of Scotland."¹⁸ This changes with Gille Coemgáin, who is a mere Mormaer of Moray. By the time of Máel Snechtai, the rulers of Moray are being called King of Moray; ¹⁹ that is, Moray not Scotland. Thus by Máel Snechtai's death in 1085, there occurred some kind of identity disassociation between the Men of Moray and the Men of Scotland. Máel Snechtai seems to have pursued his claim to the Scottish kingship, something relfected in his surviving genealogy. Perhaps war with Máel Coluim III combined with Máel Snechtai's failure to regain his father's crown, and combined (perhaps with other factors) to produce this shift. Events May 25 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo, Spain back from the Moors. ...

Both the Kingdom of Moray and the claims of Scotland as a whole ended when David I defeated and killed King Óengus, although David's half-nephew William fitz Duncan was almost certainly put in charge of the province. The latter's descendants, the Meic Uilleim, as well as the MacHeths, would continue to keep up northern resistance to Scottish control. Óengus of Moray is the last Mormaer or King of Moray, which he ruled from some unknown date until his death in 1130. ... The Meic Uilleim (MacWilliams) were the Gaelic descendants of William fitz Duncan, grandson of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, king of Scots. ... The MacHeths were a Gaelic kindred who raised several rebellions against the Scotto-Norman kings of Scotland in the 12th and 13th centuries. ...

List of Mormaers

The following names and dates are based on people named in sources. All are Moravians named in sources either as King of Scotland or just Mormaer. The beginning and end dates are virtually always based on known death date, and assuming the next named successor actually did succeed, and succeeded immediately:

Findláech of Moray, or Findláech mac Ruaidrí, was the King or Mormaer of Moray, ruling from some point before 1014 until his death in 1020. ... Events February 14 - Pope Benedict VIII recognizes Henry of Bavaria as King of Germany July 29 - Battle of Kleidion: Basil II inflicts not only a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, but his subsequent savage treatment of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock... Events Hospice built in Jerusalem by Knights Hospitaller City of Saint-Germain-en-Laye founded Third Italian campaign of Henry II of Germany Canute the Great codifies the laws of England Births Harold II of England (approximate) Empress Agnes of Poitou, regent of the Holy Roman Empire (d. ... Máel Coluim of Moray, or Máel Coluim mac Máil Brigti was King or Mormaer of Moray (1020-1029), and, as his name suggests, the son of a Máel Brigte. ... Events Hospice built in Jerusalem by Knights Hospitaller City of Saint-Germain-en-Laye founded Third Italian campaign of Henry II of Germany Canute the Great codifies the laws of England Births Harold II of England (approximate) Empress Agnes of Poitou, regent of the Holy Roman Empire (d. ... Events Births July 2 - Caliph Al-Mustansir of Cairo (d. ... Gilla Coemgáin or Gille Coemgáin of Moray was the King or Mormaer of Moray, a semi-autonomous kingdom centred around Inverness that stretched across the north of Scotland. ... Events Births July 2 - Caliph Al-Mustansir of Cairo (d. ... Events February 2 - Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of Burgundy. ... Macbeth and the witches by Henry Fuseli (Johann Heinrich Füssli) (1741-1825) Mac Bethad mac Findláich, known in English as Macbeth c. ... Events February 2 - Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of Burgundy. ... Events King Macbeth I of Scotland is killed in battle against Malcolm Canmore. ... Lulach (Lulach mac Gilla Comgain) (c. ... Events King Macbeth I of Scotland is killed in battle against Malcolm Canmore. ... Events March 17 - King Lulach I of Scotland is killed in battle against his cousin and rival Malcolm Canmore, who later becomes King of Scotland as Malcolm III of Scotland. ... Máel Snechtai of Moray, or Máel Snechtai mac Lulaich, was the ruler of Moray, and, as his name suggests, the son of Lulach, King of Scotland. ... Events March 17 - King Lulach I of Scotland is killed in battle against his cousin and rival Malcolm Canmore, who later becomes King of Scotland as Malcolm III of Scotland. ... Events Romanesque church begun at Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain Anselm of Canterbury becomes abbot of Le Bec William the Conqueror ordered the White Tower to be built Births Deaths Categories: 1078 ... Events May 25 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo, Spain back from the Moors. ... Óengus of Moray is the last Mormaer or King of Moray, which he ruled from some unknown date until his death in 1130. ... Events February 13 - Innocent II is elected pope An antipope schism occurs when Roger II of Sicily supports Anacletus II as pope instead of Innocent II. Innocent flees to France and Anacletus crowns Roger King. ... William fitz Duncan is a modern anglicisation of either the Old French Guillaume fils de Duncan or the Middle Irish Uilleam mac Donnchada. ... Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century Decades: 1080s 1090s 1100s 1110s 1120s - 1130s - 1140s 1150s 1160s 1170s 1180s Years: 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 Events and Trends Romanesque church at Vezelay - carving completed 1130 Innocent II is elected pope 1139 Alphonso I becomes first... Events King Afonso I of Portugal and the Crusaders capture Lisbon from Muslims First written mention of Moscow. ... Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin: No one provokes me with impunity) Capital Edinburgh Government Monarchy Head of State King of Scots Parliament Parliament of Scotland Currency Pound Scots This article is about the historical state called the Kingdom of Scotland (843-1707). ...

References

Events Persian scientist, Rhazes, distinguished smallpox from measles in the course of his writings. ... Events Patriarch Ignatius is imprisoned and (December 25) deposed to be succeeded by patriarch Photius I. Louis the German invades West Francia, hoping to secure Aquitaine from his brother Charles the Bald, but fails. ... Kenneth MacAlpin (c. ... Events Hospice built in Jerusalem by Knights Hospitaller City of Saint-Germain-en-Laye founded Third Italian campaign of Henry II of Germany Canute the Great codifies the laws of England Births Harold II of England (approximate) Empress Agnes of Poitou, regent of the Holy Roman Empire (d. ... Events Births July 2 - Caliph Al-Mustansir of Cairo (d. ... Events February 2 - Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of Burgundy. ...

Bibliography

Primary sources

Secondary sources

External links

• Annals of Tigernach
• Annals of Ulster
• Chronicon Scotorum
• Gaelic Notes on the Book of Deer
• Genelaig Albanensium in the Genealogies from Rawlinson B 502