The Moscow Trials were a series of trials of political opponents of Joseph Stalin during the Great Purge. After Nikita Khrushchev's revelations in the 1950s, the Moscow Trials are today universally acknowledged as show trials in which the verdicts were predetermined using extorted confessions. The defendants were accused of conspiring with the western powers to assassinate Stalin and other Soviet leaders, dismember the Soviet Union and restore capitalism, according to Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code). The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... The Great Purge (Russian: , transliterated Bolshaya chistka) is the name given to campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. ... Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: ; IPA: , in English, , or , occasionally ); surname more accurately romanized as Khrushchyov; April 17 [O.S. April 5] 1894–September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... The term show trial serves most commonly to label a type of public trial in which the judicial authorities have already determined the guilt of the accused: the actual trial has as its only goal to present the accusation and the verdict to the public as an impressive example and... Article 58 of the Russian SFSR Penal Code was put in force on February 25, 1927 to arrest those suspected guilty of counter-revolutionary activities. ...

Summary

• The first trial was of 16 members of the so-called "Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Centre," held in August 1936, at which the chief defendants were Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, two of the most prominent former party leaders. All were sentenced to death and executed.

• The second trial in January 1937 involved 17 lesser figures including Karl Radek, Yuri Piatakov and Grigory Sokolnikov. Thirteen of the defendants were eventually shot. The rest received sentences, perhaps for the worse, in labor camps where they soon died.

• The third trial, in March 1938, included 21 defendants alleged to belong to the so-called "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites," led by Nikolai Bukharin, former head of the Communist International, former Prime Minister Alexei Rykov, Christian Rakovsky and Nikolai Krestinsky. All the leading defendants were executed.

• There was also a secret trial before a military tribunal of a group of Red Army generals, including Mikhail Tukhachevsky, in June 1937.

1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Grigory Zinoviev Grigory Yevseevich Zinoviev (Григо́рий Евс́еевич Зин́овьев, alternative transliteration Grigorii Ovseyevish Zinoviev, real name Ovsei-Gershon Aronovich Radomyslsky (Радомысльский), also known as Hirsch Apfelbaum, primary revolutionary pseudonym Grigory, privately Grisha), (September 23 [O.S. September 11] 1883 - August 25, 1936) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a Soviet Communist politician. ... Lev Borisovich Kamenev   (Russian: Лев Борисович Каменев, born Rosenfeld, Розенфельд) (July 18 [O.S. July 6] 1883 – August 25, 1936) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a prominent Soviet politician. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Karl Bernhardovich Radek (October 31, 1885 - May 19, 1939) was a Bolshevik and an international Communist leader. ... Pyatakov Georgy (Yury) Leonidovich Pyatakov (August 6 1890-1937) was a Bolshevik revolutionary leader in Russia, and member of the Left Opposition. ... Grigory Sokolnikov (1888 - 1939) was a Bolshevik, and a friend of Leon Trotsky. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Nikolai Bukharin Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (Russian: ), (October 9, 1888 [O.S. September 27] – March 15, 1938) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and intellectual, and later a Soviet politician. ... The first edition of Communist International, journal of the Comintern published in Moscow and Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) in May 1919. ... Alexei Rykov Alexey Ivanovich Rykov (Алексей Иванович Рыков, February 25 (February 13, Old Style), 1881 - March 15, 1938) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and Soviet politician. ... Dr. Christian Georgievich Rakovsky (Кристиян Георгиевич Раковски; Кръстьо Раковски - Krastyo Rakovski in Bulgarian or, in Romanian spelling, Cristian Racovschi; August 13 (August 1, Old Style), 1873 - September 11, 1941) was a socialist revolutionary, a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat. ... Nikolai Nikolaevich Krestinsky (October 13, 1883 - March 15, 1938) was an original Bolshevik revolutionary, then one of five members of the Politburo, before finally being executed in the Great Purges. ... The Workers and Peasants Red Army (Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия, Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya; RKKA or usually simply the Red Army) were the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918 and that in 1922 became the army of the Soviet Union. ... Marshal of the Soviet Union Mikhail Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Russian: Михаил Николаевич Тухачевский, Polish: MichaÅ‚ Tuchaczewski) (February 16, 1893 [O.S. February 4] – June 12, 1937), Soviet military commander, was one of the most prominent victims of Stalins Great Purge of the late 1930s. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Evaluation of trials

At the time, most Western observers who attended the trials said that they were fair and that the guilt of the accused had been established. They based this assessment on the confessions of the accused, which were freely given in open court, without any apparent evidence that they had been extracted by torture or drugging. Communist Party leaders in most Western countries echoed these views and denounced criticism of the trials as capitalist attempts to subvert Communism (it is now known, in light of revelations from decrypted Soviet codes and KGB archives, that many party leaders were ordered to support Moscow's viewpoint of the trials and subsequent purges.

The British lawyer and MP Denis Pritt, for example, wrote: "Once again the more faint-hearted socialists are beset with doubts and anxieties," but "once again we can feel confident that when the smoke has rolled away from the battlefield of controversy it will be realized that the charge was true, the confessions correct and the prosecution fairly conducted."

Communist Party leader Harry Pollitt, in the Daily Worker of March 12, 1936 told the world that 'the trials in Moscow represent a new triumph in the history of progress’. The article was ironically illustrated by a photograph of Stalin with Nikolai Yezhov, himself shortly to vanish and his photographs airbrushed from history by NKVD archivists.^[1] Harry Pollitt (1890 - 1960) was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain for more than 20 years. ... Yezhov along Moscow-Volga channel. ... The NKVD (Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del )(Russian: НКВД, Народный комиссариат внутренних дел) or Peoples Commisariat for Internal Affairs was a government department which handled a number of the Soviet Unions affairs of state. ...

In the United States, Communist proponents such as Corliss Lamont and Lillian Hellman also denounced criticism of the Moscow trials, signing An Open Letter To American Liberals in support of the trials for the March 1937 issue of Soviet Russia Today^[2] In the political atmosphere of the '30s the accusation that there was a conspiracy to destroy the Soviet Union was not incredible, and few outside observers were aware of the events inside the Communist Party that had led to the purge and the trials. Corliss Lamont (March 28, 1902 – April 26, 1995), was a humanist philosopher and civil liberties advocate. ... Lillian Florence Hellman (June 20, 1905 – June 30, 1984) was a successful American playwright, linked throughout her life with many left-wing causes. ...

However, even this strained reasoning was conclusively refuted after the release of Nikita Khrushchev’s speech to the Twentieth Congress of the Russian Communist Party: Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: ; IPA: , in English, , or , occasionally ); surname more accurately romanized as Khrushchyov; April 17 [O.S. April 5] 1894–September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ...

The commission has become acquainted with a large quantity of materials in the NKVD archives and with other documents and has established many facts pertaining to the fabrication of cases against Communists, to glaring abuses of Socialist legality which resulted in the death of innocent people. It became apparent that many party, Government and economic activists who were branded in 1937-38 as ‘enemies,’ were actually never enemies, spies, wreckers, etc., but were always honest Communists.

They were only so stigmatized and often, no longer able to bear barbaric tortures, they charged themselves (at the order of the investigative judges – falsifiers) with all kinds of grave and unlikely crimes.'^[3]

It is now known that the confessions were given only after great psychological pressure and torture had been applied to the defendants. From the accounts of former GPU officer Alexander Orlov and others the methods used to extract the confessions are known: repeated beatings, torture, making prisoners stand or go without sleep for days on end, and threats to arrest and execute the prisoners' families. For example, Kamenev's teenage son was arrested and charged with terrorism. After months of such interrogation, the defendants were driven to despair and exhaustion.^[4] Soviet poster of the 1920s: The GPU strikes on the head the counter-revolutionary saboteur State Political Administration was the secret police of the RSFSR and USSR until 1934. ... Alexander Mikhailovich Orlov (Leiba Lazarevich Felbing) (21 August 1895–25 March 1973) was a Soviet espionage administrator. ...

Dewey Commission

In May 1937 the Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials, commonly known as the Dewey Commission, was set up in the United States by supporters of Trotsky, to establish the truth about the trials. The commission was headed by the noted American philosopher and educator John Dewey. Although the hearings were obviously conducted with a view to proving Trotsky's innocence, they brought to light evidence which established that some of the specific charges made at the trials could not be true. Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Dewey Commission was initiated in March 1937 by the American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky. It was named after its Chairman, John Dewey. ... John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have been greatly influential in the United States and around the world. ...

For example, Piatakov testified that he had flown to Oslo in December 1935 to "receive terrorist instructions" from Trotsky. The Dewey Commission established that no such flight had taken place. Another defendant, Ivan Smirnov, confessed to taking part in the assassination of Sergei Kirov in December 1934, at a time when he had already been in prison for a year. County Oslo NO-03 District Viken Municipality NO-0301 Administrative centre Oslo Mayor (2004) Per Ditlev-Simonsen (H) Official language form Neutral Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 224 454 km² 426 km² 0. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Ivan Nikitich Smirnov (Иван Никитич Смирнов in Russian) (1881 - August 25, 1936) was a Communist Party activist. ... Sergei Mironovich Kirov (Серге́й Миро́нович Ки́ров) (March 15 O.S. = March 27 N.S., 1886 - December 1, 1934) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet communist. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The Dewey Commission published its findings in the form of a 422-page book titled Not Guilty. Its conclusions asserted the innocence of all those condemned in the Moscow Trials. In its summary the commission wrote: "Independent of extrinsic evidence, the Commission finds:

• That the conduct of the Moscow Trials was such as to convince any unprejudiced person that no attempt was made to ascertain the truth.
• That while confessions are necessarily entitled to the most serious consideration, the confessions themselves contain such inherent improbabilities as to convince the Commission that they do not represent the truth, irrespective of any means used to obtain them."
• That Trotsky never instructed any of the accused or witnesses in the Moscow trials to enter into agreements with foreign powers against the Soviet Union [and] that Trotsky never recommended, plotted, or attempted the restoration of capitalism in the USSR.

The commission concluded: "We therefore find the Moscow Trials to be frame-ups."

Contemporary opinions in defense of the trials

Some contemporary observers who thought the trials were inherently fair cite the statements of Molotov who while conceding that some of the confessions contain unlikely statements, said there may have been several reasons or motives that this can be attributed to - one being if the handful who made doubtful confessions were trying to undermine the Soviet Union and its government, then making dubious statements within the confession would cast doubts on their trial. Molotov postulated a defendant could invent a story that he collaborated with foreign agents and party members to undermine the government, and then those members would come under suspicion despite doing nothing, while the false foreign collaboration charge would be believed as well. Thus, the Soviet government was in his view the victim of false confessions. Nonetheless, he said the evidence of mostly out-of-power Communist officials conspiring to make a power grab during a moment of weakness in the upcoming war was there. This defense collapsed after the release of Khrushchev's Secret Speech to the Twentieth Congress.^[5].

Details

First Moscow Trial (Trial of the Sixteen)

The first trial was held from August 19 to August 24, 1936; the principal defendants were Gregory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev. August 19 is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... August 24 is the 236th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (237th in leap years), with 129 days remaining. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Grigory Yevseevich Zinoviev (Григо́рий Евсе́евич Зино́вьев, real name Ovsel Gershon Aronov Radomyslsky (Радомысльский), also... Lev Borisovich Kamenev   (Russian: Лев Борисович Каменев, born Rosenfeld, Розенфельд) (July 18 [O.S. July 6] 1883 – August 25, 1936) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a prominent Soviet politician. ...

The full list of defendants is as follows:

1. Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
2. Lev Borisovich Kamenev
3. Grigory Yevdokimov
4. Ivan Bakayev
5. Sergei Vitalyevich Mrachkovsky, a hero of the Russian Civil War in Siberia and the Russian Far East
6. Vagarshak Arutyunovich Ter-Vaganyan, leader of the Armenian Communist Party
7. Ivan Nikitich Smirnov, People's Commissar for communications
8. Yefim Dreitzer
9. Isak Reingold
10. Richard Pickel
11. Eduard Holtzman
12. Fritz David (Ilya-David Israilevich Kruglyansky)
13. Valentin Olberg
14. Konon Berman-Yurin
15. Moissei Lurye (Alexander Emel)
16. Nathan Lurye

All of them were charged under Articles 58.8, 19 and 58.11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. The main charge was forming a terrorist organization with the purpose of killing Joseph Stalin and other members of the Soviet government. They were tried by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, with Vasili Ulrikh presiding, and sentenced to death, the prosecutor being Andrei Vyshinsky. Grigory Zinoviev Grigory Yevseevich Zinoviev (Григо́рий Евс́еевич Зин́овьев, alternative transliteration Grigorii Ovseyevish Zinoviev, real name Ovsei-Gershon Aronovich Radomyslsky (Радомысльский), also known as Hirsch Apfelbaum, primary revolutionary pseudonym Grigory, privately Grisha), (September 23 [O.S. September 11] 1883 - August 25, 1936) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a Soviet Communist politician. ... Lev Borisovich Kamenev   (Russian: Лев Борисович Каменев, born Rosenfeld, Розенфельд) (July 18 [O.S. July 6] 1883 – August 25, 1936) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a prominent Soviet politician. ... Combatants Red Army (Bolsheviks) White Army (Monarchists, SRs, Anti-Communists) Green Army (Peasants and Nationalists) Black Army (Anarchists) Commanders Leon Trotsky Mikhail Tukhachevsky Semyon Budyonny Lavr Kornilov, Alexander Kolchak, Anton Denikin, Pyotr Wrangel Alexander Antonov, Nikifor Grigoriev Nestor Makhno Strength 5,427,273 (peak) +1,000,000 Casualties 939,755... Siberian Federal District (darker red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) arctic northeast Siberia Udachnaya pipe Siberia (Russian: , Sibir; Tatar: ) is a vast region of Russia constituting almost all of Northern Asia and comprising a large part of the Euro-Asian Steppe. ... Far Eastern Federal District (highlighted in red) Russian Far East (Russian: Д́альний Вост́ок Росс́ии; English transliteration: Dalny Vostok Rossii) is an informal term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i. ... Vagarshak Arutyunovich Ter-Vaganyan (1893-1936) was an Armenian communist party leader who was one of the first victims of Joseph Stalins Great Purge. ... Ivan Nikitich Smirnov (Иван Никитич Смирнов in Russian) (1881 - August 25, 1936) was a Communist Party activist. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with: :Sovnarkom. ... State motto: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None (Russian in practice) Capital Moscow Chairman of the Supreme... Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR (Военная коллегия Верховного суда СССР) was created in 1924 to the Supreme Court... Vasili Vasilievich Ulrikh (July 13, 1889 – May 7, 1951) was the presiding judge at all the major show trials of the Great Purges in the Soviet Union, as well as many lesser trials, including a large number of secret trials that lasted only fifteen minutes or less. ... Andrey Yanuaryevich Vyshinsky (Андре́й Януа́рьевич Выши́нский) (December 10 [November 28, Old Style], 1883–November 22, 1954), also spelt Vishinsky, Vyshinski, was a Soviet jurist...

Trial of Radek and Piatakov (Trial of the Seventeen)

In another trial in January 1937, the principal defendants were Karl Radek, Yuri Piatakov, Grigori Sokolnikov, Nikolai Muralov, Mikhail Boguslavsky and others (17 persons altogether). All but four of them were sentenced to death; the remainder were sentenced to imprisonment in labor camps. Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Karl Bernhardovich Radek (October 31, 1885 - May 19, 1939) was a Bolshevik and an international Communist leader. ... Pyatakov Georgy (Yury) Leonidovich Pyatakov (August 6 1890-1937) was a Bolshevik revolutionary leader in Russia, and member of the Left Opposition. ... Grigory Sokolnikov (1888 - 1939) was a Bolshevik, and a friend of Leon Trotsky. ... Nikolai Ivanovich Muralov (1877-1937), was a Bolshevik revolutionary leader in Russia, and member of the Left Opposition. ... A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in penal labor. ...

Trial of Military

Main article: Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

The 1937 trial of high military commanders, also known as "Tukhachevsky Affair", was a secret trial, unlike the Moscow show trials. However, it featured the same level of frame-up of the defendants and it is traditionally considered one of the key trials of the Great Purge. Marshal Tukhachevsky and the senior military officers Iona Yakir, Ieronim Uborevich, Robert Eideman, Avgust Kork, Vitovt Putna, B.M. Feldman and Vitaliy Primakov were accused of anti-Communist conspiracy and sentenced to death; they were executed on the night of June 11/June 12, immediately after the verdict delivered by a Special Session of the Supreme Court of the USSR. This trial triggered a massive purge of the Red Army. Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization (Дело троцкистской антисоветской военной организации, or дело антисоветской троцкистской военной организации) was a 1937 trial of high commanders of the Red Army, also known as Case of Military (дело военных) and Tukhachevskys case. During the trials it was also referred to as the military-fascist conspiracy (военно-фашистский заговор), the military-trotskyist organization, and the counter-revolutionary... A secret trial is a trial that is not open to the public, nor reported in the news. ... The term show trial serves most commonly to label a type of public trial in which the judicial authorities have already determined the guilt of the accused: the actual trial has as its only goal to present the accusation and the verdict to the public as an impressive example and... The Great Purge (Russian: , transliterated Bolshaya chistka) is the name given to campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. ... Iona Yakir Iona Emmanuilovich Yakir, (August 3, 1896, Kishinev, Bessarabia province, Russian Empire – June 11, 1937, Moscow, Soviet Union), was the Red Army commander and one of the worlds major military reformers between WWI and WWII. // Early years Yakir was born in well to do family of Jewish pharmacist. ... Ieromin Uborevich Ieromin Uborevich (Russian: УБОРЕВИЧ, ИЕРОНИМ ПЕТРОВИЧ, Lithuanian: Jeronimas Uborevičius) (January 14, 1896-June 12, 1937) was a Soviet military commander during the Russian Civil War, and eventually attained the rank of Commander, 1st Rank of the Red Army, equivalent to a General of the Army after tsarist ranks were reintroduced. ... June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ... June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ...

Trial of the Twenty One

Main article: Trial of the Twenty One

The Trial of the Twenty-One was held in March 1938. The chief accused were Alexei Rykov, Nikolai Bukharin, Nikolai Krestinsky, Christian Rakovsky, and Genrikh Yagoda. The Trial of the Twenty One was the last of the Moscow Trials —Stalinist show trials of prominent Bolsheviks. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Alexei Rykov Alexey Ivanovich Rykov (Алексей Иванович Рыков, February 25 (February 13, Old Style), 1881 - March 15, 1938) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and Soviet politician. ... Nikolai Bukharin Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (Russian: ), (October 9, 1888 [O.S. September 27] – March 15, 1938) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and intellectual, and later a Soviet politician. ... Nikolai Nikolaevich Krestinsky (October 13, 1883 - March 15, 1938) was an original Bolshevik revolutionary, then one of five members of the Politburo, before finally being executed in the Great Purges. ... Dr. Christian Georgievich Rakovsky (Кристиян Георгиевич Раковски; Кръстьо Раковски - Krastyo Rakovski in Bulgarian or, in Romanian spelling, Cristian Racovschi; August 13 (August 1, Old Style), 1873 - September 11, 1941) was a socialist revolutionary, a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat. ... Genrikh Yagoda Genrikh Grigorevich Yagoda (Генрих Григорьевич Ягода in Russian, born Enon Gershonovish Yagoda) (1891, Nizhny Novgorod - March 15, 1938, Moscow) was the head of the Soviet secret police, the NKVD, from 1934 to 1936. ...

Totals

All of the surviving members of the Lenin-era Politburo, except Stalin and Trotsky, were tried. By the end of the final trial Stalin had arrested and executed almost every important living Bolshevik from the Revolution. Of 1,966 delegates to the party congress in 1934, 1,108 were arrested. Of 139 members of the Central Committee, 98 were arrested. Three out of five Soviet marshals and several thousands of the Red Army officers were arrested or shot. Outside of politics, many millions of others died in the purges. The key defendant, Leon Trotsky, was living in exile abroad, but he still did not survive Stalin's desire to have him dead and was assassinated by a Soviet agent in Mexico in 1940. Lenin redirects here. ... The Politburo (in Russian: Политбюро), known as the Presidium from 1952 to 1966, functioned as the central policymaking and governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. ... The Central Committee, abbreviated in Russian as ЦК, Tseka, was the highest body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). ... The Workers and Peasants Red Army (Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия, Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya; RKKA or usually simply the Red Army) were the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918 and that in 1922 became the army of the Soviet Union. ... Note: This page is very long. ...

Rehabilitation

While Khrushchev's Secret Speech denounced Stalin's personality cult and purges as early as in 1956, rehabilitation of Old Bolsheviks proceeded at a slow pace. Nikolai Bukharin and 19 other co-defendants were officially completely rehabilitated in February 1988. In May 1988, rehabilitation of Zinoviev, Kamenev, Radek, and co-defendants was announced. The Secret Speech is the common name of a speech given on February 25, 1956 by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev denouncing the actions of Josef Stalin. ... Adolf Hitler built a strong cult of personality, based on the Führerprinzip. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... An Old Bolshevik (старый большевик) was a member of the Bolsheviks before the Russian Revolution. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In January 1989, the official newspaper Pravda reported that 25,000 persons had been posthumously rehabilitated. The same year Khrushchev's secret speech was finally published in full (although it was reported to public already in 1956). 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The front page of an issue of Pravda. ...

See also

• Juliet Poyntz

Juliet Stuart Poyntz was a founding member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) and directed its womens department and the New York Workers School in the 1920s. ...

References

1. ^ Redman, Joseph, The British Stalinists and the Moscow Trials, Labour Review Vol.3 No.2, March-April 1958, pp.44-53
2. ^ Lamont, Corliss et al., An Open Letter to American Liberals, Soviet Russia Today (March 1937)
3. ^ Khruschev, Nikita, Speech to the Twentieth Communist Party Congress (1956)
4. ^ Orlov, Alexander, The Secret History of Stalin's Crimes, Random House, (1953)
5. ^ Khruschev, Nikita, Speech to the Twentieth Communist Party Congress (1956)

• Hungarian-born writer Arthur Koestler wrote a novel about a fictional victim of the Moscow trials, Darkness at Noon. The novel is based on the trial of Nicolai Bukharin.
• Khruschev, Nikita, Speech to the Twentieth Communist Party Congress (1956)
• Orlov, Alexander, The Secret History of Stalin's Crimes, Random House, (1953)
• Redman, Joseph, The British Stalinists and the Moscow Trials, Labour Review Vol.3 No.2, March-April 1958

Arthur Koestler Arthur Koestler (September 5, 1905, Budapest – March 3, 1983, London) was a Hungarian polymath who became a naturalized British subject. ... Darkness at Noon is the most famous novel by Arthur Koestler. ...

External links

• The Red Book on the Moscow Trials by Leon Sedov
• Court proceedings: THE CASE OF THE TROTSKYITE-ZINOVIEVITE TERRORIST CENTRE
• And they all confessed...
• Verdicts and sentences for the First Moscow Trial

• The Trial of the 21 Editors, New International, April 1938; analysis of the trial of Bukharin, Rykov et al. Analysis of the trials from perspective of the Socialist Workers Party (US).
• Dewey Commission Report
• The Terrorists' Trial by Anna Louise Strong
• The Treason Case Summed Up by Andrey Vyshinsky
• How Trotsky Murdered Maxim Gorky and Many Others