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Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 1–10 cm (0.4-4 in) tall, though some species are much larger. They commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations. They do not have flowers or seeds, and their simple leaves cover the thin wiry stems. At certain times mosses produce spore capsules which may appear as beak-like capsules borne aloft on thin stalks. Moss has several meanings: In botany, a moss and a peat moss are plants Many other plants called mosses are actually algae (such as Irish moss) or flowers (such as Spanish moss). ...
The Permian is a geologic period that extends from about 299. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2346x3281, 2020 KB) Summary The 72nd plate from Ernst Haeckels Kunstformen der Natur (1904), depicting organisms classified as Muscinae. ...
Ernst Haeckel. ...
The 8th print, Discomedusae. ...
For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ...
Species T. ceratophylla Takakia is a genus of only two species of moss known from western North America and central and eastern Asia. ...
Orders Protosphagnales †Sphagnales Ambuchananiales The Sphagnopsida includes a single subclass Sphagnidae, with three orders. ...
Genera Acroschisma Andreaea Andreaeaceae is a family of mosses which includes two genera. ...
Binomial name Steere & B. M. Murray Andreaeobryum is a genus of moss with a single species Andreaeobryum macrosporum, endemic to Alaska and western Canada. ...
Orders Polytrichales Tetraphidales The Polytrichopsida is a class of mosses containing two orders. ...
Subclasses Diphysciidae Funariidae Dicranidae Bryidae The Bryopsida constitute the largest class of mosses, containing 95% of all moss species. ...
For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ...
A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ...
An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ...
A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ...
Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
There are approximately 10,000 species of moss classified in the Bryophyta.The division Bryophyta formerly included not only mosses, but also liverworts and hornworts. These other two groups of bryophytes now are often placed in their own divisions. In biology, the equivalent of a phylum in the plant or the fungal kingdom is called a division. ...
Orders Jungermanniopsida Metzgeriales (simple thalloids) Haplomitriales (Calobryales) Jungermanniales (leafy liverworts) Marchantiopsida Sphaerocarpales (bottle liverworts) Marchantiales (complex thalloids) Monocleales Liverworts are a division of plants commonly called hepatics, Marchantiophyta or liverworts. ...
Families & Genera Anthocerotaceae Anthoceros Folioceros Leiosporoceros Phaeoceros Sphaerosporoceros Dendrocerotaceae Dendroceros Megaceros Notoceros Notothyladaceae Notothylas Hornworts are a group of bryophytes, or non-vascular plants, comprising the division Anthocerotophyta. ...
The bryophytes are those embryophytes (land plants) that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. ...
Physical characteristics
Description Botanically, mosses are bryophytes, or non-vascular plants. They can be distinguished from the apparently similar liverworts (Marchantiophyta or Hepaticae) by their multi-cellular rhizoids. Other differences are not universal for all mosses and all liverworts, but the presence of clearly differentiated "stem" and "leaves", the lack of deeply lobed or segmented leaves, and the absence of leaves arranged in three ranks, all point to the plant being a moss. The bryophytes are those embryophytes (land plants) that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. ...
Divisions Simple nonvascular plants Green algae Complex nonvascular plants Bryophyta, mosses Marchantiophyta, liverworts Anthocerotophyta, hornworts Non-vascular plants is a general term for those plants (including the green algae) without a vascular system (xylem and phloem). ...
Orders Jungermanniopsida Metzgeriales (simple thalloids) Haplomitriales (Calobryales) Jungermanniales (leafy liverworts) Marchantiopsida Sphaerocarpales (bottle liverworts) Marchantiales (complex thalloids) Monocleales Liverworts are a division of plants commonly called hepatics, Marchantiophyta or liverworts. ...
Orders Jungermanniopsida Metzgeriales (simple thalloids) Haplomitriales (Calobryales) Jungermanniales (leafy liverworts) Marchantiopsida Sphaerocarpales (bottle liverworts) Marchantiales (complex thalloids) Monocleales Liverworts are a division of plants commonly called hepatics, Marchantiophyta or liverworts. ...
Rhizoids, in fungi, are small branching hyphae that grow downwards from the stolons that anchor the fungus. ...
In addition to lacking a vascular system, mosses have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, i.e. the plant's cells are haploid for most of its life cycle. Sporophytes (i.e. the diploid body) are short-lived and dependent on the gametophyte. This is in contrast to the pattern exhibited by most "higher" plants and by most animals. In vascular plants, for example, the haploid generation is represented by the pollen and the ovule, whilst the diploid generation is the familiar flowering plant. Divisions Non-seed-bearing plants Equisetophyta Lycopodiophyta Psilotophyta Pteridophyta Superdivision Spermatophyta Pinophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Magnoliophyta The vascular plants are those plants that have specialized cells for conducting water and sap within their tissues, including the flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms, but not mosses, algae, and the like (nonvascular...
A life cycle is a period involving one generation of an organism through means of reproduction, whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. ...
Haploid (meaning simple in Greek) cells have only one copy of each chromosome. ...
Diploid (meaning double in Greek) cells have two copies (homologs) of each chromosome (both sex- and non-sex determining chromosomes), usually one from the mother and one from the father. ...
Divisions Non-seed-bearing plants †Rhyniophyta †Zosterophyllophyta Lycopodiophyta †Trimerophytophyta Pteridophyta Ophioglossophyta Superdivision Spermatophyta †Pteridospermatophyta Pinophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Magnoliophyta The vascular plants, tracheophytes or higher plants are plants in the kingdom Plantae that have specialized tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. ...
Life cycle Most kinds of plants have a double portion of chromosomes in their cells (diploid, i.e. each chromosome exists with a partner that contains the same genetic information) whilst mosses (and other bryophytes) have only a single set of chromosomes (haploid, i.e. each chromosome exists in a unique copy within the cell). There are periods in the moss lifecycle when they do have a full, paired set of chromosomes but this is only during the sporophyte stage. For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ...
Figure 1: A representation of a condensed eukaryotic chromosome, as seen during cell division. ...
Diploid (meaning double in Greek) cells have two copies (homologs) of each chromosome (both sex- and non-sex determining chromosomes), usually one from the mother and one from the father. ...
The bryophytes are those embryophytes (land plants) that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. ...
Haploid (meaning simple in Greek) cells have only one copy of each chromosome. ...
In plants that undergo alternation of generations, a sporophyte is the structure, or phase of life, that contains a total complement of chromosomes: The sporophyte produces spores, in a process called meiosis. ...
 Life cycle of a typical moss ( Polytrichum commune) The life of a moss starts from a haploid spore, which germinates to produce a protonema, which is either a mass of filaments or thalloid (flat and thallus-like). This is a transitory stage in the life of a moss. From the protonema grows the gametophore ("gamete-bearer") that is differentiated into stems and leaves ('microphylls'). From the tips of stems or branches develop the sex organs of the mosses. The female organs are known as archegonia (sing. archegonium) and are protected by a group of modified leaves known as the perichaetum (plural, perichaeta). The archegonia have necks called venters which the male sperm swim down. The male organs are known as antheridia (singular antheridium) and are enclosed by modified leaves called the perigonium (plural, perigonia). Image File history File links Lifecycle_moss_svg_diagram. ...
Image File history File links Lifecycle_moss_svg_diagram. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
A protonema (plural: protonemata) is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage (the haploid phase) of a bryophyte life cycle. ...
Mosses can be either dioicous (compare dioecious in seed plants) or monoicous (compare monoecious). In dioicous mosses, both male and female sex organs are borne on different gametophyte plants. In monoicous (also called autoicous) mosses, they are borne on the same plant. In the presence of water, sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and fertilisation occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. The sperm of mosses is biflagellate, i.e. they have two flagella that aid in propulsion. Without water, fertilisation cannot occur. After fertilisation, the immature sporophyte pushes its way out of the archegonial venter. It takes about a quarter to half a year for the sporophyte to mature. The sporophyte body comprises a long stalk, called a seta, and a capsule capped by a cap called the operculum. The capsule and operculum are in turn sheathed by a haploid calyptra which is the remains of the archegonial venter. The calyptra usually falls off when the capsule is mature. Within the capsule, spore-producing cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores, upon which the cycle can start again. The mouth of the capsule is usually ringed by a set of teeth called peristome. This may be absent in some mosses. This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
In biology, Dioecious is an adjective which indicates the exisistence of separate sexes in a species of organisms. ...
The general meaning of monoecious or monoicous, monocous (from Greek: mono, single, oikos, house) is having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant or animal, as opposed to dioecious or diocious (Greek: dia (diairo: divide) + oikos, house). Synonymous with mono-* is syno-*. Synonymous with dio-* are paro-* and...
Plant sexuality deals with the wide variety of sexual reproduction systems found across the plant kingdom. ...
A sperm cell fertilizing an ovum This article is about reproduction in organisms. ...
In plants that undergo alternation of generations, a sporophyte is the structure, or phase of life, that contains a total complement of chromosomes: The sporophyte produces spores, in a process called meiosis. ...
In botany, operculum may be used to describe any of the following: A flap of the sporangium of a moss, covering the peristome (appendages surrounding the mouth of a moss capsule). ...
For the figure of speech, see meiosis (figure of speech). ...
In some mosses, green vegetative structures called gemmae are produced on leaves or branches, which can break off and form new plants without the need to go through the cycle of fertilization. This is a means of asexual reproduction. It has been suggested that Parthenogenesis be merged into this article or section. ...
Classification
Two different types of mosses (and a lichen, in the smallest box) surround this tree trunk. Mosses were traditionally grouped with the liverworts and hornworts in the Division Bryophyta (bryophytes), within which the mosses made up the class Musci. This group, however, is paraphyletic and now tends to be split up. In such system, the Division Bryophyta refers specifically to mosses. They appear to be the closest living relatives of the vascular plants. Photo by Quadell File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Photo by Quadell File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Orders Jungermanniopsida Metzgeriales (simple thalloids) Haplomitriales (Calobryales) Jungermanniales (leafy liverworts) Marchantiopsida Sphaerocarpales (bottle liverworts) Marchantiales (complex thalloids) Monocleales Liverworts are a division of plants commonly called hepatics, Marchantiophyta or liverworts. ...
Families & Genera Anthocerotaceae Anthoceros Folioceros Leiosporoceros Phaeoceros Sphaerosporoceros Dendrocerotaceae Dendroceros Megaceros Notoceros Notothyladaceae Notothylas Hornworts are a group of bryophytes, or non-vascular plants, comprising the division Anthocerotophyta. ...
The bryophytes are those embryophytes (land plants) that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. ...
Paraphyletic - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
Divisions Non-seed-bearing plants †Rhyniophyta †Zosterophyllophyta Lycopodiophyta †Trimerophytophyta Pteridophyta Ophioglossophyta Superdivision Spermatophyta †Pteridospermatophyta Pinophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta Magnoliophyta The vascular plants, tracheophytes or higher plants are plants in the kingdom Plantae that have specialized tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. ...
The mosses are grouped as a single division, now named Bryophyta, and divided into six classes:[1]
- Takakiopsida
- Sphagnopsida
- Andreaeopsida
- Andreaeobryopsida
- Polytrichopsida
- Bryopsida
Andreaeopsida and Andreaeobryopsida are distinguished by the biseriate (two rows of cells) rhizoids, multiseriate (many rows of cells) protonema, and sporangium that splits along longitudinal lines. Most mosses have capsules that open at the top. Species T. ceratophylla Takakia is a genus of only two species of moss known from western North America and central and eastern Asia. ...
Orders Protosphagnales †Sphagnales Ambuchananiales The Sphagnopsida includes a single subclass Sphagnidae, with three orders. ...
Genera Acroschisma Andreaea Andreaeaceae is a family of mosses which includes two genera. ...
Binomial name Steere & B. M. Murray Andreaeobryum is a genus of moss with a single species Andreaeobryum macrosporum, endemic to Alaska and western Canada. ...
Orders Polytrichales Tetraphidales The Polytrichopsida is a class of mosses containing two orders. ...
Subclasses Diphysciidae Funariidae Dicranidae Bryidae The Bryopsida constitute the largest class of mosses, containing 95% of all moss species. ...
The Sphagnopsida, the peat-mosses, comprise the two living genera Ambuchanania and Sphagnum, as well as fossil taxa. These large mosses form extensive acidic bogs in peat swamps. The leaves of Sphagnum have large dead cells alternating with living photosynthetic cells. The dead cells help to store water. Aside from this character, the unique branching, thallose (flat and expanded) protonema, and explosively rupturing sporangium place it apart from other mosses. Binomial name Synonyms Sphagnum leucobryoides Ambuchanania leucobryoides is the only species of genus Ambuchanania. ...
Species See text. ...
Polytrichopsida have leaves with lamellae, which are flaps on the leaves that look like the fins on a heat sink. These help it retain moisture. They differ from other mosses in other details of their development and anatomy too, and can also become larger than most other mosses, with e.g. Polytrichum commune forming cushions up to 40 cm (16 in) high. The tallest land moss, a member of the Polytrichidae is supposed to be Dawsonia superba, a native to New Zealand and Australia. Binomial name Polytrichum commune Hedw. ...
The Bryopsida are the most diverse group; over 95% of moss species belong to this class. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 542 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 694 pixel, file size: 598 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Own picture. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 542 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 694 pixel, file size: 598 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Own picture. ...
The Yorkshire Dales (also known as the Dales) is the name given to an upland area, mostly in Yorkshire, in Northern England. ...
Moorland in the Pennines (England); Coarse grasses and bracken tend to dominate especially in high rainfall areas. ...
The Archidiidae are distinguished by their extremely large spores and the way the sporangium develops.
Geological history The fossil record of moss is sparse, due to their soft-walled and fragile nature. Unambiguous moss fossils have been recovered from as early as the Permian of Antarctica and Russia; although it has been claimed that tube-like fossils from the Silurian are the macerated remains of moss calyptræ.[2] The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Ordovician period, about 443. ...
calyptra of tortula moss Tortula muralis For the genus of moth, see Calyptra (genus). ...
Habitat
 Dense moss colonies in a cool coastal forest
 Moss growing in the shelter of the growth rings of a stump
 A closeup of moss on a rock Mosses are found chiefly in areas of low light and dampness. Mosses are common in wooded areas and at the edges of streams. Mosses are also found in cracks between paving stones in damp city streets. Some types have adapted to urban conditions and are found only in cities. A few species are wholly aquatic, such as Fontinalis antipyretica, and others such as Sphagnum inhabit bogs, marshes and very slow-moving waterways. Such aquatic or semi-aquatic mosses can greatly exceed the normal range of lengths seen in terrestrial mosses. Individual plants 20–30 cm (8-12 in) or more long are common in Sphagnum species for example. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 1. ...
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Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 847 KB) Moss growing in growth rings of tree stump File links The following pages link to this file: Moss ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 847 KB) Moss growing in growth rings of tree stump File links The following pages link to this file: Moss ...
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Image File history File linksMetadata Mech_plonnik_mlode_sporofity. ...
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In plants that undergo alternation of generations, a sporophyte is the structure, or phase of life, that contains a total complement of chromosomes: The sporophyte produces spores, in a process called meiosis. ...
Binomial name Polytrichum commune Hedw. ...
Wherever they occur, mosses require moisture to survive because of the small size and thinness of tissues, lack of cuticle (waxy covering to prevent water loss), and the need for liquid water to complete fertilisation. Some mosses can survive desiccation, returning to life within a few hours of rehydration. Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. ...
In northern latitudes, the north side of trees and rocks will generally have more moss on average than other sides (though south-side outcroppings are not unknown). This is assumed to be because of the lack of sufficient water for reproduction on the sun-facing side of trees. South of the equator the reverse is true. In deep forests where sunlight does not penetrate, mosses grow equally well on all sides of the tree trunk.
Cultivation Moss is considered a weed in grass lawns, but is deliberately encouraged to grow under aesthetic principles exemplified by Japanese gardening. In old temple gardens, moss can carpet a forest scene. Moss is thought to add a sense of calm, age, and stillness to a garden scene. Rules of cultivation are not widely established. Moss collections are quite often begun using samples transplanted from the wild in a water-retaining bag. However, specific species of moss can be extremely difficult to maintain away from their natural sites with their unique combinations of light, humidity, shelter from wind, etc. This view from the Symbolic Mountain Lookout in Cowra, NSW shows many of the typical elements of a Japanese garden Stone lantern amid plants. ...
Growing moss from spores is even less controlled. Moss spores fall in a constant rain on exposed surfaces; those surfaces which are hospitable to a certain species of moss will typically be colonised by that moss within a few years of exposure to wind and rain. Materials which are porous and moisture retentive, such as brick, wood, and certain coarse concrete mixtures are hospitable to moss. Surfaces can also be prepared with acidic substances, including buttermilk, yogurt, urine, and gently puréed mixtures of moss samples, water and ericaceous compost. For other uses, see Brick (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Wood (disambiguation). ...
Percentages are relative to US RDI values for adults. ...
Yoghurt Yoghurt or yogurt, less commonly yoghourt or yogourt, is a dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
A handful of compost A double-wide bin with compost at different stages of decomposition Compost is the aerobically decomposed remnants of organic materials. ...
Inhibiting moss growth Moss growth can be inhibited by a number of methods: - Decreasing availability of water through drainage or direct application changes.
- Increasing direct sunlight.
- Increasing number and resources available for competitive plants like grasses.
- Increasing the soil pH with the application of lime.
Heavy traffic or manually disturbing the moss bed with a rake will also inhibit moss growth. Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area. ...
For other uses, see Grass (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see PH (disambiguation). ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
The application of products containing ferrous sulfate or ferrous ammonium sulfate will kill moss, these ingredients are typically in commercial moss control products and fertilizers. Sulfur and Iron are essential nutrients for some competing plants like grasses. Killing moss will not prevent regrowth unless conditions favorable to their growth are changed.[3] Iron(II) sulfate (FeSO4) is an example of an ionic compound. ...
Mohrs Salt, ammonium iron sulfate, is a double salt of iron sulfate and ammonium sulfate, with the formula [NH4]2[Fe][SO4]2·6H2O or Fe[SO4].[NH4]2[SO4].6H2O Mohrs salt is preferred over iron(II) sulfate for titration purposes as it is much less affected...
Spreading manure, an organic fertilizer Fertilizers (also spelled fertilisers) are compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. ...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ...
An essential nutrient is a nutrient required for normal body functioning that cannot be synthesized by the body. ...
Mossery A passing fad for moss-collecting in the late 19th century led to the establishment of mosseries in many British and American gardens. The mossery is typically constructed out of slatted wood, with a flat roof, open to the north side (maintaining shade). Samples of moss were installed in the cracks between wood slats. The whole mossery would then be regularly moistened to maintain growth.
Commercial use There is a substantial market in mosses gathered from the wild. The uses for intact moss are principally in the florist trade and for home decoration. Decaying moss in the genus Sphagnum is also the major component of peat, which is "mined" for use as a fuel, as a horticultural soil additive, and in smoking malt in the production of Scotch whisky. For other uses, see Flower (disambiguation). ...
Peat in Lewis, Scotland Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter. ...
For other uses, see Fuel (disambiguation). ...
Horticulture (Latin: hortus (garden plant) + cultura (culture)) are classically defined as the culture or growing of garden plants. ...
Malted barley Malting is a process applied to cereal grains, in which the grains are made to germinate and then are quickly dried before the plant develops. ...
Scotch whisky is whisky made in Scotland. ...
Sphagnum moss, generally the species cristatum and subnitens, is harvested while still growing and is dried out to be used in nurseries and horticulture as a plant growing medium. The practice of harvesting peat moss should not be confused with the harvesting of moss peat. Species See text Sphagnum is a genus of mosses commonly called peat moss due to its prevalence in peat bogs. ...
Peat moss can be harvested on a sustainable basis and managed so that regrowth is allowed, whereas the harvesting of moss peat is generally considered to cause significant environmental damage as the peat is stripped with little or no chance of recovery.
In World War II, Sphagnum mosses were used as first-aid dressings on soldiers' wounds, as these mosses are highly absorbent and have mild antibacterial properties. Some early people used it as a diaper due to its high absorbency.[citation needed] Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
In rural UK, Fontinalis antipyretica was traditionally used to extinguish fires as it could be found in substantial quantities in slow-moving rivers and the moss retained large volumes of water which helped extinguish the flames. This historical use is reflected in its specific Latin/Greek name, the approximate meaning of which is "against fire". This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ...
In Finland, peat mosses have been used to make bread during famines. A famine is an phenomenon in which a large percentage of the population of a region or country are undernourished and death by starvation becomes increasingly common. ...
In Mexico, Moss is used at Christmas decoration
See also Divisions Non-vascular land plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses †Horneophytopsida Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta—rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta—zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta—clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta—trimerophytes Pteridophyta - ferns and horsetails Ophioglossophyta - adders-tongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants The embryophytes...
The bryophytes are those embryophytes (land plants) that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. ...
For other uses, see Lichen (disambiguation). ...
References - ^ Buck, William R. & Bernard Goffinet. 2000. "Morphology and classification of mosses", pages 71-123 in A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.), Bryophyte Biology. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-66097-1.
- ^ Kodner, RB & Graham, LE 2001. High-temperature, acid-hydrolyzed remains of Polytrichum (Musci, Polytrichaceae) resemble enigmatic Silurian-Devonian tubular microfossils. American Journal of Botany 88:462-466.
- ^ Steve Whitcher, Master Gardener (1996). Moss Control in Lawns (Web). Gardening in Western Washington. Washington State University. Retrieved on February 10, 2007.
External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bryophyta Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...
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