Motor neurone disease | ICD-10 | G122 | | ICD-9 | 335.2 | The motor neurone diseases (MND) are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy motor neurones, the cells that control voluntary muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), sometimes called Lou Gehrig's disease, progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), progressive or pseudo-bulbar palsy (PBP) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) are all forms of motor neurone disease. The following codes are used with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ...
// G00-G99 - Diseases of the nervous system (G00-G09) Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (G00) Bacterial meningitis, not elsewhere classified (G01) Meningitis in bacterial diseases classified elsewhere (G02) Meningitis in other infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhere (G03) Meningitis due to other and unspecified causes (G04) Encephalitis, myelitis...
The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ...
In vertebrates, motoneurons (also called motor neurons) are efferent neurons that originate in the spinal cord and synapse with muscle fibers to facilitate muscle contraction and with muscle spindles to modify proprioceptive sensitivity. ...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, sometimes called Lou Gehrigs disease or Maladie de Charcot) is a progressive, invariably fatal motor neurone disease. ...
yam| birthdate= June 19, 1903 | birthplace= playboy mansion | dead=dead | deathdate= June 2, 1941 | deathplace= Riverdale, New York | debutdate= June 15, 1923 | debutteam= New York Yankees | debutopponent= St. ...
// Introduction Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a term applied to a number of different disorders, all having in common a genetic cause and the manifestation of weakness due to loss of the motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem. ...
Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness in the voluntary muscles. ...
Terminology
In this article, MND refers to a group of diseases which affect the motor neurones. In the United States, the term ALS is more commonly used, where it is also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, after the baseball player. Although previously described by other neurologists of the 19th century, it was Jean-Martin Charcot, a French neurologist, who suggested grouping together a number of disparate conditions all affecting the lateral horn of the spinal cord in 1869. In France the disease is sometimes known as Maladie de Charcot (Charcot's disease), although it may also be referred to by the direct translation of ALS, Sclerose Laterale Amyotrophique (SLA). To help prevent confusion, the annual scientific research conference dedicated to the study of MND is called the International ALS/MND Symposium. Augustenborg Castle on the island of Als, Denmark. ...
yam| birthdate= June 19, 1903 | birthplace= playboy mansion | dead=dead | deathdate= June 2, 1941 | deathplace= Riverdale, New York | debutdate= June 15, 1923 | debutteam= New York Yankees | debutopponent= St. ...
Baseball is a team sport in which a player on one team (the pitcher) attempts to throw a hard, fist-sized ball at a player on the other team (the batter), who attempts to hit the baseball with a tapered, smooth, cylindrical bat that can be made out of either...
Categories: People stubs | French physicians | 1825 births | 1893 deaths | History of medicine ...
Neurology is the branch of medicine that deals with the nervous system and disorders affecting it. ...
1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ...
Signs and symptoms Neurological examination presents specific signs associated with upper and lower motor neurone degeneration. Signs of upper motor neurone damage include spasticity, brisk reflexes and the Babinski sign. Signs of lower motor neurone damage include weakness and muscle atrophy. Upper motor neurons are any neurons that carry motor information down to the final common pathway, that is, any neurons that are not directly responsible for stimulating the target muscle. ...
Spasticity is a disorder of the bodys motor system in which certain muscles are continuously contracted. ...
The mechanism of the reflex arc A reflex action is a stereotyped (involuntary) motor response elicited by a defined stimulus. ...
In medicine (neurology), the Babinski reflex or Babinski sign is a reflex that can identify disease of the spinal cord and brain. ...
Lower motor neurons are the motoneurons connecting the spinal cord to the muscle fibers, bringing the nerve impulses from the upper motor neurons out the spine to the muscles. ...
Note that every muscle group in the body requires both upper and lower motor neurones to function. It is a common misconception that "upper" motor neurones control the arms, whilst "lower" motor neurones control the legs. The signs described above can occur in any muscle group, including the arms, legs, torso, and bulbar region.
Symptoms usually present between the ages of 50-70, and include progressive weakness, muscle wasting, and muscle fasciculations; spasticity or stiffness in the arms and legs; and overactive tendon reflexes. Patients may present with symptoms as diverse as a dragging foot, unilateral muscle wasting in the hands, or slurred speech.
The symptoms described above may resemble a number of other rare diseases, known as "MND Mimic Disorders". These include, but are not limited to multifocal motor neuropathy, kennedy's disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, spinal muscular atrophy and monomelic amyotrophy. A small subset of familial MND cases occur in children, such as "juvenile ALS", Madras syndrome, and individuals who have inherited the ALS2 gene. However, these are not typically referred to as MND, but by their specific names. Kennedy disease (KD) or X-linked spinal-bulbar muscle atrophy is a neuromuscular disease associated with mutations of the androgen receptor (AR). ...
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), also called familial spastic paraparesis (FSP), refers to a group of inherited disorders that are characterized by progressive weakness and stiffness of the legs. ...
// Introduction Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a term applied to a number of different disorders, all having in common a genetic cause and the manifestation of weakness due to loss of the motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem. ...
Monomelic amyotrophy (also known as MMA, Hirayamas disease, Sobue disease or Juvenile nonprogressive amyotrophy) is an untreatable, focal, lower motor neuron disease that primarily affects young (15 - 25 year-old) males in India and Japan. ...
Diagnosis The diagnosis of MND is a clinical one, established by a neurologist on the basis of history and neurological examination. There is no diagnostic test for MND. Investigations such as blood tests, electromyography (EMG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and sometimes genetic testing are useful to rule out other disorders that may mimic MND. However, the diagnosis of MND remains a clinical one. Having excluded other diseases, a relatively rapid progression of symptoms is a strong diagnostic factor. Although an individual's progression may sometimes "plateau", it will not recover or slow down. A set of diagnostic criteria called the El Escorial criteria have been defined by the World Federation of Neurologists for use in research, particularly as inclusion/exclusion criteria for clinical trials. Due to a lack of clincial diagnostic criteria, some neurologists use the El Escorial criteria during the diagnostic process, although strictly speaking this is functionality creep. Electromyography (EMG) is a medical technique for measuring muscle response to nervous stimulation. ...
Magnetic Resonance Image showing a vertical (sagittal) cross section through a human head. ...
Genetic testing allows the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases, and can also be used to determine a persons ancestry. ...
Functionality creep is what occurs when an item, process, or procedure designed for a specific purpose ends up serving another purpose for which it was not intended. ...
MND in the presence of both upper and lower motor neurone degeneration is ALS. Where the illness affects only the upper motor neurones it is PLS, and where it affects only the lower motor neurones it is PMA. Progressive bulbar palsy is degneration of the lower motor neurones innervating the bulbar region (mouth, face, and throat), whilst pseudobulbar palsy refers to degeneration of the upper motor neurones to the same region.
Prognosis Most cases of MND progress quite quickly, with noticeable decline occurring over the course of months. Although symptoms may present in one region, they will typically spread. If restricted to one side of the body they are more likely to progress to the same region on the other side of the body before progressing to a new region. After several years, most patients require help to carry out activities of daily living such as self care, feeding, and transportation.
MND is typically fatal within 2-5 years. Around 50% die within 14 months of diagnosis. The remaining 50% will not necessarily die within the next 14 months as the distribution is significantly skewed. As a rough estimate, 1 in 5 patients survive for 5 years, and 1 in 10 patients survive 10 years. Stephen Hawking is a well-known example of a person with MND, and has lived for more than 40 years with the disease. Stephen Hawking in 2005 Professor Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, (born 8 January 1942) is considered one of the worlds leading theoretical physicists. ...
Mortality results when the muscles that control breathing are no longer able to expel carbon dioxide. One exception is PLS, which may last for upwards of 25 years. Given the typical age of onset, this effectively leaves most PLS patients with a normal life span. PLS can progress to ALS, decades later.
Pathology
Causes About 90% of cases of MND are "sporadic", meaning that the patient has no family history of ALS and the case appears to have occurred with no known cause. Genetic factors are suspected to be important in determining an individual's susceptibility to disease, and there is some weak evidence to suggest that onset can be "triggered" by as yet unknown environmental factors (see 'Epidemiology' below).
Approximately 10% of cases are "familial MND", defined either by a family history of MND or by testing positive for a known genetic mutation associated with the disease. The following genes are known to be linked to ALS: Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase SOD1, ALS2, NEFH(a small number of cases), senataxin (SETX) and vesicle associated protein B (VAPB).
Of these, SOD1 mutations account for some 20% of familial MND cases. The SOD1 gene codes for the enzyme superoxide dismutase, a free radical scavenger that reduces the oxidative stress of cells throughout the body. So far over 100 different mutations in the SOD1 gene have been found, all of which cause some form of ALS(ALSOD database). In North America, the most commonly occurring mutation is known as A4V and occurs in up to 50% of SOD1 cases. In people of Scandinavian extraction there is a relatively benign mutation called D90A which is associated with a slow progression. Future research is concentrating on identifying new genetic mutations and the clinical syndrome associated with them. Familial MND may also confer a higher risk of developing cognitive changes such as frontotemporal dementia or executive dysfunction (see 'extra-motor change in MND' below). Superoxide dismutase The enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1. ...
In chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons on an otherwise open shell configuration. ...
Oxidative stress is a medical term for damage to animal cells (and thereby the organs and tissues composed of those cells) caused by reactive oxygen species, which include superoxide, peroxynitrate, or hydrogen peroxide. ...
Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe named after the Scandinavian Peninsula. ...
It is thought that SOD1 mutations confer a toxic gain, rather than a loss, of function to the enzyme. SOD1 mutations may increase the propensity for the enzyme to form protein aggregates which are toxic to nerve cells.
Pathophysiology Skeletal muscles are innervated by a group of neurones (lower motor neurones) located in the ventral horns of the spinal cord which project out the ventral roots to the muscle cells. These nerve cells are themselves innervated by the corticospinal tract or upper motor neurones that project from the motor cortex of the brain. On macroscopic pathology, there is a degeneration of the ventral horns of the spinal cord, as well as atrophy of the ventral roots. In the brain, atrophy may be present in the frontal and temporal lobes. On microscopic examination, neurones may show spongiosis, the presence of astrocytes, and a number of inclusions including characteristic "skein-like" inclusions, bunina bodies, and vacuolisation. A top-down view of skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle, attached to the skeleton. ...
// Early work on motor cortex function Back in the 1940s, Canadian neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield wanted to know which bits of epileptics brains he could suck out without them noticing. ...
There is a role in excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, presumably secondary to mitochondrial dysfunction. In animal models, death by apoptosis has also been identified. Apoptosis In biology, apoptosis (from the Greek words apo = from and ptosis = falling, commonly pronounced ap-a-tow-sis[1]) is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD). ...
Emotional lability / pseudobulbar affect - Main article: labile affect
Around a third of all MND patients experience labile affect, also known as emotional lability, pseudobulbar affect, or pathological laughter and crying. Patients with pseudobulbar palsy are particuarly likely to be affected, as are patients with PLS. Labile affect refers to the pathological expression of laughter, crying, or smiling. ...
Labile affect refers to the pathological expression of laughter, crying, or smiling. ...
Extra-motor change in MND Cognitive change can and does occur in between 33–50% of patients. A small proportion exhibit a form of frontotemporal dementia characterised by behavioural abnormalities such as disinhibition, apathy, and personality changes. A small proportion of patients may also suffer from an aphasia, which causes difficulty in naming specific objects. A larger proportion (up to 50%) suffer from a milder version of cognitive change which primarily affects what is known as executive function. Briefly, this is the ability of an individual to initiate, inhibit, sustain, and switch attention and is involved in the organisation of complex tasks down to smaller components. Often patients with such changes find themselves unable to do the family finances or drive a car. Depression is surprisingly rare in MND (around 5–20%) relative to the frequency with which it is found in other, less severe, neurological disorders e.g. ~50% in multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, ~20% in Epilepsy. Depression does not necessarily increase as the symptoms progress, and in fact many patients report being happy with their quality of life despite profound disability. This may reflect the use of coping strategies such as reevaluating what is important in life. Cognitive The scientific study of how people obtain, retrieve, store and manipulate information. ...
Fronto-temporal dementias selectively affect the frontal lobe of the brain. ...
1. ...
For the underground rapper see Apathy (Rapper) Apathy is the lack of emotion, motivation, or enthusiasm. ...
Aphasia (also Aphemia - from Greek α, without, and φημη, speech), is a loss or impairment of the ability to produce and/or comprehend language, due to brain damage. ...
The executive system is a theorised cognitive system in psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes. ...
Clinical depression is a state of sadness or melancholia that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individuals social functioning and/or activities of daily living. ...
The well-being or quality of life of a population is an important concern in economics and political science. ...
In psychology, coping is the process of managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems, and seeking to master, minimize, reduce or tolerate stress or conflict. ...
Although traditionally thought only to affect the motor system, sensory abnormalities are not necessarily absent, with some patients finding altered sensation to touch and heat, found in around 10% of patients. Patients with a predominantly upper motor neurone syndrome, and particularly PLS, often report an enhanced startle reflex to loud noises.
Neuroimaging and neuropathology has demonstrated extra-motor changes in the frontal lobes including the inferior frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and superior temporal gyrus. The degree of pathology in these areas has been directly related to the degree of cognitive change experienced by the patient, if any. Patients with MND and dementia have been shown to exhibit marked frontotemporal lobe atrophy as revealed by MRI or SPECT neuroimaging. The mri are a fictional alien species in the Faded Sun Trilogy of C.J. Cherryh. ...
SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays. ...
Neuroimaging includes the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function, or pharmacologyof the brain. ...
Epidemiology The incidence of MND is approximately 1–5 out of 100,000 people. Men have a slightly higher incidence rate than women. Approximately 5,600 cases are diagnosed in the U.S. every year. By far the greatest risk factor is age, with symptoms typically presenting between the ages of 50-70. Cases under the age of 50 years are called "young onset MND", whilst incidence rates appear to tail off after the age of 85.
Tentative environmental risk factors identified so far include: exposure to severe electrical shock leading to coma, having served in the first Gulf War, and playing professional football (soccer). However, these findings have not been firmly identified and more research is needed. Combatants U.S.-led coalition Iraq Commanders George H. W. Bush, Norman Schwarzkopf, Colin Powell Saddam Hussein, Ali Hassan Al-Majid, Hussein Kamel Strength 660,000 ~545,000 Casualties 345 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 - 100,000 dead, 100,000 - 300,000 wounded The 1991 Gulf War (also Persian...
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There are three "hot spots" of MND in the world. One is in the Kii pensinula of Japan, one amongst a tribal population in Papua New Guinea. Until the 1960s, Chamorro inhabitants from the island of Guam in the Pacific Ocean had an increased risk of developing a form of MND known as Guamanian ALS-PD-dementia complex or "lytico bodig", but since then the incidence rates have returned to near normal, and nobody born since 1940 has developed the disease. Putative theories involve neurotoxins in local wildlife including cycad nuts and other traditional foodstuffs[1]. Families Cycadaceaecycas family Stangeriaceaestangeria family Zamiaceaezamia family Cycads are an ancient group of seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk. ...
Treatment Currently there is no cure for ALS. The only drug that affects the course of the disease is riluzole. The drug functions by blocking the effects of the neurotransmitter glutamate, and is thought to extend the lifespan of an ALS patient by only a few months. Riluzole is a drug used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ...
The lack of effective medications to slow the progression of ALS does not mean that patients with ALS cannot be medically cared for. Instead, treatment of patients with ALS focuses on the relief of symptoms associated with the disease. This involves a variety of health professionals including neurologists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, dieticians, respiratory therapists, social workers, palliative care specialists, specialist nurses and psychologists. A list of neurology clinics that specialize in the care of patients with ALS can be found on the World Federation of Neurology website (http://www.wfnals.org/clinics/).
Research efforts The search for a drug that will slow MND progression is underway. For example, recent research using mouse models suggests that minocycline, a common antibiotic, may also be effective in extending the lifespan of MND sufferers. This drug must pass clinical trials with ALS patients before it may be used as a general treatment for MND. Minocycline hydrochloride, also known as minocycline, is an antibiotic of the tetracycline class. ...
In medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a research study. ...
Minocycline extends the lifespan of MND mice with SOD1 mutations, but it does not prevent their eventual death. Other agents that are currently in trials include ceftriaxone, arimoclomol, IGF-1 and coenzyme Q10 to name but a few. A list of US-based clinical MND trials may be found at www.clinicaltrials.org or by contacting your local ALS/MND charity. Minocycline hydrochloride, also known as minocycline, is an antibiotic of the tetracycline class. ...
Etymology Amyotrophic comes from the Greek language: A- means "no", myo refers to "muscle", and trophic means "nourishment"; amyotrophic therefore means "no muscle nourishment," which describes the characteristic atrophication of the sufferer's disused muscle tissue. Lateral identifies the areas in a person's spinal cord where portions of the nerve cells that are affected are located. As this area degenerates it leads to scarring or hardening ("sclerosis") in the region Greek (, IPA — Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of 3,500 years. ...
Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. ...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease, a non-contagious chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system which can present with a variety of neurological symptoms occurring in attacks or slowly progressing over time. ...
History and prominent patients U.S. baseball player Lou Gehrig brought national and international attention to the disease in 1939 when he abruptly retired after being diagnosed with ALS/MND; he would die two years later. Former guitar virtuoso Jason Becker and theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking also suffer from the disease. Motto: E pluribus unum (1789 to 1956) (Latin: Out of Many, One) In God We Trust (1956 to present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at federal level; English de facto Government • President • Vice President Federal republic George...
yam| birthdate= June 19, 1903 | birthplace= playboy mansion | dead=dead | deathdate= June 2, 1941 | deathplace= Riverdale, New York | debutdate= June 15, 1923 | debutteam= New York Yankees | debutopponent= St. ...
1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...
Jason Becker is a neo-classical guitarist who achieved fame at age 16 as a technical virtuoso and guitar prodigy. ...
Theoretical physics employs mathematical models in an attempt to understand Nature. ...
Stephen Hawking in 2005 Professor Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, (born 8 January 1942) is considered one of the worlds leading theoretical physicists. ...
Founder of care homes Leonard Cheshire VC, owner from 1957-1966 of Athelhampton House in Dorset Sir Robert Cooke F.R.C.S., theoretical physicist Victor Emery, Rangers footballer Sam English, Hall of Fame pitcher Jim "Catfish" Hunter, blues singer and guitarist Leadbelly, Chinese Chairman Mao Zedong, jazz giant Charles Mingus, Hollywood actor David Niven, legendary Leeds United manager Don Revie, teacher and book subject Morrie Schwartz, American television actor Lane Smith, linguist Larry Trask, Guardian journalist Jill Tweedie, avant-garde guitarist Derek Bailey, American soap opera veteran Michael Zaslow, libertarian writer, politician, and investment analyst, Harry Browne, and ex-Celtic football player Jimmy Johnstone died from the disease. Group Captain Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire VC OM DSO and 2 Bars DFC (September 7, 1917 - July 31, 1992) was a British RAF pilot during the Second World War who received the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that...
Athelhampton is one of the finest 15th-century manor houses in England, and is set in superb gardens. ...
Theoretical physics employs mathematical models in an attempt to understand Nature. ...
Victor John Emery (1933-18 July 2002) was a British specialist on Superconductors and Superfluidity. ...
Rangers Football Club is a football club from Glasgow, Scotland, which plays in the Scottish Premier League. ...
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Samuel English (18 August 1908 - 1967) was an Irish football player who played for several clubs, but is mainly remembered for his time with Rangers. ...
The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, located at 62 Main Street in Cooperstown, New York, United States, is a semi-official museum operated by private interests that serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond, the display...
A baseball pitcher delivers the ball to home plate In baseball, the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitchers mound toward the catcher to begin each play, with the goal of retiring a batter who attempts to either make contact with it or draw a...
James Augustus Catfish Hunter (April 8, 1946 - September 9, 1999) was a prolific Major League Baseball right-handed starting pitcher between 1965 and 1979. ...
The blues is a vocal and instrumental form of music based on a pentatonic scale and a characteristic twelve-bar chord progression. ...
Leadbelly, circa 1942; shown with an accordion, though he typically played twelve string guitar Leadbelly (born Huddie William Ledbetter; January 21, 1885 – December 6, 1949) was an American folk and blues musician, notable for his clear and forceful singing, his virtuosity on the twelve string guitar, and the rich songbook...
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Jazz is an original American musical art form originating around the early 1920s in New Orleans, rooted in Western music technique and theory, and is marked by the profound cultural contributions of African Americans. ...
Charles Mingus (April 22, 1922 – January 5, 1979), also known as Charlie Mingus, was an American jazz bassist, composer, bandleader, and occasional pianist. ...
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David Niven was the second unofficial James Bond. ...
Leeds United Football Club is the only professional association football club in the city of Leeds. ...
Don Revie, OBE, (10 July 1927 - 26 May 1989), was a football player for Leicester City, Hull City, Sunderland, Manchester City and Leeds United as a deep lying centre-forward. ...
Morris S. Schwartz (b. ...
Lane Smith, full name Walter Lane Smith (April 29, 1936 - June 13, 2005) was a U.S. character actor. ...
Robert Lawrence Larry Trask (November 10, 1944 - March 27, 2004) was Professor of Linguistics at the University of Sussex and an authority on Basque language and historical linguistics. ...
The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ...
Jill Sheila Tweedie (22nd May 1936 - 12th November 1993) was an influential feminist, writer and broadcaster. ...
Derek Bailey pictured at the Vortex Club, Stoke Newington, 1991. ...
The first TIME cover devoted to soap operas: Dated January 12, 1976, Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes of Days of Our Lives are featured with the headline Soap Operas: Sex and suffering in the afternoon. A soap opera is an ongoing, episodic work of fiction, usually broadcast on television...
Michael Joel Zaslow (November 1, 1944 – December 6, 1998) was an American actor. ...
Harry Browne Harry Browne (17 June 1933 – 1 March 2006) was an American free-market libertarian writer and investment analyst. ...
Celtic Football Club, more commonly referred to simply as Celtic, is based in the Scottish city of Glasgow. ...
Football (soccer) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
James Connolly Jimmy Johnstone (30 September 1944 – 13 March 2006), was a Scottish football legend. ...
Diane Pretty was a British woman with the disease who was involved in a prominent right-to-die case in the early 2000s. Diane Pretty (b. ...
For the 1987 film, see Right to Die (film) The term right to die (also: Dying with Dignity) refers to various issues around the death of an individual when that person could continue to live with the aid of life support or in a diminished or enfeebled capacity. ...
2000s - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
See also Kennedy disease (KD) or X-linked spinal-bulbar muscle atrophy is a neuromuscular disease associated with mutations of the androgen receptor (AR). ...
Monomelic amyotrophy (also known as MMA, Hirayamas disease, Sobue disease or Juvenile nonprogressive amyotrophy) is an untreatable, focal, lower motor neuron disease that primarily affects young (15 - 25 year-old) males in India and Japan. ...
Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness in the voluntary muscles. ...
Riluzole is a drug used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ...
Sources and references - Motor Neuron Diseases information sheet compiled by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).
- ALSOD Database of all known SOD1 mutations
- Some information gathered from Dr. M Norenberg, University of Miami (October 26, 2004).
- Crossing the Finishing Line—Last Thoughts of Leonard Cheshire VC, ed. Reginald C. Fuller (London 1998).
- De Standaard (Dutch language newspaper), 12 September 2005.
- Zhu S, Stavrovskaya IG, Drozda M, Kim BY, Ona V, Li M, Sarang S, Liu AS, Hartley DM, Wu du C, Gullans S, Ferrante RJ, Przedborski S, Kristal BS, Friedlander RM. "Minocycline inhibits cytochrome c release and delays progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice." Nature. 2002 May 2;417(6884):74-8.
- Van Den Bosch L, Tilkin P, Lemmens G, Robberecht W. "Minocycline delays disease onset and mortality in a transgenic model of ALS." Neuroreport. 2002 12 June;13(8):1067-70.
- Kriz J, Nguyen MD, Julien JP. "Minocycline slows disease progression in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." Neurobiol Dis. 2002 Aug;10(3):268-78.
This is an article about the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. ...
October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Reverend Canon Reginald Cuthbert Fuller DD LSS PhD was born on 12 September 1908 in London, ordained priest by Cardinal Bourne in 1931 (Westminster Cathedral, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Westminster),[1] and appointed Canon (hon. ...
De Standaard (The Standard) is a Flemish daily newspaper with a circulation of 80,696 [1]. The first edition appeared on 4 December 1918. ...
Dutch ( (help· info)), sometimes referred to as Netherlandic in English, is a Low Germanic language spoken by around 22 million people, mainly in the Netherlands and Belgium (2005 [1]). Standard Dutch spoken in Belgium is colloquially often referred to as Flemish (Vlaams), although in official use this is considered incorrect...
September 12 is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years). ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ...
June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ...
Information about clinical trials - List of United States government funded clinical trials relating to MND
- Information on the ALS Association's Website about clinical trials of minocycline as an ALS treatment
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