Mount Kilimanjaro
Kibo Summit of Kilimanjaro
Elevation	5,895 metres (19,341 ft)
Location	Tanzania
Prominence	5,885 m (19,303 feet) Ranked 4th
Coordinates	03°04′33″S 37°21′12″E / -3.07583, 37.35333Coordinates: 03°04′33″S 37°21′12″E / -3.07583, 37.35333
Type	Stratovolcano
Last eruption	None in recorded history
First ascent	1889 by Hans Meyer, Ludwig Purtscheller, Yohanas Kinyala Lauwo
Easiest route	hike

Kilimanjaro with its three volcanic cones, Kibo, Mawensi, and Shira, is an inactive stratovolcano in north-eastern Tanzania. Although it does not have the highest elevation, Kilimanjaro is the tallest free-standing mountain rise^[1] in the world,^[2] rising 4,600 m (15,100 ft) from its base, and includes the highest peak in Africa at 5,895 meters (19,340 ft), providing a dramatic view from the surrounding plains. Kilimanjaro is a Maasai word meaning Large Rock. ^[3] Kilimanjaro may refer to: Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Kibo_summit_of_Mt_Kilimanjaro_001. ... A topographical summit is a point on a surface which is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. ... This article is about the unit of length. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... In topography, prominence, also known as autonomous height, relative height or shoulder drop (in America) or prime factor (in Europe), is a concept used in the categorization of hills and mountains, also known as peaks. ... This is a list of mountains ordered by their topographic prominence. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... Mountains can be characterized in several ways. ... A cutaway diagram of a stratovolcano Mount St. ... Cleveland Volcano in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska photographed from the International Space Station For other uses, see Volcano (disambiguation). ... In climbing, a first ascent (FA) is the first climb to reach the top of a mountain, or the first to follow a particular climbing route. ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Hans Meyer (March 22, 1858 -- July 5, 1929) was an Austrian geology professor from Leipzig, who is credited with being the first European to reach the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro (19,341 ft, 5,895 m). ... Ludwig Purtscheller Ludwig Purtscheller (* October 6th 1849 in Innsbruck; † March 3rd 1900 in Bern, Switzerland) was an Austrian mountaineer and teacher. ... Southern and northern Mount Everest climbing routes as seen from the International Space Station. ... Two hikers in the Mount Hood National Forest Eagle Creek hiking Hiking is a form of walking, undertaken with the specific purpose of exploring and enjoying the scenery. ... A cutaway diagram of a stratovolcano Mount St. ... Mount Everest, the worlds highest mountain The following is a list of the worlds 100+ highest mountains per height above sea level, all of which are located in Asia. ... Extremes on Land See also List of mountains. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

Geography

Kilimanjaro is 340 km south of the Equator, 280 km from the Indian Ocean and just over 400 km from Lake Victoria. It lies on the eastern side of the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley, and north-north east of the Maasai steppe, the great plain of north-eastern Tanzania renowned as the homeland of the nomadic Maasai cattle-herders. World map showing the equator in red In tourist areas, the equator is often marked on the sides of roads The equator marked as it crosses Ilhéu das Rolas, in São Tomé and Príncipe. ... For other places with the same name, see Lake Victoria (disambiguation). ... Northern section of the Great Rift Valley. ... Language(s) Maa (ɔl Maa) Religion(s) Monotheism Christianity Related ethnic groups Samburu The Maasai are an indigenous African ethnic group of semi-nomadic people located in Kenya and northern Tanzania. ...

Principal human habitation lies on the southern and eastern slopes of Kilimanjaro, where the fertile and well-watered soil supports farming, especially of horticultural crops by the Chaga people. The city of Moshi, just over 30 km from the summit, is the main urban centre and has paved highway and rail connections to the Tanzanian coast at Tanga and Dar es Salaam. The area's tourist industry is served by Kilimanjaro International Airport. Horticulture (Latin: hortus (garden plant) + cultura (culture)) are classically defined as the culture or growing of garden plants. ... The Chaga (or Wachaga, Chagga, Jagga, Dschagga, Waschagga, Wachagga) are Bantu speaking indigenous African tribe and the third largest ethnic group in Tanzania. ... View on Kilimanjaro from Moshi. ... The word tanga can refer to Tanga Region, Tanzania Tanga City and seaport Tanga Airport Tanga International School Tanga Islands, Papua New Guinea Tanga (film) Tanga (clothing), a type of underwear or bathing suit. ... Dar es Salaam (دار السلام), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city (pop. ... Kilimanjaro International Airport is a small airport that serves the community near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. ...

The grasslands exploited by the Maasai extend west and north of Kilimanjaro into Kenya as far as Nairobi, 200 km north-north-west. The Kenyan border runs along the lower slopes of the mountain on the north-eastern and eastern sides, only 20 km from the summit. Amboseli National Park in Kenya reaches to the lower slopes on the northern side, while the hot dry savanna plains of Tsavo National Park, also in Kenya, are farther east. Nairobi (pronounced ) is the capital and largest city of Kenya. ... Amboseli National Park is in Kajiado district, Rift Valley Province in Kenya. ... Savannah redirects here. ... Tsavo East National Park is one of the oldest and largest parks in Kenya at 11,747 square kilometers. ...

These extensive plains surrounding the mountain have an elevation of 1100–1400 m except in Tsavo, which is lower at 800 m. The only other nearby highlands are a chain of hills running south-east to the coast where they are called the Usambara Mountains, and 50 km to the west-south-west is another isolated volcanic mountain, Mt Meru, above the city of Arusha. Usambara Mountains The Usambara Mountains are a mountain range in North-East Tanzania, approximately 70 miles (110 km) long and ranging from 20 to 40 miles (30-60 km) in width. ... Mount Meru is an active volcano located just 70 kilometers (44 miles) west of Mount Kilimanjaro. ... Arusha with a view of Mount Meru This article refers to the city of Arusha. ...

Kilimanjaro viewed from Amboseli National Park

Kilimanjaro's middle and lower slopes catch more rain than the surrounding plains. The southern slopes are the wettest, feeding the Pangani River which has formed a valley flowing south-south-west, parallel to the Usambara Mountains. To the east streams feed the Galana River. The northern slopes drain into the seasonal Lake Amboseli and Kiboko River. Streams on the south-western side join the Pangani. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 409 KB) Summary Taken from Amboseli April 2002 M. Disdero Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Mount Kilimanjaro Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 409 KB) Summary Taken from Amboseli April 2002 M. Disdero Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Mount Kilimanjaro Metadata This file contains additional information, probably... Amboseli National Park is in Kajiado district, Rift Valley Province in Kenya. ... Athi-Galana-Sabaki River is the second longest river in Kenya (after the Tana River). ...

Kilimanjaro's prominence above the surrounding plains and frequent clear skies enable Kilimanjaro to be seen from the south, west and north from as much as 200 km away – it can often be seen from Nairobi. Although no hills block the view of the mountain from the east, the humid Indian Ocean coast is usually cloudy and hazy. Coastal towns such as Mombasa and Malindi, 280 and 300 km away, are too far and too cloudy for Kilimanjaro to be seen from there, and although Arabs and Europeans have visited these towns for centuries, the mountain was not known to them until the 19th century. Mombasa is the second largest city in Kenya, lying on the Indian Ocean. ... Malindi is a city in Kenya that has been a Swahili settlement since the 14th century. ...

Description

The highest point is Uhuru Peak on the volcano Kibo, 5,895 meters (19,340 ft). Kibo has a 1.5 mile wide crater on the top of it. As the highest point in Africa, Uhuru Peak is one of the Seven Summits. The summit was first reached by the Marangu army scout, Yohanas Kinyala Lauwo, German Hans Meyer and Austrian Ludwig Purtscheller, on October 6, 1889. Two other peaks are also extinct volcanoes: Mawenzi (5,149 metres, 16,890 ft), the third highest peak in Africa (after Mount Kenya) and Shira (3,962 m, 13,000 ft). Yohanas' Notch is named after Lauwo. To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 1 km and 10 km (103 and 104 m). ... The Seven Summits on an Elevation World Map. ... Hans Meyer (March 22, 1858 -- July 5, 1929) was an Austrian geology professor from Leipzig, who is credited with being the first European to reach the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro (19,341 ft, 5,895 m). ... Ludwig Purtscheller Ludwig Purtscheller (* October 6th 1849 in Innsbruck; † March 3rd 1900 in Bern, Switzerland) was an Austrian mountaineer and teacher. ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Mount Kenya has a low profile typical of a shield volcano. ...

Mount Kilimanjaro from the air. July 2007.

An ascent of Mawenzi requires rock climbing and/or snow/ice climbing skills. The climb to Uhuru Peak is considered to be a relatively straightforward endeavour; however, ample time must still be provided for proper acclimatization to prevent altitude sickness. The three easiest routes, Marangu, Rongai and Machame can be climbed by a person of good health, and require no mountaineering experience. Many who climb employ altitude-sickness medication and find this to be helpful in preventing the pounding headaches that plague many travellers. Those who travel on the Marangu route usually take 4-5 days to complete their climb. Huts with cooking facilities, bathrooms, and (sometimes) electricity are available at the end of each day's journey, as of October 2007 these are generally disused apart from on the lower parts of the Marangu route and climbers will need to camp. The final part of the climb, from Kibo hut at 15,500 ft (4,720 m) to the summit, is generally undertaken at night, because the scree is frozen together, making the climb significantly easier. Gilman's Point, on the rim of the crater, but about 1½ hours hike from Uhuru, is attained at 5:00 - 6:00 am; those who have the strength to continue may then hike on to Uhuru in the growing sunlight and rising temperatures. Another route is the Western Breach, which is much more technical in nature. Annually, approximately 15,000 people attempt to climb the mountain, of whom 40% reach the summit. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 537 pixelsFull resolution (2896 × 1944 pixel, file size: 143 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Mount Kilimanjaro from the air. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 537 pixelsFull resolution (2896 × 1944 pixel, file size: 143 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Mount Kilimanjaro from the air. ... Two alpinists Acclimatization, uh kly muh tuh ZAY shuhn. ... Altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS) or altitude illness is a pathological condition that is caused by acute exposure to high altitudes. ... An open crevasse. ... Scree or detritic cone is a term given to broken rock that appears at the bottom of crags, mountain cliffs or valley shoulders. ...

The rapidly retreating Furtwängler Glacier is near the summit.

At the summit, there is a sign posted by the Tanzanian government. The sign (printed in English only) reads "Congratulations! You are now at Uhuru Peak, Tanzania, 5,895 m. AMSL. Africa's Highest Point. World's Highest Free-Standing Mountain. One of World's Largest Volcanos. Welcome." The sign is covered in travel stickers from past trekkers who have left their mark on the top of the peak. Near this famous sign is a box containing a log that many climbers have signed. As of January, 2007 this box has either been removed or buried. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (802x600, 151 KB) Glacier at summit of Mt Kilimanjaro. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (802x600, 151 KB) Glacier at summit of Mt Kilimanjaro. ... The Furtwängler Glacier is located near the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. ... The term above mean sea level (AMSL) refers to the elevation (on the ground) or altitude (in the air) of any object, relative to the average sea level. ... Summit register on trailless Rocky Mountain in New Yorks Catskills. ...

Due to the mountain's equatorial location as well as its high elevation, climbers can experience almost every climate type on earth during the journey to the top. It is also known to many for its year round snow-topped summit. The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. ...

The summit of Kilimanjaro is covered by a GSM mobile phone network, provided by Vodacom. It lost its claim as the highest point in the world with mobile phone service, as China Mobile now provides coverage at the top of Mt. Everest, the highest point in the world. Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. ... Vodacom is a South African based mobile telecommunications company, and was the first mobile telecommunications company in South Africa. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the Alpine mountain. ...

Mount Kilimanjaro seen from the air, with Mt Meru beyond

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Name

It is unknown where the name Kilimanjaro comes from, but a number of theories exist. European explorers had adopted it by 1860 and reported that it was its Swahili name,^[4] assuming that Kilimanjaro breaks up into Kilima (Swahili for "hill, little mountain") and Njaro,^[5] whose supposed origin varies according to the theory—for some it's an ancient Swahili word for white or for shining,^[2] while for others it has non-Swahili origin, e.g. Kichagga word jaro meaning caravan. The problem with all these theories is that they can't explain why the diminutive kilima is used instead of the proper word for mountain, mlima. A different approach is to assume that it comes from Kichagga kilemanjaare or kilemajyaro meaning "which defeats the bird/leopard/caravan". However this theory can't explain the fact that the name Kilimanjaro was not used in Kichagga before European exploration in the mid-1800s.^[4] Kichagga (kichaga) is one of the Bantu languages spoken by the people of Tanzania, South of Mount Kilimanjaro. ... A diminutive is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment. ...

In the 1880s the mountain, called Kilimandscharo in German, became a part of German East Africa after Karl Peters had persuaded local chiefs to sign treaties (a common story that Queen Victoria gave the mountain to Kaiser Wilhelm II is not true).^[6] In 1889 Uhuru Peak on Kibo was named Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze,^[4] which was used in the German Empire until its defeat in 1918, when the territory became British-administered Tanganyika and the name was dropped. German East Africa (German: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was Germanys colony in East Africa, including what is now Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanganyika, the mainland part of present Tanzania. ... Karl Peters (September 27, 1856 - September 10, 1918), German traveller in Africa, one of the founders of German East Africa (East Africa, todays Tanzania), was born at Neuhaus on the Elbe, the son of a Lutheran clergyman. ... Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819–22 January 1901) was a Queen of the United Kingdom, reigning from 20 June 1837 until her death. ... Wilhelm II of Prussia and Germany, Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern (January 27, 1859 - June 4, 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and the last King (König) of Prussia from 1888 - 1918. ... For German colonial territories, see German Colonial Empire. ... Flag of Deutsch-Ostafrika (1885-1919) Flag of Tanganyika (1919-1961) Flag of the Republic of Tanganyika 1962–64 Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes: Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika, after which it was named. ...

While it is inactive, Kilimanjaro has fumaroles that emit gas in the crater on the main summit of Kibo. Scientists concluded in 2003 that molten magma is just 400 metres (1,300 ft) below the summit crater. Although new activity is not expected, there are fears the volcano may collapse^{[citation needed]}, causing a major eruption similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Several collapses and landslides have occurred on Kibo in the past, one creating the area known as the western breach. Although there is no recorded history of eruptions, local legend speaks of activity around 170 years ago.^{[citation needed]} “Solfatara” redirects here. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Magma is molten rock located beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other terrestrial planet), and which often collects in a magma chamber. ... Craters on Mount Cameroon Perhaps the most conspicuous part of a volcano is the crater, a basin of a roughly circular form within which occurs a vent (or vents) from which magma erupts as gases, lava, and ejecta. ... The 1980 eruption of Mount St. ...

A closer view of Kibo

View of Kibo, Mowenzi, Shira and Meru in far background

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 57 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)I took it myself I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 57 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)I took it myself I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (3264 × 2448 pixels, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (3264 × 2448 pixels, file size: 2. ...

Current conditions

While the volcano appears to be dormant on the inside, events on top of the mountain draw global attention. The top of the mountain has seen a retreat of the most recent covering of glaciers, with the most recent ice cap volume dropping by more than 80%[1]. In 2002, a study led by Ohio State University ice core paleoclimatologist Lonnie Thompson [2] predicted that ice on top of Africa's tallest peak would be gone between 2015 and 2020 [3] [4]. In 2007, a team of Austrian scientists from University of Innsbruck predicted that the plateau ice cap will be gone by 2040, but some ice on the slope will remain longer due to local weather conditions [5]. A comparison of ice core records suggests conditions today are returning to those of 11,000 years ago. A recent study by Philip Mote of the University of Washington in the United States and Georg Kaser of the University of Innsbruck in Austria indicates that the shrinking of Kilimanjaro's ice cap is not due to global warming but instead driven by solar radiation. [6] As of January 2006, the Western Breach route has been closed by the Tanzanian government following a rockslide which killed four people at Arrow Glacier Camp. The rockslide is believed to have been caused by frost action in an area which is no longer permanently frozen. Also see: 2002 (number). ... The Ohio State University (OSU) is a coeducational public research university in the state of Ohio. ... Paleoclimatology is the study of climate change taken on the scale of the entire history of the Earth. ... Lonnie Thompson. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Weathering is the process of disintegration of rocks, soils and their minerals through natural, chemical, and biological processes. ...

After the Western Breach route was closed in January 2006, many expeditions that had intended to use this route have instead used the Lemosho/Barafu route. As the Western Breach route, this route starts to the west and goes up the Shira Ridge towards Lava Tower. Instead of going up to Arrow Glacier camp and the breach, however, this route goes around the southern edge of Kili towards Barafu Camp. From Barafu Camp, around 15,200 ft (4,630 m) altitude, a nighttime summit is usually attempted.

Mount Kilimanjaro - with Landsat Overlay. Heights two times exaggerated.

Download high resolution version (1373x209, 44 KB)Mount Kilimanjaro (Kilima Njaro or shining mountain in Swahili), the highest point in Africa, reaches 5,895 meters (19,340 feet) above sea level, tall enough to maintain a permanent snow cap despite being just 330 kilometers (210 miles) south of the equator. ... Download high resolution version (1373x209, 44 KB)Mount Kilimanjaro (Kilima Njaro or shining mountain in Swahili), the highest point in Africa, reaches 5,895 meters (19,340 feet) above sea level, tall enough to maintain a permanent snow cap despite being just 330 kilometers (210 miles) south of the equator. ...

Climbing routes

Forest along the Marangu climbing route.

Tanzania's Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs with a guide at the summit.

There are several routes officially sanctioned for climbing Kilimanjaro. These are: Image File history File linksMetadata Forest_in_Marangu_route_in_Kilimanjaro_area_001. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Forest_in_Marangu_route_in_Kilimanjaro_area_001. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 159 KB) Summary Issa Michuzi http://issamichuzi. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 159 KB) Summary Issa Michuzi http://issamichuzi. ...

• Machame
• Marangu
• Rongai
• Londorossi Lemosho
• Umbwe
• Shira
• Mweka (descent only)

Machame route

The Machame route as of 2006 is described here. The route is typically done on a 6 or 7 day hike.

The campsites and gates (with corresponding elevations) are as follows: [7]

• Machame Gate (start of trek) (5718 ft/1738 m)
• Machame (9927 ft/3018 m)
• Shira (12355 ft/3756 m)
• Barranco (13066 ft/3972 m)
• Karanga (optional camp, used by 6-day climbers)
• Barafu (high camp before summit) (15239 ft/4633 m)
• Mweka (descent) (10204 ft/3102 m)
• Mweka Gate (end of trek) (5423 ft/1649 m)

(The given altitudes are sourced from a GPS device and are accurate to a few hundred feet)

One benefit of the Machame route is its quick rise to relatively high elevations (~10,000 ft/~3,040 metres), and a short ascent to the Lava Tower site (~15,000 ft/~4,560 m) before descending back to Barranco Camp (12,700 ft/3,870 m) on the same day. This follows the climber's adage 'climb high, sleep low', and helps altitude acclimatization. The initial steep ascent also helps climbers acclimatise better. Altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS) or altitude illness is a pathological condition that is caused by acute exposure to high altitudes. ...

The Machame route starts from Machame Gate and travels upwards through the montane rainforest, characterized by dense vegetation, a muddy trail and short sections of steep climbs. The first campsite, Machame Camp, is right after the dense tree cover in an area with lower but still thick bushlands. The Daintree Rainforest in Queensland, Australia. ...

The second day continues through increasingly sparse trees and bushes into moorlands. Picturesque hanging mosses often cover trees and offer an ethereal quality to the landscape. The day finishes with Shira Camp, which is on a small plateau in the high moorlands, and features views of Kibo in the northwest and Mount Meru towards the east. White necked ravens can be seen throughout the day. There is also a set of small caves a short walk from the campsite known as the Shira Caves. Mount Meru is an active volcano located just 70 kilometers (44 miles) west of Mount Kilimanjaro. ... Binomial name Corvus albicollis Latham, 1790 The White-necked Raven, Corvus albicollis, is somewhat smaller (50-54 cm in length) than the Common Raven or indeed its nearest relative, the Thick-billed Raven . ...

Garden of the Senecias, with part of Kibo in the background.

The third day starts in the moorlands and moves into alpine desert, with less trees and more rocks. The highest point is the base of the Lava Tower, after which the trail descends into the Barranco Valley. More vegetation is present in this zone, especially the area just before the campsite. This area is called the 'Garden of the Senecias' which features many of the huge senecio plants. Shorter lobelia plants are also present. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1704x2272, 1290 KB)[edit] Summary I am the author of this picture (skeptic_cdn). ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1704x2272, 1290 KB)[edit] Summary I am the author of this picture (skeptic_cdn). ... Moorland in the Pennines (England); Coarse grasses and bracken tend to dominate especially in high rainfall areas. ... Species See text The Genus Senecio of the daisy family (Family Asteraceae) includes ragworts and groundsels. ... Species See text. ...

The fourth day starts with the ascent of the Barranco Wall, which is considered a scramble in climbing terms. The top of the Wall has attractive vistas of Kibo and the surrounding landscape. The trail continues with many up and down sections across small streams and rivulets, and finally crosses the Karanga River to the Karanga campsite. Scrambling on Crib Goch, Snowdonia, Wales Scrambling is a method of ascending rocky faces and ridges. ...

The fifth day follows the path up and across a rocky zone, finishing at the high camp Barafu. Very little vegetation can be found on the inhospitable terrain. A field of sedimentary rocks litters the ground like many broken mirrors. (Note - the 6 day trek omits the Karanga campsite, and climbers continue directly to Barafu on the same day.)

The summit is usually attempted on the very early morning of the 6th day (around midnight). Barafu is also used as a summit campsite for the Umbwe route. Climbers typically take somewhere between 5-7 hours to ascend, using headlamps and cold weather gear. The first milestone is Stella Point (18,652 ft/5,685 m), which is on the crater rim. Following Stella Point, the trail continues for another 30 mins to the summit - Uhuru Peak.

The descent back to Barafu takes roughly 4 hours. Some climbers 'scree slide' down the slope, which entails skidding/running down the loose gravel at medium speed. From Barafu, climbers typically take a short break, and continue downwards through the alpine desert and ensuing moorlands to Mweka Camp. Scree or detritic cone is a term given to broken rock that appears at the bottom of crags, mountain cliffs or valley shoulders. ... Moorland in the Pennines (England); Coarse grasses and bracken tend to dominate especially in high rainfall areas. ...

The 7th and final day has trekkers continue through the montane forest to Mweka Gate. Troops of black-and-white colobus monkeys can often be seen in the dense growth. Species Colobus satanas Colobus angolensis Colobus polykomos Colobus vellerosus Colobus guereza Black-and-white colobus are the Old World monkeys which bear a striking resemblance to skunks. ...

A travelogue of the Machame route can be viewed here.[8] A trip report of the Machame route can be viewed here.[9]

A travelogue of the Londorossi Lemosho route can be viewed here.[10]

National Parks in the Kilimanjaro area

• Kilimanjaro National Park covers 753 km² of the mountain, and is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
• Amboseli National Park, Kenya is on the northern side.
• Tsavo National Park, Kenya lies to the east.
• Arusha National Park covers neighbouring Mt Meru.

Kilimanjaro National Park is a national park, located near Moshi, Tanzania. ... Elabana Falls is in Lamington National Park, part of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves World Heritage site in Queensland, Australia. ... Amboseli National Park is in Kajiado district, Rift Valley Province in Kenya. ... Tsavo East National Park is one of the oldest and largest parks in Kenya at 11,747 square kilometers. ... Arusha National Park is a national park in Arusha Region, Tanzania. ...

In popular culture

• Mount Kilimanjaro was the inspiration and backdrop for Ernest Hemingway's classic short story The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1936). He also wrote a non-fiction account of his safari experiences in the 1950s, posthumously published as Under Kilimanjaro (2005).
• Mount Kilimanjaro is referred to in one of Monty Python's Flying Circus skits, "Double Vision." Sir George Head (John Cleese) unwittingly proclaims, "I'm leading this expedition and we're going to climb both peaks of Mount Kilimanjaro," before Bob (Eric Idle) says there is only one peak (there are actually two prominent ones, and a third flatter one).
• Mount Kilimanjaro is the centerpiece of the uplifting 1980s song "Kilimanjaro" by the South African band Juluka, also known as Johnny Clegg and Juluka.
• Mount Kilimanjaro is mentioned in Toto's 1982 hit, "Africa" ("I know that I must do what's right, sure as Kilimanjaro rises like Olympus above the Serengeti"). Unfortunately for the song, the Serengeti is on the other side of the Great Rift Valley, about 250 km away; Amboseli is the principal wildlife reserve at the foot of the mountain.
• Mount Kilimanjaro is the site of a major Titans base in the anime Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam.
• Mount Kilimanjaro is shown as the dramatic backdrop to the animal realm of Disney's The Lion King.
• Mount Kilimanjaro is referenced in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas as a clothing outlet serving "large men," simply called "Kilimanjaro's".
• In Halo 2 and Halo 3, if a player gets seven kills, each within four seconds of the last, the announcer says "Killimanjaro!" using a play on the mountain's name as a kill-related score reference.
• In the first trailer for the Xbox 360 game Halo 3, Kilimanjaro is visible in the background as the lead character, Master Chief, walks along the plains west of the devastated ruins of present-day Mombasa, in actuality 280 km from the mountain which is not visible from there.
• A third-season episode of the Nickelodeon game show Legends of the Hidden Temple was entitled "The Snow Cone of Mount Kilimanjaro."
• In the anime Cowboy Bebop, Jet Black refers disparagingly to the plot of The Snows of Kilimanjaro.
• In the episode "Friendship Day" of the children's series Dora The Explorer, Dora and Swiper travel to Mount Kilimanjaro to give back the friendship bracelets.
• In Justina Robson's novel Natural History, which is set in the future, Mount Kilimanjaro has two peaks and is the site of a military base.
• Late 70s/early 80s UK post-punk neo-psychedelic group The Teardrop Explodes' first album is called Kilimanjaro.
• Author Michael Crichton describes his ascent of Kilimanjaro in his autobiography Travels.
• Drum and bass artist Ed Rush released the an album titled, Killamanjaro on the Prototype Recordings label.
• The story of Steven Barnes novel Great Sky Woman takes place on and around Kilimanjaro, and the mountain plays an importaint role in the novels plot.
• In the robot anime The Brave Fighter of Legend Da-Garn (part of the Brave series), the lion-form support mecha Ga Ohn originates as a legend from Kilimanjaro.
• In a 1970's story line of the Superman comic book, a significant story line was based on the peak of Kilimanjaro being the point on the surface of the Earth furthest from the center; despite not being the highest point above mean sea level, the oblateness of the earth make's Kilimanjaro's peak further from the center of the earth.

The rock group Toto mentions the mountain Kilimanjaro in their hit "africa," stating "I know for sure that I must do what's right, Sure as kilimanjaro rises like Olympus, above the Serengeti." Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. ... The Snows of Kilimanjaro is the name of both a collection of short stories by Ernest Hemingway and the premier story within the collection. ... Under Kilimanjaro is a novel by Ernest Hemingway, edited and published posthumously by Robert W. Lewis and Robert E. Fleming. ... Monty Python, or The Pythons, is the collective name of the creators of Monty Pythons Flying Circus, a British television comedy sketch show that first aired on the BBC on 5 October 1969. ... This article is about the television series. ... “Cleese” redirects here. ... Eric Idle (born March 29, 1943) is an English comedian, actor, author and composer of comedic songs. ... Juluka was a South African music band formed in 1979 by English-born anthropologist Johnny Clegg and Zulu street musician Sipho Mchunu. ... Johnny Clegg can refer to two different people: Johnny Clegg the actor Johnny Clegg the musician from South Africa This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Toto (IPA pronunciation: ) is a Grammy Award winning American rock band founded in 1976[1] by some of the most popular and experienced session musicians of the era. ... Still from the promotional video for Africa Africa is a song by 80s rock band Toto. ... Northern section of the Great Rift Valley. ... Amboseli National Park, formerly Maasai Amboseli Game Reserve is in Kajiado District, Rift Valley Province in Kenya. ... This article describes the Nations and Factions of the Universal Century timeline of the fictional Gundam anime metaseries. ... “Animé” redirects here. ... Zeta Gundam redirects here. ... Disney may refer to: The Walt Disney Company and its divisions, including Walt Disney Pictures. ... This article is about Disneys 1994 film. ... Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas is the fifth video game in the Grand Theft Auto series. ... This article is about the video game. ... For the Nine Inch Nails release, see Head Like a Hole. ... For the Nine Inch Nails release, see Head Like a Hole. ... This article is about the TV channel. ... Quiz show redirects here. ... Legends of the Hidden Temple is a physical challenge game show hosted by Kirk Fogg that aired on Nickelodeon from 1993 to 1995. ... “Animé” redirects here. ... Original run April 3, 1998 – April 23, 1999 Episodes 26 Movie: Knockin on Heavens Door (天国の扉) Director Shinichiro Watanabe Writer Keiko Nobumoto Studio Sunrise BONES Bandai Visual[2] Released September 1, 2001 Runtime 115 min. ... The Snows of Kilimanjaro is the name of both a collection of short stories by Ernest Hemingway and the premier story within the collection. ... Dora the Explorer is an animated television series that is carried on the Nickelodeon cable television network. ... Justina Robson is a science fiction author from Leeds, England. ... The Teardrop Explodes (L to R) Alan Gill, Julian Cope, Gary Dwyer and David Balfe The Teardrop Explodes was a British New Wave/Neo-Psychedelic band formed in Liverpool in 1978. ... Kilimanjaro was The Teardrop Explodes 1980 debut album and was originally released with the album cover shown right, but this was later changed to a cover showing the mountain after which it was named. ... Michael Crichton, pronounced [1], (born October 23, 1942) is an American author, film producer, film director, and television producer. ... Ed Rush is a prominent techstep/jungle DJ, who often produces tracks in collabaration with Optical. ... Steven Barnes photo by Beth Gwinn Steven Barnes (born March 1, 1952 in Los Angeles, CA) is a self-titled writer, lecturer, creative consultant, and human performance technician. ... “Animé” redirects here. ... The Brave series (also known as Brave, or YÅ«sha )) is a toy and animation franchise that began after toy company Takara had ended the animated Generation One storyline of Transformers in Japan. ... Superman is a fictional character and comic book superhero , originally created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian artist Joe Shuster and published by DC Comics. ... Oblate also refers to a member of the Roman Catholic religious order of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, or in some cases to a lay or religious person who has officially associated himself (or herself) with a monastic community such as the Benedictines for reasons of personal enrichment without...

See also

• Furtwängler Glacier
• Rebmann Glacier
• Kilimanjaro National Park
• Chaga - a Bantu-speaking indigenous African tribe; third largest group in Tanzania.
• Maasai - an indigenous African ethnic group of semi-nomadic people in Kenya and northern Tanzania.
• Pare - an ethnic group inhabiting the Pare Mountains, in Kilimanjaro Administrative Region.
• Moshi - town, east of Arusha, along the southern slopes of Kilimanjaro.
• Tanzania - the nation containing Kilimanjaro, bordering on Kenya.
• Mount Kenya - a collapsed stratovolcano 200 miles (320 km) due north, in Kenya.

The Furtwängler Glacier is located near the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. ... The Rebmann Glacier is located near the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and is a small remnant an enormous icecap which once crowned the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro. ... Kilimanjaro National Park is a national park, located near Moshi, Tanzania. ... The Chaga (or Wachaga, Chagga, Jagga, Dschagga, Waschagga, Wachagga) are Bantu speaking indigenous African tribe and the third largest ethnic group in Tanzania. ... Map showing the approximate distribution of Bantu (light brown) vs. ... Language(s) Maa (ɔl Maa) Religion(s) Monotheism Christianity Related ethnic groups Samburu The Maasai are an indigenous African ethnic group of semi-nomadic people located in Kenya and northern Tanzania. ... The Pare (pronounced “Pahray”) are an ethnic group who inhabit the Pare Mountains which is part of the Kilimanjaro Administrative Region. ... View on Kilimanjaro from Moshi. ... Arusha with a view of Mount Meru This article refers to the city of Arusha. ... Mount Kenya has a low profile typical of a shield volcano. ... A cutaway diagram of a stratovolcano Mount St. ...

References

Elevation contour map A contour line shows elevation. ... In topography, prominence, also known as autonomous height, relative height or shoulder drop (in America) or prime factor (in Europe), is a concept used in the categorization of hills and mountains, also known as peaks. ... Pico Cristóbal Colón is the highest mountain in Colombia and the fifth greatest in the world, measured by relative height (see list of peaks by prominence). ... Denali redirects here. ... The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is a research effort that obtained elevation data on a near-global scale to generate the most complete high-resolution digital topographic database of Earth to date. ... The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. ... This article is about the American space agency. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Kilimanjaro

• Volcano World
• Ohio State University study expedition to Kilimanjaro's glaciers
• NASA Earth Explorer page