Mu'awiyah I ( Events Phocas kills Byzantine Emperor Maurice I and makes himself emperor Beginning of a series of wars between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanids Births Muawiyah, founder of the Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs (approximate date) Xuanzang, famous Chinese Buddhist monk. Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury Deaths Maurice I... 602 - May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (127th in leap years). There are 239 days remaining. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. 1682 - Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles. 1835 - James... May 6, Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... 680), early Islam ( Arabic means submission and is described as a meaning peace (also a common salutation). A more precise translation of the word is also related to the word ) revealed his direct word for mankind to Muhammad (c. 570– 632) and other prophets, including Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Muslims... Muslim leader and founder of the great The Courtyard of the Omayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. The Umayyad Dynasty ( Arabic الأمويون / بنو أمية umawiyy; in Turkish, Emevi) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad... Umayyad Dynasty of An Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or , or community of Islam. It means successor, that is, successor to the prophet Muhammad. Some Orientalists wrote the title as The title has been defunct since 1924. Historically selected by committee, the holder of this title... caliphs. He is also considered one of the four brilliant arabs along with his generals Amr ibn Al-A's, Al-Moughierah ibn Shou'bah and Ziyad ibn Abeeh. He fought against the fourth caliph, Ali ibn Abi Talib (علي بن أبي طالب) (c. 600 – 661) was the fourth Caliph or successor of Muhammad. He was born at Mecca where his father, Abu Talib, was an uncle of the Prophet. Ali himself was adopted by Muhammad... 'Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law), seized The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Mişr or Maşr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in northeastern Africa. Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², it includes the Sinai Peninsula (considered part of... Egypt, and assumed the caliphate after 'Ali's assassination in Events Caliph Ali Ben Abu Talib is assassinated. He is succeeded by Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan, first Umayyad caliph Emperor Tenji ascends to the throne of Japan Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their father Aripert King Munmu becomes the 30th ruler... 661. He restored unity to the Muslim empire and made Damascus (Arabic: دمشق Dimašq, Dimašq al-Šam, al-Šam; Tiberian Hebrew דַּמֶּשֶׂק / דַּמָּשֶׂק Damméśeq/Dammāśeq, Standard Hebrew Damm... Damascus its capital. He reigned from Events Caliph Ali Ben Abu Talib is assassinated. He is succeeded by Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan, first Umayyad caliph Emperor Tenji ascends to the throne of Japan Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their father Aripert King Munmu becomes the 30th ruler... 661 to Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... 680. His given name was Mu'awiyah ibn Abu Sufyan.

It is ironic that a man who was to become the political-religious head of Islam was born (c. Events Phocas kills Byzantine Emperor Maurice I and makes himself emperor Beginning of a series of wars between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanids Births Muawiyah, founder of the Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs (approximate date) Xuanzang, famous Chinese Buddhist monk. Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury Deaths Maurice I... 602) into a clan ( Banu Abd Shams refers to a clan within the Meccan Quraishi tribe. The clan takes its name from Abd Shams bin Abd Manaf. Abd Shams was a brother of Hashim whose descendants would be known as the Banu Hashim clan of which Muhammad was a member. The Banu Abd Shams... Banu Abd Shams) that rejected the Prophet Muhammad  listen? ( Arabic محمد, also transliterated , messenger of God, and follow his name in speech and in writing with the phrase , by Ibn Ishaq (d. 768), edited by Ibn Hisham (d. 833); and al-Waqidis (d. 822) biography of Muhammad. Ibn Ishaq wrote his biography... Muhammad in his home city, Mecca or Makkah (in full: Makkah al-Mukkaramah; Arabic مكة المكرمة) is revered as the holiest site of Islam, and a pilgrimage to it is required of all Muslims who can afford to go. The term , as it had been known to... Mecca, and continued to oppose him on the battlefield after he had emigrated to Medina (Arabic: مدينة رسول الله or المدينه, Madinat Rasul Allah, or al-Madina; alternatively transliterated into English as Madinah) is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia. It currently has a... Medina. Mu'awiyah's father was Abu Sufiyan ibn Harb was the leader of the Banu Abd Shams clan of the Quraish tribe, and was the chieftain of the entire Quraish tribe, making him one of, if not the most powerful men in Mecca during the lifetime of Muhammad. Abu Sufiyans grand-father was Umayya... Abu Sufiyan ibn Harb who was a bitter opponent of Muhammad.

Mu'awiyah did not become a Muslim until Muhammad had conquered Mecca and had reconciled his former enemies by gifts. Possibly as a part of Muhammad's policy of conciliation, Mu'awiyah was made a scribe in his service. But Mu'awiyah's contributions to Islamic history are wholly associated with his career in The Syrian Arab Republic is a country in the Middle East, bordering (from south to north) on Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iraq and Turkey. The borders with Israel and Turkey are subject to dispute, pending the resolution of outstanding conflicts over possession of the Golan Heights and the region of Iskenderun... Syria, which began shortly after the death of the Prophet, when he, along with his brother Yazid, served in the tribal armies sent from The term the Middle East sometimes applies to the peninsula alone, but usually refers to the Arabian Peninsula plus the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Iran. The term Arabia often refers to Saudi Arabia alone. At other times the term Arabia can stand for the whole Arab World, stretching from Morocco in... Arabia against the The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. In certain specific contexts, usually referring to the centuries that marked the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it is also often referred to as the Eastern... Byzantine forces in Syria.

Upon the death of Yazid in Events May 28 - Severinus becomes pope, but dies the same year. December 24 - Severinus is succeeded by John IV. Muslims capture Alexandria. Tulga succeeds his father Suinthila as king of the Visigoths. Births Aldhelm, Bible translator Musa bin Nusair, Umayyad general and governor Deaths 2 August - Pope Severinus 12 September... 640, Mu'awiyah was appointed governor of Damascus by the caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, (or Rightly Guided Caliphs) by the Sunnis. Umar was born in Mecca around 581 to the Adi clan of the Quraish tribe. Umar belonged to a family of average class, but he was able to become literate and was well known for his physical strength, becoming... 'Umar and gradually gained mastery over other areas of Syria, instilling remarkable personal loyalty among the prelates, troops and common people of the region. By Events The Cheomseongdae astronomical observatory is constructed in Silla around this time. Categories: 647 ... 647 Mu'awiyah had built a Syrian tribal army strong enough to repel a The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. In certain specific contexts, usually referring to the centuries that marked the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it is also often referred to as the Eastern... Byzantine attack and in subsequent years to take the offensive against the Byzantines in campaigns that resulted in the capture of Cyprus (in Greek Kypros Κύπρος and in Turkish Kıbrıs) is an island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, 113 kilometres (70 miles) south of Turkey and around 120 km west of the Syrian coast. National motto: None National anthem: Ύμν... Cyprus ( Events July 5 - Martin I becomes pope Arabs conquer Cyprus Reccaswinth succeeds his father Chindaswinth as king of the Visigoths. Pope Martin I strongly condemns Monothelitism Births Deaths May 14 - Pope Theodore I John Climacus, Christian saint (approximate date) Chindaswinth, king of the Visigoths. Categories: 649 ... 649) and . In the 15th century the Achaeans invaded. It was, however, in the 11th century that the island started to flourish, with the coming of the Dorians. It was the Dorians who later built the three important cities of Lindos, Ialysos and Kameiros, which together with Kos, Cnidus and Halicarnassus (on... Rhodes ( Events King Reccaswinth issues Visigothic law code. Rhodes invaded by Arab force. Remains of the Colossus of Rhodes sold off. September 17 - Martin I arrives in Constantinople, where he is eventually deposed as pope by the emperor Constans II Eugene I elected pope. Botolph founds his monastery, presumably in Boston... 654) and a devastating defeat of the Byzantine navy off the coast of Lycia in Anatolia ( Greek: ανατολή anatolē or anatolí, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia... Anatolia ( Events November 15 - Northumbrian king Oswiu defeats the pagan Mercian king Penda in the Battle of Winwaed Empress Saimei ascends to the throne of Japan. Clovis II succeeded by Clotaire III. Peada succeeds his father Penda as king of Mercia Births Deaths September 1 - Pope Martin I (in exile) November... 655). At the same time, Mu'awiyah periodically dispatched land expeditions into Anatolia ( Greek: ανατολή anatolē or anatolí, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia... Anatolia. All these campaigns, however, came to a halt with the accession of Ali ibn Abi Talib (علي بن أبي طالب) (c. 600 – 661) was the fourth caliph or successor of Muhammad. He was also the Prophets cousin, and, after marrying Fatima, his son-in-law as well. He is revered by Shi... Ali ibn Abi Talib to the caliphate, when a new and decisive phase of Mu'awiyah's career began.

As a kinsman of the slain caliph Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان) (c. 574 - 656) was the third Caliph of the Ummah, and is regarded as one of The Four Righteous Caliphs. He reigned from 644 until 656. Uthman was born into the wealthy Umayyad clan of... 'Uthman, Mu'awiyah bore the duty of revenge. Because 'Ali failed to apprehend and punish 'Uthman's murderers, Mu'awiyah regarded him as an accomplice to the murder and refused to acknowledge his caliphate. Thereupon 'Ali marched to the The Euphrates (the traditional Greek name for the river, which is in Old Persian good to cross over, from hu- good + peretu- ford. [1] Course of the Euphrates The river is approximately 2,780 km (1,700 miles) long. It is formed by the union of two branches, the Kara... Euphrates border of Syria and engaged Mu'awiyah's troops at the Battle of Siffin ( Events June 2 - Pope Eugene I dies and is subsequently canonized. Ali Ben Abu Talib fights Muawiyah over the Caliphate of Islam and captures Anbar. Saint Hilda founds an abbey on the Yorkshire coast at Whitby July 30 - Vitalian elected Pope Tang Dynasty under Tang Gao Zong defeat Turks Births... 657). Mu'awiyah's guile turned near defeat into a truce. Resorting to a trick that played upon the religious sensibilities of 'Ali's forces, he ordered his troops to hoist copies of the The Quran ( Arabic is usually translated as recital, indicating that it cannot exist as a mere text. To be able to perform salat (prayer), a religious obligation in Islam, a Muslim is required to learn at least some suras of the Quran (typically starting with the first sura... Holy Koran on their lances, as a request for religious arbitration. He thus persuaded the enemy to enter into negotiations that ultimately cast doubt on the legitimacy of 'Ali's caliphate and alienated a sizable number of his supporters. When these former supporters--the Kharijites were members of an Islamic sect in late 7th and early 8th century AD, concentrated in todays southern Iraq. They were distinct from the Sunni and Shiites. The origins of Kharijites lie in the strife over political supremacy over the Muslim community in the years following the death... Kharijites--rose in rebellion against 'Ali, Mu'awiyah took advantage of 'Ali's difficulties in Iraq to send a force to seize control of Egypt. Thus, when 'Ali was assassinated in Events Caliph Ali Ben Abu Talib is assassinated. He is succeeded by Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan, first Umayyad caliph Emperor Tenji ascends to the throne of Japan Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their father Aripert King Munmu becomes the 30th ruler... 661, Mu'awiyah held both Syria and Egypt and, as commander of the largest force in the Muslim Empire, had the strongest claim to the caliphate. 'Ali's son Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib (c. 625 - 669) (alternative spelling Hassan) was the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, and first son of his daughter Fatima Zahra with Ali ibn Abu Talib. Hasan is a revered figure in Islam, and is considered the second Shia Imam by some Shia sects... Hasan was persuaded to remove himself from public life in exchange for a subsidy, which Mu'awiyah provided.

After his accession to the position of Caliph, Mu'awiya governed the geogaphically and politically disparate Caliphate, which spread from Egypt in the West to Iran ( Persia: ایران) is a Middle Eastern country located in southwestern Asia that until 1935 was referred to in the West as Persia. The name Iran is a modern cognate of Aryan meaning Land of the Aryans. Iran borders Pakistan (909km of border) and Afghanistan (936km... Iran in the East, by strengthening the power of his allies in the newly conquered Arab territories. Prominent positions within the emerging governmental structures were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious tolerance that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, especially in Syria itself. This policy also boosted his popularity and solidified Syria as his power base. Mu'awiyah instituted several Byzantine-style bureaucracies, called diwans, to aid him in the governance and the centralization of the Caliphate and the empire. Early Arabic sources credit two diwans in particular to Mu'awiyah: the diwan al-khatam, or chancellery, and the bareed, or postal service, both of which greatly improved communications within the empire. However, such a substantial dependance on the personal allegiance that Mu'awiyah could personally generate inevitably resulted in some instability after his death, such as the second Fitna is Arabic word for civil war, disagreement, division within Islam. Categories: Substubs ... Fitna in Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... 680.

Mu'awiyah greatly beautified Damascus and developed a court to rival that of the and a in order to distinguish ancient Roman from medieval Greek history. Standardization of the term did not occur until the 17th century when French authors such as Montesquieu began to popularize it. Hieronymus himself was influenced by the rift caused by the 9th century dispute between Romans (Byzantines as... Byzantines. He expanded the frontiers of the empire, reaching the very gates of Constantinople at one point, though failing to hold any territory in Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to... Asia Minor. He is credited with saving the fledgling Muslim nation from post civil war anarchy. One of Mu'awiyah's most controversial and enduring legacies was his decision to designate his son as his successor, thereby converting the Caliphate from an elective office to a A dynasty is a family or extended family which retains political power across generations, or more generally, any organization which extends dominance in its field even as its particular members change. See also: family dictatorship. A series of dynasties dating back to the Xia ruled China until the Revolution of... dynasty. He attempted to preserve the form of the election however, by causing his nobles and the chiefs of the empire to elect and swear allegiance to his son in his own lifetime, a tradition that endured for several succeeding dynasties.

Mu'awiyah died May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (127th in leap years). There are 239 days remaining. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. 1682 - Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles. 1835 - James... May 6, Events October 10 - Battle of Kerbela November 12 - The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the... 680. He was succeeded by his son لعن الاہ لعن الاہ لعن الاہ لعن الاہ لعن الاہ Yazid bin Muawiyah (c. 645 - 683) was the second Umayyad Caliph, and succeeded his father... Yazid I.

External links

• Biography of Mu'awiya (http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/muawiya/en/index.php)