For other uses, see Mu.

Mu (uppercase Μ, lowercase μ) is the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 40. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Mem . Letters that arose from Mu include the Roman M and the Cyrillic letter Em (М, м). The word mu (pronounced /mjuː/ in English and /mi/ by modern Greeks) is written μῦ in traditional Greek polytonic orthography. In Modern Greek it is sometimes written μι (mi). Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. ... The Greek alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Greek language since about the 9th century BCE. It was the first alphabet in the narrow sense, that is, a writing system using a separate symbol for each vowel and consonant alike. ... Alpha (uppercase Α, lowercase α) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. ... For other uses, see Nu. ... Beta (upper case Î’, lower case β) is the second letter of the Greek alphabet. ... Look up Ξ, ξ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Gamma (uppercase Γ, lowercase γ) is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. ... Omicron (upper case Ο, lower case ο, literally small o) is the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet. ... Look up Δ, δ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Pi (disambiguation) Pi (upper case Π, lower case Ï€ or Ï–) is the sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. ... Look up Ε, ε in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Rho (upper case Ρ, lower case ρ) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. ... Zeta (upper case Ζ, lower case ζ) is the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet. ... Look up Σ, σ, Ï‚ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Η, η in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Τ, Ï„ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Θ, θ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Upsilon (upper case , lower case ) is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet. ... Look up Ι, ι in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Φ, φ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Kappa (disambiguation). ... Look up Χ, χ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Λ, λ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Ψ, ψ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Ω, ω in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Digamma (upper case , lower case ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet, used primarily as a Greek numeral. ... San (uppercase , lowercase ) was a letter of the Greek alphabet, appearing between Pi and Qoppa in alphabetical order, corresponding in position although not in name to the Phoenician tsade. ... Qoppa Qoppa is an obsolete letter of the Greek alphabet and has a numeric value of 90. ... Sampi (Upper case Ϡ, lower case ϡ) is an obsolete letter of the Greek alphabet and has a numeric value of 900. ... Stigma is a ligature of the Greek letters sigma and tau, sometimes used nowadays to represent the Greek numeral 6. ... Sho (uppercase , lowercase ) was a letter added to the Greek alphabet in order to write the Bactrian language. ... In the Greek alphabet, vowels can carry diacritics, namely accents and breathings. ... Look up MU, Mu, mu in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Greek alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Greek language since about the 9th century BCE. It was the first alphabet in the narrow sense, that is, a writing system using a separate symbol for each vowel and consonant alike. ... Greek numerals are a system of representing numbers using letters of the Greek alphabet. ... It became one of the most widely used writing systems, and was spread by traders of Phoenicia across Europe and the Middle East, where it became used for a variety of languages and spawned many subsequent scripts. ... Mem (also spelled Meem or Mim) is the thirteenth letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet . Its value is IPA . ... Phoenician Mem. ... Look up M, m in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Em (М, м) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /m/. Code positions This article is a substub, the first step on the way to becoming a full article. ... Example of polytonic text from a Byzantine manuscript, of 1020 AD Polytonic orthography for Greek uses a variety of diacritics (πολύ = many + τόνος = accent) to represent aspects of Ancient Greek pronunciation. ... Main article: Greek language Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά or Νεοελληνική, lit. ...

Mu was derived from the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for water ( ) which had been simplified by the Phoenicians and named after their word for water, mem. It has been suggested that Hieroglyph (French Wiki article) be merged into this article or section. ... Image File history File links Water_hieroglyph. ... Phoenician sarcophagus found in Cadiz, Spain; now in Archaeological Museum of Cádiz. ...

The letter mu appears in conjunction with alpha and omega to signify the "beginning, middle (meson) and end", a phrase found in an Orphic verse describing Zeus, and later adopted to describe both Jehovah and Jesus. Alpha (uppercase Α, lowercase α) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. ... Omega (Ω ω) (literally, big O) is the 24th and last letter of the Greek alphabet. ... The head of Orpheus, from an 1865 painting by Gustave Moreau. ... The Statue of Zeus at Olympia Phidias created the 12-m (40-ft) tall statue of Zeus at Olympia about 435 BC. The statue was perhaps the most famous sculpture in Ancient Greece, imagined here in a 16th century engraving Zeus (in Greek: nominative: Zeús, genitive: Diós), is... Jehovah is an English transcription of יְהֹוָה, a specific vocalized spelling of יהוה which is found in the Masoretic Text. ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ...

In Aeschylus' Eumenides, the repeated moaning of the letter mu is the sound made by the sleeping Furies as the ghost of Clytemnestra begins to invoke them. It again appears as an ominous mantra in a 10th century Coptic papyrus, containing a Christian injunction against perjurers that invokes the angel Temeluchos: This article is about the ancient Greek playwright. ... In Greek mythology the Erinyes (the Romans called them the Furies) were female personifications of vengeance. ... In Greek mythology the Erinyes (the Romans called them the Furies) were female personifications of vengeance. ... Murder of Agamemnon, Painting by Pierre-Narcisse Guérin. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... Perjury is lying or making verifiable false statements under oath in a court of law. ...

I adjure you by the seven perfect letters, ΜΜΜΜΜΜΜ. You must appear to him, you must appear to him. I adjure you by the seven angels around the throne of the father.

Academia

The lower-case letter mu is used as a special symbol in many academic fields. The upper case Mu isn't generally used in this way because it is normally indistinguishable from the Latin M. This is a list of academic disciplines (and academic fields). ...

• In mathematics:
  • the Möbius function in number theory
  • the population mean or expected value in probability and statistics
  • a measure in measure theory
• In measurement:
  • the SI prefix micro-, which represents one millionth, or 10⁻⁶. Unicode actually encodes the micro sign separately from the Greek letter though they look identical in most fonts.
  • the micron, an old unit which corresponds to the micrometre (which is now denoted "µm")
• In classical physics and engineering:
  • the coefficient of friction
  • Poisson's ratio
  • reduced mass in the two-body problem
  • permeability in electromagnetism
  • dynamic viscosity in fluid mechanics
• In inorganic chemistry:
  • the prefix given in IUPAC nomenclature for a bridging ligand.
• In particle physics:
  • the elementary particle called the muon
• In Pharmacology:
  • an important opiate receptor
• In thermodynamics:
  • the chemical potential of a system or component of a system.

Rarely, the letter μ may be used to distinguish one item represented by "m" from another (but a better option might be to use "m", "m", "m", etc.). Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ... The classical Möbius function is an important multiplicative function in number theory and combinatorics. ... Number theory is the branch of pure mathematics concerned with the properties of numbers in general, and integers in particular, as well as the wider classes of problems that arise from their study. ... In statistics, mean has two related meanings: Look up mean in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In probability theory the expected value (or mathematical expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff (value). Thus, it represents the average amount one expects as the outcome of the random trial when identical odds are... Probability is the chance that something is likely to happen or be the case. ... A graph of a Normal bell curve showing statistics used in educational assessment and comparing various grading methods. ... In mathematics, a measure is a function that assigns a number, e. ... In mathematics, a measure is a function that assigns a number, e. ... An SI prefix (also known as a metric prefix) is a name or associated symbol that precedes a unit of measure (or its symbol) to form a decimal multiple or submultiple. ... Look up micro- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. ... A micrometre (American spelling: micrometer, symbol µm) is an SI unit of length equal to one millionth of a metre, or about a tenth of the diameter of a droplet of mist or fog. ... Classical physics is physics based on principles developed before the rise of quantum theory, usually including the special theory of relativity and general theory of relativity. ... Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... The resistance to lateral motion when one attempts to slide the surface of one object over another surface is called friction or traction. ... Figure 1: Rectangular specimen subject to compression, with Poissons ratio circa 0. ... Reduced mass is an algebraic term of the form that simplifies an equation of the form The reduced mass is typically used as a relationship between two system elements in parallel, such as resistors; whether these be in the electrical, thermal, hydraulic, or mechanical domains. ... In classical mechanics, the two-body problem is to determine the motion of two point particles that interact only with each other. ... In electromagnetism, permeability is the degree of magnetization of a material that responds linearly to an applied magnetic field. ... Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a force on particles that possess the property of electric charge and magnetic charge, and is in turn affected by the presence and motion of those particles. ... Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform under shear stress. ... Fluid mechanics is the subdiscipline of continuum mechanics that studies fluids, that is, liquids and gases. ... Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. ... The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international non-governmental organization devoted to the advancement of chemistry. ... A bridging ligand is essentially a ligand that acts as a bridge connecting two metal centres in a complex. ... Thousands of particles explode from the collision point of two relativistic (100 GeV per ion) gold ions in the STAR detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. ... In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure; that is, it is not made up of smaller particles. ... The muon (from the letter mu (μ)--used to represent it) is an elementary particle with negative electric charge and a spin of 1/2. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmakos (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and logos (λόγος) meaning science) is the study of how substances interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. ... Opioid receptors are a group of G-protein coupled receptors with opioids as ligands. ... Thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη, therme, meaning heat and δυναμις, dunamis, meaning power) is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. ... In thermodynamics and chemistry, chemical potential, symbolized by μ, is a term introduced in 1876 by the American mathematical physicist Willard Gibbs, which he defined as follows: Gibbs noted also that for the purposes of this definition, any chemical element or combination of elements in given proportions may be considered a...

Letters that arose from the Greek Μ include the Latin M and Cyrillic М. The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... Look up M, m in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced , also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages—Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian—and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... Em (М, м) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing the consonant /m/. Code positions This article is a substub, the first step on the way to becoming a full article. ...

When Alt-0181 or the DOS legacy Alt+230 or Alt+(any multiple of 256 added to 230 or to 0181 and including the leading zero) is entered using the number pad in Microsoft Windows, the µ symbol appears (here, it is the micro sign, not the mu in the Greek alphabet section). The same is true for µ or µ in HTML. Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of proprietary software operating systems by Microsoft. ...

Computing

In Unicode, the upper and lower case mu are encoded at U+039C and U+03BC respectively. In ISO 8859-7 they are encoded at CC_HEX and EC_HEX. The micro sign is considered a distinct character by Unicode for historical reasons and is found at U+00B5 as well as position B5_HEX in ISO 8859-1, 3, 8, 9, 13 and 15. ISO-8859-5 also has a character that looks somewhat like lower case mu at E6_HEX but this is actually supposed to be the Cyrillic small letter tse. Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. ... ISO 8859-7, also known as Greek, is an 8-bit character encoding, part of the ISO 8859 standard. ... In mathematics and computer science, hexadecimal, base-16, or simply hex, is a numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16, usually written using the symbols 0–9 and A–F, or a–f. ... ISO 8859, more formally ISO/IEC 8859, is a joint ISO and IEC standard for 8-bit character encodings for use by computers. ... ISO 8859-1, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-1 or less formally as Latin-1, is part 1 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard character encoding defined by ISO. It encodes what it refers to as Latin alphabet no. ... ISO 8859-3, also known as Latin-3 or South European is an 8-bit character encoding, part of the ISO 8859 standard. ... ISO 8859-8, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-8 (but not as Latin-8!), is part 8 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard character encoding defined by ISO. ISO 8859-8 contains all the Hebrew letters (consonants only, no Hebrew vowel signs). ... ISO 8859-9, also known as Latin-5 or Turkish, is an 8-bit character encoding, part of the ISO 8859 standard. ... ISO 8859-13, also known as Latin-7 or Baltic Rim, is an 8-bit character encoding, part of the ISO 8859 standard. ... ISO 8859-15, also known as Latin-9, and unofficially as Latin-0 but not as Latin-15, is part 15 of ISO 8859, a standard character encoding defined by ISO. It encodes characters as 8 bits and can be used to represent the alphabet and other important characters for... ISO 8859-5, also known as Cyrillic is an 8-bit character encoding, part of the ISO 8859 standard. ... Tse (Ц, ц) is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. ...

The symbol is also used in the name and logo of the popular bittorrent client, µTorrent. A BitTorrent client is a client that utilizes the BitTorrent protocol for data transfer. ... µTorrent (also microTorrent or uTorrent) is a freeware proprietary BitTorrent client for Microsoft Windows written in C++, and localized for many different languages. ...

Popular culture

• Mike Paradinas, a British electronic musician, uses the letter in his stage name μ-ziq (pronounced music).
• Contrary to popular belief, typing the numbers (4,8,15,16,23,42) from the fictional TV series Lost is not required to obtain the character of "µ." 4 and 8 do not need to be typed for the "µ" to appear. You can test this by using notepad and whilst holding ALT type 15162342.^{[citation needed]}.
• µ is SI prefix for micro and therefore sometimes used as µ-soft.
• µTorrent, a torrent client, uses the mu sign.

Mike Paradinas, who works primarily under the name µ-ziq (pronounced like the word music), is a British musician in the field of electronic music. ... An SI prefix (also known as a metric prefix) is a name or associated symbol that precedes a unit of measure (or its symbol) to form a decimal multiple or submultiple. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... µTorrent (also microTorrent or uTorrent) is a freeware proprietary BitTorrent client for Microsoft Windows written in C++, and localized for many different languages. ...

References

• Moralia, by Plutarch
• Ancient Christian Magic, by M. Meyer and R. Smith (ed.), Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-00458-7