Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt

Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic : محمد حسنى سيد مبارك ) (born May 4, 1928) commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: حسنى مبارك ) has been the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt for twenty-four years, since 14 October 1981. President Hosni Mubarak, Heliopolis Palace. ... President Hosni Mubarak, Heliopolis Palace. ... Arabic (العربية al-arabiyyah, or less formally arabi) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Arabic (العربية al-arabiyyah, or less formally arabi) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, universities, and countries. ... October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in Leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Mr. Mubarak was appointed the Vice-President of the Republic after moving up the ranks of the Egyptian Air Force. He ascended to the Presidency, succeeding President Anwar Sadat, following the latter's assassination on 6 October 1981. The Egyptian Air Force of EAF (Al Quwwat Al Jawwiya Il Misriya in Arabic) is the Aviation branch of the Egyptian armed forces. ... The word Presidency is often used to describe the collective administrative and governmental entity that exists around an office of president of a state or nation. ... Mohamed Anwar el-Sadat (محمد أنورالسادات in Arabic) (December 25, 1918 – October 6, 1981) was an Egyptian politician and President of Egypt from September 28, 1970 until his assassination on October 6, 1981. ... Mohamed Anwar el-Sadat (محمد أنورالسادات in Arabic) (December 25, 1918 – October 6, 1981) was an Egyptian politician and President of Egypt from September 28, 1970 until his assassination on October 6, 1981. ... October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in Leap years). ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

As President of Egypt, he is considered to be one of the most powerful leaders in the region. Under the 1971 Constitution of Egypt, President Mubarak has immense control over the country. He is known for his neutral stance on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and is frequently involved in negotiations between the two sides. Monarchs Wālīs (Governors) of Egypt, 1805-1867 Muḩammad ‘Alī 1805-1848 Ibrāhīm 1848 Muḩammad ‘Alī (restored) 1848-1849 ‘Abbās I 1849-1854 Sa‘īd 1854-1863 Ismā‘īl 1863-1867 Khedives of Egypt, 1867-1914 Ismā‘īl 1867-1879 Tawfīq 1879-1892 ‘Abbās II 1892-1914 Sultans of Egypt, 1914... Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip are at the center of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. ...

Early days

Mubarak was born on May 4, 1928 in Kafr-El Meselha, Menoufeya Governorate, Egypt. Upon completion of high school, he joined the Egyptian Military Academy, where he received a Bachelor's Degree in Military Sciences in 1948. In 1950, he joined the Air Force Academy and eventually earned a Bachelor's Degree in Aviation Sciences, graduating at the top of his class. Part of his pilot's training he received at the Soviet pilot training school in Frunze (current Bishkek), in Soviet Kyrgyzstan. He then moved up the chain of command, holding the positions of pilot, instructor, squadron leader, and base commander. In 1964, he was appointed head of the Egyptian Military Delegation to the USSR. May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1948 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1950 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Bishkek cityscape Bishkek landscape towards the south Bishkek (Бишкек, بىشكهك) (population in 2005 approx. ...

In the years between 1967 and 1972, during the War of Attrition between Egypt and Israel, Mubarak was appointed Director of the Air Force Academy and Chief of Staff of the Egyptian Air Force. In 1972, he became Commander of the Air Force . In October 1973, following the October War, also known as Yom Kippur War and the 10th of Ramadan War, Mubarak was promoted to the rank of Air Marshall. In April 1975, he was appointed Vice-President of Egypt and, in 1978, he was selected as Vice-Chairman of the National Democratic Party (NDP). // The War of Attrition was a limited war fought between Egypt and Israel from 1968 to 1970. ... The Yom Kippur War (Hebrew: מלחמת יום הכיפורים; transliterated: Milhemet Yom HaKipurim; Arabic: حرب أكتوبر; transliterated: Harb October or حرب تشرين transliterated: Harb Tishrin), also known as the October War, the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, and the Ramadan War, was fought from October 6 (the day of Yom Kippur) to October 24, 1973, between Israel and a... Ramadan or Ramadhan (Arabic: رمضان ) is the ninth month of the Islamic year. ... The National Democratic Party is the current ruling party of Egypt, led by President Hosni Mubarak. ...

Egypt under Mubarak

Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt

Following the assassination of President Anwar Sadat at the hands of Islamists in 1981, Mubarak became President of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Chairman of the National Democratic Party. President Mubarak has been re-elected by majority votes in referenda for successive terms on three occasions: in 1987, 1993, and 1999. The results of the referenda are however of questionable validity. No one runs against the President due to a restriction in the Egyptian Constitution in which the People's Assembly plays the main role in electing the President of the Republic. However in February 2005 Mubarak passed a constitutional amendment allowing parties directly running against the incumbent president. Mohamed Hosni Mubarak This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Mohamed Hosni Mubarak This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Mohamed Anwar el-Sadat (محمد أنورالسادات in Arabic) (December 25, 1918 – October 6, 1981) was an Egyptian politician and President of Egypt from September 28, 1970 until his assassination on October 6, 1981. ... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February is the second month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

Although Mubarak's popularity grew over time and his role as a leader of the Arab World has been solidified in the 1980s and 1990s, he started to lose support in Egypt by the mid-1990s. The breakthrough economic performance of the early 1990s was wasted.

The dramatic drop in support for Mubarak increased with surfacing news about his son Alaa being extremely corrupt and favoured in government tenders and privatization. As Alaa started getting out of the picture by 2000, Mubarak's second son Gamal started rising in the National Democratic Party and succeeded in getting a newer generation of neo-liberals into the party and eventually the government. Due to Gamal's increasing visibility and influence, rumours about him being groomed for the presidency became common. Nevertheless, this was publicly refuted by the president several times. Moreover, although the public generally likes Gamal Mubarak as a person, many believe that his succession would mean a hereditary pseudo-monarchy (see Family dictatorship). Alaa Mubarak is an Egyptian businessman and one of two sons of president Hosni Mubarak of Egypt. ... Gamal Mubarak Gamal Mubarak (Arabic: جمال مبارك ), or Gamal-u-dinn Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic: جمال الدين محمد حسنى سيد مبارك ) , is the younger of the two sons of current Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Mrs. ... A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, one, and archein, to rule) is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. ... A family dictatorship is a form of dictatorship that operates much like an absolute monarchy, yet occurs in a nominally republican state and is not part of its laws. ...

In July 2004, Mubarak accepted the resignation of Prime Minister Atef Ebeid and the entire cabinet. Mubarak appointed Ahmed Nazif as the new Prime Minister. The new cabinet is generally viewed with optimism, and economic conditions are starting to improve considerably after a period of stagnation. Dr. Atef Muhammad Ebeid (born 14 April 1932) was the Prime Minister of Egypt from October 1999 to July 2004. ... Dr. Ahmed Nazif (Arabic: أحمد نظيف ; born 1952) has served as the Prime Minister of Egypt from 14 July 2004 to 27 September 2005. ...

President Mubarak spoke out against the 2003 war on Iraq, arguing that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict should be tackled first. Egypt was a member of the allied coalition in the 1991 Gulf War and Egyptian foot soldiers were some of the first to land in Kuwait to evict Iraqi forces. Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip are at the center of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. ... C Company, 1st Battalion, The Staffordshire Regiment, 1st UK Armoured Division The 1991 Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations mandated by the United Nations and led by the United States. ...

After increased domestic and international pressure for democratic reform in Egypt, on February 26, 2005 Mubarak asked the largely rubber-stamp parliament to amend the constitution to allow multi-candidate presidential elections by September 2005. Previously, Mubarak secured his position by having himself nominated by parliament, then confirmed without opposition in a referendum. The September 2005 ballot will therefore be a multiple candidate election rather then a referendum, but the electoral institutions, security apparatus and most of the Egyptian media remain solidly in Mubarak's hands. February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Rubber stamp, is a political metaphor referring to an institution that has little power and rarely disagrees with more powerful organs. ... Ongoing events • 2005 Kuomintang visits to Mainland • Bill C-38 (Canada gay marriage) • German Visa Affair 2005 • Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan • Fuel prices • Election of OAS Secretary General • Stanislav Gross scandal in Czech republic Upcoming events Deaths in May May 3: Jagjit Singh Aurora May 3: Don Canham May... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ...

On July 28, Mubarak announced his candidacy, as he had been widely expected to do. The election which was scheduled for September 7 involved mass rigging activities according to civil organizations that observed the elections. Reports have shown that Mubarak's party used government vehicles to take public employees to vote for Mubarak. Votes were bought for Mubarak in poor suburbs and rural areas. It was also reported that thousands of illegal votes were allowed for Mubarak from citizens who were not registered to vote. On September 8, Dr. Ayman Nour, the candidate for El-Ghad party, contested the election results and demanded a repeat of the election. July 28 is the 209th day (210th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 156 days remaining. ... September 7 is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years). ... Ayman Nour Ayman Abd El-Aziz Nour (Arabic: ) is an Egyptian politician, a member of that countrys Parliament and chairman of the al-Ghad party (Tomorrow Party). He became famous around the world following his October 2004 imprisonment by the government of President Hosni Mubarak, which was widely understood...

Posts

Hosni Mubarak with George W. Bush

• Re-elected for a fifth term of office (September 2005)
• Chairman of the G-15 (1998&2000)
• Re-elected for a fourth term of office (1999)
• Chairman of the Arab Summit since June (1996)
• Chairman of the Organization of African Unity "OAU"(1993 - 1994)
• Re-elected for a third term of office (1993)
• Chairman of the Organization of African Unity "OAU"(1989 - 1990)
• Re-elected for a second term of office (1987)
• President of the National Democratic Party (1982)
• President of the Republic (1981)
• Vice-President of the National Democratic Party (NDP) (1979)
• Vice-President of the Arab Republic of Egypt (1975)
• Promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General (1974)
• Commander of the Air Force and Deputy Minister of War (1972)
• Chief of Staff of the Air Force (1969)
• Director of the Air Force Academy (1968)
• Commander of Cairo West Air Base (1964)
• Joined FROUNZ Military Academy, USSR (1964)
• Lecturer in Air Force Academy (1952 - 1959)

President George W. Bush speaks during a press conference with Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak after their meeting at Camp David, Saturday, June 8. ... President George W. Bush speaks during a press conference with Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak after their meeting at Camp David, Saturday, June 8. ... Flag of the Organisation of African Unity, later also used by the African Union. ... The National Democratic Party is the current ruling party of Egypt, led by President Hosni Mubarak. ... Военная Академия имени Фрунзе RUSSIAN NAME. EXACT NAME IN ENGLISH: FRUNZE MILITARY ACADEMY OF GENERAL STAFF. AFTER GRADUATION FROM THIS ACADEMY EVERY GRADUATE OFFICER USE TO RECEIVE A DIPLOMA AND A SILVERN ROMB ON THEIR UNIFORM OR CIVIL SUITE WHICH HAVE TO BE LOCATED ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE CHEST ABOVE ALL OTHER...

Family

Spouse: Suzanne Mubarak Suzanne Mubarak is the first lady of Egypt. ...

Sons:

• Alaa
• Gamal

Alaa Mubarak is an Egyptian businessman and one of two sons of president Hosni Mubarak of Egypt. ... Gamal Mubarak Gamal Mubarak (Arabic: جمال مبارك ), or Gamal-u-dinn Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic: جمال الدين محمد حسنى سيد مبارك ) , is the younger of the two sons of current Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Mrs. ...

See also

• List of national leaders

This is a List of national leaders, showing heads of state and heads of government where different, mainly in parliamentary systems; it should be noted that often a leader is both in presidential systems or dictatorships. ...

External links

• Egyptian government page
• Another government page
• Kifaya's (an anti-Mubarak movement) website in English
• Egypt accused of prison torture and death
• Amnesty International's 2005 Report on Egypt.
• Election Candidate Site by W.H
• Egyptian riot police at a demonstration against President Hosni Mubarak and the use of torture by security forces.
• Police, government supporters beat protesters in anti-Mubarak protest

Mohamed Anwar el-Sadat (محمد أنورالسادات in Arabic) (December 25, 1918 – October 6, 1981) was an Egyptian politician and President of Egypt from September 28, 1970 until his assassination on October 6, 1981. ... Monarchs Wālīs (Governors) of Egypt, 1805-1867 Muḩammad ‘Alī 1805-1848 Ibrāhīm 1848 Muḩammad ‘Alī (restored) 1848-1849 ‘Abbās I 1849-1854 Sa‘īd 1854-1863 Ismā‘īl 1863-1867 Khedives of Egypt, 1867-1914 Ismā‘īl 1867-1879 Tawfīq 1879-1892 ‘Abbās II 1892-1914 Sultans of Egypt, 1914...

See also: Politics of Egypt | History of Egypt | Egypt | lists of incumbents // Constitution The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt declares Egypt to be a ‘democratic and socialist republic’, operating under a ‘multiparty system’ semi-presidential system. ... Hathor The history of Egypt is the longest continuous history, as a unified state, of any country in the world. ... These are lists of incumbents, i. ...