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Muhammad (A.D. 570-632) is regarded by Muslims as the last prophet of God. He was an Arab religious, political and military leader who founded the Islam and the Muslim community (Arabic: أمة Ummah). Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... This limestone statue of a Boddhisattva was probably created in the Henan province of China around 570, in the Northern Qi Dynasty. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... In religion, a prophet (or prophetess) is a person who has directly encountered the numinous or the divine and serves as an intermediary with humanity. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

His life is traditionally defined into two epochs: pre-hijra (emigration) in Mecca, a city in northern Arabia, from the year 570 to 622 , and post-hijra in Medina, from 622 until his death in 632. All but two of his marriages were contracted after the migration to Medina.

The period of Muhammad before Medina started with his birth and ended in 622 with the Migration to Medina in 622. ... This limestone statue of a Boddhisattva was probably created in the Henan province of China around 570, in the Northern Qi Dynasty. ... Events Hijra - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - year one of the Islamic calendar. ... The period when Muhammad in Medina started with the Migration to Medina in 622 and ended with the Conquest of Mecca in 630. ... Events Hijra - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - year one of the Islamic calendar. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... This article is about the event of hijra. ...

The perceptions of the concept of marriage

In pre-Islamic Arabia, the institution of marriage was characterized by unquestioned male superiority. Marriage was viewed as a "status". There was no limitations on men's rights to marry or to obtain a divorce. ^{[1] [2]} Upon marriage a bride-price was paid to the girl's father. ^[2] A man could have as many as wives and a woman could have several husbands^{[citation needed]}.

Family

During his life Muhammad married 11 or 13 women depending upon the differing accounts of who were his wives (not all at one time). However, not all Muslim scholars agree with these accounts.

There is some dispute between Shia scholars regarding the genealogy of the four daughters of Khadija on whether they were born to Khadijah from her marriage to Muhammad, an earlier marriage, or if they were in fact the daughters of a widowed and dead sister of Khadija. Sunnis believe he had four daughters with Khadîjah. Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, the first wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, had six children. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ...

Ibrâhîm was the only child borne to him by Maria during his residence in Medina and the last to be born. Abdullâh was born after his prophethood but died during his residence in Mecca. All the other sons died before his prophethood.

Khadijah bint Khuwaylid

Main article: Khadijah bint Khuwaylid

At the age of 25, Muhammad married a woman named Khadijah who was 40 years old at the time and the marriage lasted for 25 years.^[3] In Makkah — prior to Hijra — Muhammad lived with his wife Khadijah bint Khuwailid. She was the first woman he married and his only wife until she died. Their sons were Abd-Allah and Qasim, neither of who lived long. Their daughters were Zainab, Ruqaiya, Umm Kulthum and Fatimah. Khadijah bint Khuwaylid or Khadijah al-Kubra (565 AD – 623 AD) was the first wife of Muhammad. ... Khadija (Arabic: خديجه ) was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad and the first female convert to Islam, the new religion he had begun to preach. ... Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad was the second son of Muhammad and Khadija. ... Qasim ibn Muhammad was the son of Muhammad. ... this is a sahaba of Muhammad She is the daghter of Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, however, it is disputed if she is the daghter of Muhammad or Khadijahs assumed previous husband. ... Ruqayyah is viewed as the daughter of Muhammad and Khadijah bint Khuwaylid by some Sunnis and some Shia but some Shia and non-Muslim argue she is the daughter of Khadijahs assumed previous husband (see Genealogy of Khadijas daughters). ... Daughter of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) ... This article is about Muhammads daughter. ...

Later marriages

Sawdah bint Zam‘a'

Muhammad married Sawda bint Zama in Shawwal when she was about 55 years old, in the tenth year of Prophethood, after the death of Khadijah. Prior to that, she was married to a paternal cousin of hers called As-Sakran bin ‘Amr. Sawda offered to give her turn of Muhammad's conjugal visit to Aisha. The incident is referenced in verse 4:127 of the Qur'an.^[4] Sawda bint Zama ibn Qayyis ibn Abd Shams (Arabic: سودة بنت زمعة, died 674) was a wife of Muhammad and one of the early converts to Islam. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Aisha bint Abu Bakr

Aisha was the daughter of Abu Bakr, a close friend confidant of Muhammad, and controversial figure in the differing depictions in Shia and Sunni historical narratives. Muhammad married Aisha before the Hijra, however Muslim scholars differ on whether Muhammad married Sawda or Aisha first. Muhammad married Sawda one month after the death of his first wife Khadija upon suggestion of one of his companions. Regardless, Muhammad did not consummate his marriage with Aisha until she reached the age of nine, and lived with Sawda during that time.^[4] Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Aisha bint Abu Bakr (RA) (Arabic `āisha, she who lives, also transcribed as Aishah, Ayesha, Aisha, or Aisha, Turkish AyÅŸe etc. ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Ulema (, translit: , singular: , translit: , scholar) (Islamic clergy) refers to the educated class of Muslim scholars engaged in the several fields of Islamic studies. ... Aisha bint Abu Bakr (RA) (Arabic `āisha, she who lives, also transcribed as Aishah, Ayesha, Aisha, or Aisha, Turkish AyÅŸe etc. ... Khadija (Arabic: خديجه ) was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. ...

, and the subject of increasing attention in recent years because critics of Muhammad who accept the majority tradition that she was as young as nine years old when her marriage was consummated believe this. There are several hadiths (said to have been written by Aisha herself) which state she was six or seven years old when betrothed and nine years old when married or when the marriage was consummated. Despite that, given the variations of Ayesha's exact age being reported in different ahadith - some saying Aisha was in her mid-teens or even older when the actual marriage took place - a lot of Islamic academics have said that only using the Hadith and comparing practices of 7th Century Arabia - where child marriages were a common tradition not just in Arabia but India, China, and Europe as well - to the modern is taking the issue out of context. Also there is no clear cut conformation outside the Hadith that prove Aisha's exact age. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Even though the marriage may have been politically motivated, to mark the ties between Muhammad and his companion Abu Bakr, to educate and train Aisha for the purposes of Islam. and to utilise her capabilities for the sake of Islam, it is widely thought that Aisha was his favourite wife. It is also important to note that the marriage to Aisha is one of the only two marriages that were commanded by Allah by divine revelation, the other being to Zainab bint Jahsh. Shi'a Muslims would disagree with the Sunni assertion of her being his favorite wife, regarding it as politically motivated; many argue that Khadija was the favourite instead as her memory never left Muhammad after all her help and support, and her mere mention by Muhammad was never well received by Aisha according to many Hadith.^{[citation needed]} Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ... Khadija (Arabic: خديجه ) was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. ...

Hafsah bint ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab

Muhammad married Hafsah daughter of ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab, three years after the Hijra. She was Aiyim (i.e. husbandless). Her ex-husband was Khunais bin Hudhafa As-Sahmi in the period between Badr and Uhud battles. Hafsa bint Umar was the daughter of Umar ibn al-Khattab and wife of Muhammad. ...

Zaynab bint Khuzayma

Zaynab bint Khuzayma, who was from Bani Hilal bin ‘Amir bin Sa‘sa‘a, married Muhammad four years after Hijra, but died two or three months after marriage. Was nicknamed Umm Al-Masakeen (roughly translates as the mother of the poor), because of her kindness and care towards them. She used to be the wife of ‘Abdullah bin Jahsh, who was martyred at Uhud. Zaynab bint Khuzayma (Arabic: زينب ) was married to prophet Muhammad soon after she had been made a widow when her husband was killed at the battle of Badr. ...

Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya

Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya, the widow of Abu Salamah, married Muhammad in the fourth year of Al-Hijra. Hind bint Abi Umayya, also called as Umm Salama (Mother of Salama) (Arabic: أم سلمة هند بنت أبي أمية) was a wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. ...

Zaynab bint Jahsh

Zaynab bint Jahsh was from Bani Asad bin Khuzaimah and was Muhammad's paternal cousin. She was married to Muhammad's ex-slave and adopted son, Zayd ibn Harithah. Islam prohibited adopting sons and giving them father's name. (Al-Quran-33:5) After this, Zaid was called ibn Haritha instead of ibn Muhammad. Zaid divorced his wife Zaynab bint Jahsh and later on Muhammad married Zainab. Further revelations from Quran proved that this marriage is valid as there is no longer a concept of adopted son.[Al-Qur'an 33:37, 33:40] This does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Muhammad married her in Dhul-Qa‘dah, the fifth year of Al-Hijra.

Juwayriya bint al-Harith

Juwayriya bint al-Harith was the daughter of Al-Harith, who was the head of Bani Al-Mustaliq of Khuza‘ah. Juwairiyah was among the booty that fell to the Muslims from Bani Al-Mustaliq. She was a portion of Thabit bin Qais bin Shammas’ share. He made her a covenant to set her free at a certain time. Muhammad accomplished the covenant and married her in Sha‘ban in the sixth year of Al-Hijra. Juwayriyya bint al-Harith (Arabic: جويرية بنت الحارث juwayriyya bint al-ḥārith) was married to prophet Muhammad when he was 58 years old and she was 20. ...

Ramlah binte Abi-Sufyan

Ramlah, the daughter of Abu Sufyan was married to ‘Ubaidullah bin Jahsh. She migrated with him to Abyssinia (Ethiopia). When ‘Ubaidullah apostatized and became a Christian, she stood fast to her religion and refused to convert. However, ‘Ubaidullah died there in Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Muhammad dispatched ‘Amr bin Omaiyah Ad-Damri with a letter to Negus, the king, asking him for Umm Habibah’s hand — that was in Muharram, in the seventh year of Al-Hijra. Negus agreed and sent her to Muhammad in the company of Sharhabeel bin Hasnah. Ramlah binte Abi-Sufyan, رملة بنت أبي سفيان, aka Umm Habiba, أم حبيبة, was the daughter of Abu Sufyan. ...

Safiyya bint Huyayy

Safiyya bint Huyayy bin Akhtab was a Jewess captured in the battle of Khaybar. Her father, Huyayy ibn Akhtab, the former chief of the Banu Nadir, had been beheaded before the battle along with the Banu Qurayza. Muhammad married her in the seventh year of Al-Hijra. Safiyya bint Huyayy (Arabic: صفية بنت حيي, c. ... Huyayy ibn Akhtab was a chief of the Banu al-Nadir, a Jewish tribe of pre-Islamic Arabia. ... The massacre of the Banu Qurayza. ...

Maymuna bint al-Harith

Maimunah bint Al-Harith was the sister of Umm Al-Fadl Lubabah bint Al-Harith. Muhammad married her after the Compensatory ‘Umrah (Lesser Pilgrimage). That was in Dhul-Qa‘dah in the seventh year of Al-Hijra.

Maria al-Qibtiyya

Maria was a Coptic Christian slave, sent as a gift from Muqawqis, a Byzantine official. Muhammad later freed her, and upon marriage she assumed the title "Mother of the believers", like all his other wives. Maria gave birth to Ibrahim, a short-lived son of Muhammad. [1] Maria al-Qibtiyya (Arabic: مارية القبطية) (alternatively, especially in non-Arabic traditions, Maria Qupthiya), or Maria the Copt, was a Coptic Christian slave who was sent as a gift from Muqawqis, a Byzantine official, to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 628 CE. According to most Islamic accounts, she was Muhammads wife. ... Jesus Christ in a Coptic icon. ...

Raihanah bint Zaid

Raihanah bint Zaid An-Nadriyah or Quraziyah - a captive from Bani Quraiza. Acccording to some sources, she was one of his wives. However, Ibn Al-Qaiyim gives more weight to the first version.[2]. She was captured as a slave after the defeat of Bani Qurayza. She later became Muslim but remained a slave. Rayhana bint Amr ibn Khunafa was a Jewish woman from the Banu Qurayza tribe. ... -1...

Muhammad's widows

The prophet's wives were revered as "Umm ul Mo'mayneen" or Mothers of the Believers; it was considered be tantamount to incest for a Muslim to marry one of Muhammad's widows. So far as history knows, none of his widows did remarry. Mother of the Believers (Arabic: Umm-al-Momineen) is a Islamic term that is given as a honorific to the Islamic prophet Muhammads wives. ...

The extent of Muhammad's property at the time of his death is unclear. Although Quran [2.180] clearly addresses issues of inheritance, Abu Bakr, the new leader of the Muslim ummah, refused to divide Muhammad's property among his widows and heirs, saying that he had heard Muhammad say, Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

"We (Prophets) do not have any heirs; what we leave behind is (to be given in) charity" [3]

However, Abu Bakr and the succeeding caliphs did make provision for Muhammad's widows and relatives out of the proceeds of the Muslim conquests. One-fifth of the spoils were to be given to the ruler, as public funds. Part of this was devoted to pensions.

Neither the wives nor the relatives were satisfied with this decision, and there are many traditions recounting their complaints to Abu Bakr and succeeding caliphs.

List of Muhammad's wives and children

Regarding Maria al-Qibtiyya ("Maria the Copt"): she was a slave given to Mohammad by the ruler of Egypt. Some say that she remained a slave; some say that she was freed and that Muhammad married her; the mother of Muhammad's short-lived son Ibrahim in 630. Khadijah bint Khuwaylid or Khadijah al-Kubra (565 AD – 623 AD) was the first wife of Muhammad. ... The Banu Asad are an ancient Arab clan from the tribe of Quraish. ... Events The first mention of the state of Karantania on monuments. ... The Avars attack Constantinople. ... Sawda bint Zama was the wife of prophet Muhammad. ... Banu Abd Shams refers to a clan within the Meccan Quraishi tribe. ... The Avars attack Constantinople. ... Aisha bint Abu Bakr (RA) (Arabic `āisha, she who lives, also transcribed as Aishah, Ayesha, Aisha, or Aisha, Turkish AyÅŸe etc. ... Banu Taim is a clan of the Quraish tribe. ... Aisha bint Abu Bakr, one of the wives of Muhammad, is traditionally believed to have been married young. ... Events Hijra - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - year one of the Islamic calendar. ... Hafsa bint Umar was the daughter of Umar ibn al-Khattab and wife of Muhammad. ... Banu Adi is a clan of the Quraish tribe. ... Events Justus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. ... Events October 27 - Pope Boniface V succeeded by Pope Honorius I. Births Adamnan, abbot of Iona Empress Wu Zetian of China Deaths Pope Boniface V Category: 625 ... Zaynab bint Khuzayma (Arabic: زينب ) was married to prophet Muhammad soon after she had been made a widow when her husband was killed at the battle of Badr. ... The Banu Hilal were an Arab tribe that migrated from Arabia into North Africa in the 11th century, having been sent by the Fatimids to punish the Zirids for abandoning Shiism. ... Events July 2 - In the early morning, Li Shimin, the future Emperor Tang Taizong of China, eliminated two of his brothers, Li Yuanji and the crown prince Li Jiancheng in a coup détat at the Xuanwu Gate in Changan. ... Events April 11 - Paulinus, a Roman missionary, baptizes King Edwin of Deira December 12 - Battle of Nineveh: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians Births Deaths November 10 - Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury Categories: 627 ... Hind bint Abi Umayya, also called as Umm Salama (Mother of Salama) (Arabic: أم سلمة هند بنت أبي أمية) was a wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. ... BanÅ« MakhzÅ«m (Arabic: بنو مخزوم) is one of the tribes of Arabia descending from the tribe of Quraish, which branched out into various tribes, the most famous being Jumah, Sahm, ‘Adi, Makhzum, Tayim, Zahra. ... Events July 2 - In the early morning, Li Shimin, the future Emperor Tang Taizong of China, eliminated two of his brothers, Li Yuanji and the crown prince Li Jiancheng in a coup détat at the Xuanwu Gate in Changan. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... The Banu Asad are an ancient Arab clan from the tribe of Quraish. ... Events October 27 - Pope Boniface V succeeded by Pope Honorius I. Births Adamnan, abbot of Iona Empress Wu Zetian of China Deaths Pope Boniface V Category: 625 ... Events April 11 - Paulinus, a Roman missionary, baptizes King Edwin of Deira December 12 - Battle of Nineveh: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians Births Deaths November 10 - Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury Categories: 627 ... Juwayriyya bint al-Harith (Arabic: جويرية بنت الحارث juwayriyya bint al-ḥārith) was married to prophet Muhammad when he was 58 years old and she was 20. ... Banu Muttalib is a Arabic sub-clan Banu Khuzaa, a clan of the Quraish tribe. ... Events April 11 - Paulinus, a Roman missionary, baptizes King Edwin of Deira December 12 - Battle of Nineveh: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians Births Deaths November 10 - Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury Categories: 627 ... Events Khusro II of Persia overthrown Pippin of Landen becomes Mayor of the Palace Brahmagupta writes the Brahmasphutasiddhanta Births Deaths Empress Suiko of Japan Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards Categories: 628 ... Ramlah bint Abu Sufyan aka Umm Habiba, the daughter of Abu Sufyan. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Events Jerusalem reconquered by Byzantine Empire from the Persian Empire (September). ... Safiyya bint Huyayy (Arabic: صفية بنت حيي, c. ... Banu Nadir (Arabic: ‎) were one of the three main Jewish tribes living in the 7th century of Medina, now in Saudi Arabia. ... This article or section is incomplete and may require expansion and/or cleanup. ... Events Jerusalem reconquered by Byzantine Empire from the Persian Empire (September). ... Maymuna bint al-Harith (Arabic: ميمونه بنت الحارث ) (died 50 A.H./670 CE) // Early life Her original name was Burrah, but Muhammad changed it to Maimunah. ... BanÅ« Hāshim (Arabic: بنو هاشم) was a clan in the Quraish tribe. ... Events Jerusalem reconquered by Byzantine Empire from the Persian Empire (September). ... Maria al-Qibtiyya (Arabic: مارية القبطية) (alternatively, especially in non-Arabic traditions, Maria Qupthiya), or Maria the Copt, was a Coptic Christian slave who was sent as a gift from Muqawqis, a Byzantine official, to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 628 CE. According to most Islamic accounts, she was Muhammads wife. ... Religions Coptic Orthodox Christianity, Coptic Catholicism, Protestantism Scriptures Bible Languages Mari, Coptic, Arabic, English, French, German A Copt (Coptic: , literally: Egyptian Christian) is a native Egyptian Christian. ... Events Khusro II of Persia overthrown Pippin of Landen becomes Mayor of the Palace Brahmagupta writes the Brahmasphutasiddhanta Births Deaths Empress Suiko of Japan Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards Categories: 628 ... Events Jerusalem reconquered by Byzantine Empire from the Persian Empire (September). ... Maria al-Qibtiyya (Arabic: مارية القبطية) (alternatively, especially in non-Arabic traditions, Maria Qupthiya), or Maria the Copt, was a Coptic Christian slave who was sent as a gift from Muqawqis, a Byzantine official, to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 628 CE. According to most Islamic accounts, she was Muhammads wife. ... Events Muhammad captures Mecca (January). ...

Children of Khadijah:

Sons:

• Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad
• Qasim ibn Muhammad

Daughters: Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad was the second son of Muhammad and Khadija. ... Qasim ibn Muhammad was the son of Muhammad. ...

• Ruqayyah bint Muhammad
• Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad
• Zainab bint Muhammad
• Fatima Zahra

Children of Maria: Ruqayyah is viewed as the daughter of Muhammad and Khadijah bint Khuwaylid by some Sunnis and some Shia but some Shia and non-Muslim argue she is the daughter of Khadijahs assumed previous husband (see Genealogy of Khadijas daughters). ... Daughter of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) ... this is a sahaba of Muhammad She is the daghter of Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, however, it is disputed if she is the daghter of Muhammad or Khadijahs assumed previous husband. ... This article is about Muhammads daughter. ...

• Ibrahim ibn Muhammad

Ibrahim ibn Muhammad (Arabic script إبرهيم بن محمد) was the male child of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Maria al-Qibtiyya. ...

Views

Muslim view

Muslim title allas Mother of the Believers, a title given to them in the Qur'an. Mother of the Believers (Arabic: Umm-al-Momineen) is an Islamic term that is given as a honorific to Muhammads wives. ...

Sunni view

Sunni's view that all wives were the best of woman, a view they say is supported by the Qur'an.

Shi'a view

Shi'a view that there is no merit in itself for being a wife of Muhammad, the merit is in each persons actions.

Monogamy versus polygamy

According to Islam, being married is the natural state of a grown-up person. A man is even allowed to have up to four wives if he can sustain them. Celibacy is not an Islamic ideal; it is discouraged as unrealistic and leading to sins such as masturbation and fornication. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Woman masturbating, 1913 drawing by Gustav Klimt. ... Fornication is a term which refers to sexual intercourse between consenting unmarried partners. ...

Many Muslims defend Muhammad's polygamy, and polygamy in general, as necessary and useful. Muhammad's marriages are explained either as political marriages, or as acts of charity towards Muslim widows. Muslims also believe that Muhammad brought a complete system of life, it was hence necessary to practically demonstrate the desirable characteristics of a marriage relationship under differing circumstances.

Many of Muhammad's detractors have criticized his conduct in having more wives than his followers. During the Medina period, he received a new revelation telling Muslim men to marry no more than four wives, and that only if they could treat them all equally.

See also

• Islam
• Criticism of Muhammad

Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... This is a sub-article to Criticism of Islam. ...

Notes

1. ^ Majid Khadduri, Marriage in Islamic Law: The Modernist Viewpoints, American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 213-218
2. ^ ^{a b} John Esposito, Islam: The Straight Path p. 79
3. ^ Esposito (1998), p.18
4. ^ ^{a b} Vacca, V "Sawda bint Zama ibn Qayyis ibn Abd Shams". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Ed. P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN. 
5. ^ Sunni view that sha was divinly chosen (Sahih Bukhari 7:62:15), Shi'a reject that hadith as fabricated. Shi'a view it as a political marriage, in order for Muhammad to get a new tribe and protector after Abu Talib died in the Year of Sorrow

• 1.^ Bahishti Zewar by Maulana Ashraf Thanvi
• 2.^ THE SEALED NECTAR Memoirs of the Noble Prophet. Chapter on the Prophetic Household by Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri
• 3.^ THE SEALED NECTAR Memoirs of the Noble Prophet. Chapter on the Prophetic Household by Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri
• 4.^ THE SEALED NECTAR Memoirs of the Noble Prophet. Chapter on the Prophetic Household by Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri
• 5.^ Bahishti Zewar by Maulana Ashraf Thanvi
• 6.^ THE SEALED NECTAR Memoirs of the Noble Prophet. Chapter on the Prophetic Household by Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri