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Muhammad, viewed by Muslims as the last prophet of Islam, was, amongst other things, a military leader during the last ten years of his life. The period of Muhammad before Medina started with his birth and ended in 622 with the Migration to Medina in 622. ... The period when Muhammad in Medina started with the Migration to Medina in 622 and ended with the Conquest of Mecca in 630. ... The period when Muhammad in Medina started with the Conquest of Mecca in 630 and ended with the his death in 632. ... Succession to Muhammad concerns the different viewpoints and beliefs that are held in relation to the succession to the leadership of the Muslim community, or ummah, after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad Muhammad died in 632 CE. in Medina following a brief illness. ... Imprint of seal stamped on letters sent by Muhammad. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Muslim beliefs concerning Muhammad in some aspects vary widely between the sects of Islam. ... Mawlid, Mawlid an-Nabi or Milad al-Nabi (Arabic: ‎) is the celebration of the birthday of Muhammad, the final prophet of Islam; also known as The Seal of the Prophets. Shia Muslims celebrate this day on the 17th of Rabi-ul-Awwal, coinciding with the birth date of the... Islamic poetry is rich in the praise of prophet Muhammad. ... Muslims have many ways to express veneration for Muhammad, as an acknowledgement of him being the final prophet of Islam. ... There is no coherent non-Muslim view of Muhammad, expect that most (with a few exceptions) do not regard him as a true prophet of God. ... Among the non-Islamic view of Muhamads historicity are views that doubt the more general account presented by the Islamic sources. ... This is a sub-article to Criticism of Islam and Non-Muslim view of Muhammad Muslims consider Muhammad to be the final and greatest prophet, the messenger of the final revelation that he called the Qur’an. ... Depictions of Muhammad usually refer to drawings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and can be a contentious matter. ... Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ... For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ...

History

Muhammad's sword

Muhammad spent his last ten years, from 622 to 632, as the leader of a Muslim community in Medina that was engaged in a state of war with the Meccans. Muhammad and the emigrees, known as the Muhajir, had earlier fled Mecca for Medina in what is known as the Hijrah. Through raids, sieges, and diplomacy, he and his followers allied with or subdued most of the tribes and cities of the Arabian peninsula in their struggle with the powerful Banu Quraish of Mecca. Combatants Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders Muhammad Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ali Amr ibn Hishām (aka AbÅ« Jahl) Abu Sufyan Strength 305-350 <900-1000 Casualties 14 killed 50-70 killed 43-70 captured The Battle of Badr (Arabic: ‎), fought March 17, 624 CE (17 Ramadan... ‹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan Strength 1,000 3,000 Casualties 75 dead Unknown The Battle of Uhud was fought on 23 March, 625 CE, between a force from the small Muslim community of Medina, in what is now north-western Arabia, and a force from... The Banu Nadir (Arabic: ‎) were one of the three main Jewish tribes living in Medina, now in Saudi Arabia, in the 7th century. ... Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan ibn Harb Strength 3,000 10,000 The Battle of Khandaq (AKA Battle of the Trench (Arabic غزوةالخندق), Battle of the Ditch, Battle of Ahzab (Arabic غزوةالاحزاب) was an attack by the city of Mecca on the city Medina in 627. ... The Banu Qurayza (Arabic بنو قريظة; alternate spellings include Quraiza, Qurayzah, Quraytha, and the archaic Koreiza) were a Jewish tribe who lived in northern Arabia during the 7th century, at the oasis of Yathrib (now known as Medina). ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... Combatants Muslims Jews of Khaybar oasis Commanders Muhammad  ? Strength 1,400 - 1,800  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Battle of Khaybar was fought in the year 629 between Muhammad and his followers against the Jews living in Khaybar, an oasis located 150 kilometers (95 miles) from Medina in the area of Hejaz of... Combatants Muslims Byzantine (Roman) Empire[1] and Ghassanids Commanders Zayd ibn Harithah Jafar ibn Abu Talib Abdullah ibn Rawahah[2] Khalid ibn al-Walid Theodorus Strength 3,000 [2] Unknown but in many reliable sources the count was(100,000sassinad-100,000easteren roman) Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... The Battle of Hunayn is the name of a battle where the prophet Muhammad participiated in the year 630 CE. Categories: Military stubs | Islam-related stubs ... The Battle of Autas or Auras was an early battle involving Muslim forces, fought in the year 630. ... The Siege of Taif took place in 630 CE, as the Muslims besieged the city of Taif after their victory in the Battle of Hunayn. ... According to the ,Ar-raheeq Al-makhtum( the sealed nectar) the prize winning Biography of the noble prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him), the battle of Tabouk in the 9th year of the Muslim calendar (which started when Mohammad peace be upon him , migrated from Makkah to Madinah). ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (346x956, 37 KB) Summary Street Scholar 14:28, 23 September 2006 (UTC) Licensing Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (346x956, 37 KB) Summary Street Scholar 14:28, 23 September 2006 (UTC) Licensing Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ... Events Hijra - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - year one of the Islamic calendar. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... Medina (Arabic: ‎ or المدينة ; also transliterated into English as Madinah) is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia. ... Mecca IPA: or Makkah (in full: Makkah al-Mukarramah; Arabic: ‎, Turkish: Mekke) is the capital city of Saudi Arabias Makkah province, in the historic Hijaz region. ... Muhajir or Mohajir is a Arabic word meaning refugee or immigrant or emigrant. ... Mecca IPA: or Makkah (in full: Makkah al-Mukarramah; Arabic: ‎, Turkish: Mekke) is the capital city of Saudi Arabias Makkah province, in the historic Hijaz region. ... Medina (Arabic: ‎ or المدينة ; also transliterated into English as Madinah) is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia. ... Hijra may refer to: Hijra (Hegira/Hijrah/Hejira) is an Arabic term referring to the migration of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622. ... There were several Tribes of Arabia during Muhammads era. ... Quraish (Arabic: ‎ transliterated: ) is one of the tribes of Arabia during Muhammads era, a Meccan tribe that the Islamic prophet Muhammad belonged to before he received the revelations of Islam. ...

They also sent out raiding parties against Arabic-speaking communities under Byzantine rulership. Muhammad was believed by the Muslims to be divinely chosen to spread the religion of God and warfare was one aspect of this struggle for the truth was clarified in its ultimate form.^[1] After initially refusing to accede to requests by his followers to fight the Meccans for what was viewed as continued provocation.^[2] he eventually proclaimed the revelations of the Quran: The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... The Quran identifies a number of men as prophets of Islam. ... For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ... Jihad, sometimes spelled Jahad, Jehad, Jihaad, Djehad, Jawwad, or Cihad, (Arabic: ‎ ) is an Islamic term, from the Arabic root (to exert utmost effort, to strive, struggle), which connotes a wide range of meanings: anything from an inward spiritual struggle to attain perfect faith to a political or military struggle. ...

"Permission to fight is given to those who are fought against because they have been wronged -truly Allah has the power to come to their support- those who were expelled from their homes without any right, merely for saying, 'Our Lord is Allah'..." (Qur'an, 22:39-40)"

granting permission to fight. After the first battle of Badr against the Quraysh, he is reported as having said "We have returned from the lesser Jihad to the greater Jihad (i.e. the struggle against the evil of one's soul)."^[3] John Esposito writes that Muhammad's use of warfare in general was alien neither to Arab custom nor to that of the Hebrew prophets, as both believed that God had sanctioned battle with the enemies of the Lord.^[4] Combatants Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders Muhammad Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ali Amr ibn Hishām (aka Abū Jahl) Abu Sufyan Strength 305-350 <900-1000 Casualties 14 killed 50-70 killed 43-70 captured The Battle of Badr (Arabic: ‎), fought March 17, 624 CE (17 Ramadan... Professor John Esposito John Louis Esposito (born 19 May 1940, Brooklyn, New York City) is a professor of International Affairs and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University. ...

Lead up to armed conflict

Upon arrival in Medina he set about the establishment of a pact known as the Constitution of Medina, to regulate the matters of governance of the city, as well as the extent and nature of inter-community relations, and signatories to it included the Muslims, the Ansar and the various Jewish tribes of Medina.^[5] The Constitution of Medina is the earliest known written constitution. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... Ansar (Arabic: الأنصار, meaning aiders, or patrons) refer to a class of warriors who are renouned for there arsenal of weapons and the speed and mobility of there arabian horse. ... This article describes some ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity; for a consideration of the Jewish religion, refer to the article Judaism. ...

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Constitution of Medina

Significant clauses of the constitution included the mutual assistance of each other if one signatory were to be attacked by a third party, the resolution that the Muslims would profess their religion and the Jews theirs, as well as the appointment of Muhammad as the leader of the state.^[6] Muslims who did not migrate were subject to increased persecution,^[7] and the threat to the life of both the Ansar and the Muslims was such that they were reported as having to sleep by their weapons all night.^[8]. ‘Abdullah bin Uabi bin Salul, who was the Madinan chief of the tribes ‘Aws and Khazraj before the Prophet’s emigration was sent an ultimatum to either fight or expel Muhammad, or face action in the form of a military campaign that would exterminate his people and enslave his women.^[9] Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Ansar (Arabic: الأنصار, meaning aiders, or patrons) refer to a class of warriors who are renouned for there arsenal of weapons and the speed and mobility of there arabian horse. ... AWS can mean: Abyss Web Server Ada Web Server Advanced Wireless Services Apple Workgroup Server Automatic Warning System for railway use. ... The Banu Khazraj (Arabic:?) was one of the tribes of Arabia during Muhammads era. ...

Sa'd ibn Mua'dh, an Ansar, went to Mecca to learn how to perform the Umrah and there was accosted by Abu Jahl at the Kaaba who threatened he would kill him, had ne not been in the company of Omaiya bin Khalaf. Sa‘d, then challenged him to commit any such folly if he wanted to court a risk to the Meccan trading caravans. ^[10] Sa’d ibn Muadh was a chief of the Banu Aus tribe in Yathrib. ... The Umrah or (Arabic: عمرة ) is a pilgrimage to Mecca performed by Muslims that can be undertaken at any time of the year. ... Categories: Wikipedia cleanup | Religion stubs ... Masjid al Haram The Kaaba ( translit: Persian: ‎ ) also known as al-Ka‘abatu’l-Musharrafat ( ), al-Baytu l-‘AtÄ«q ( ), or al-Baytu’l-Ḥarām ( The Sacred House), is a building located inside the mosque known as al-Masjidu’l-Ḥarām in Mecca. ...

As tensions esclated the Muslims began to taken defensive measures such as station guards around Muhammad and sending out reconnaissance patrols.^[11] The Muslims, who fled to Madinah, had left all their possessions and houses in Mecca, which were confiscated by their Meccans.^[2] The Muslims were initially not given permission to fight.^[2] Small groups of men were only sent for intelligence gathering, but are reported as not having followed orders to engage in violence-free missions.

Raids on Meccan caravans

Before armed conflict started between the Meccans and Medinans, Sa'd ibn Mua'dh warned the Meccans of upcoming raids. Muslims started raiding caravans going to and from Mecca. Such activities were initially denounced by Muhammad. When a group of Muslims started raiding caravans with Abu Basir, Muhammad said, "Woe to his mother! What excellent war kindler he would be, should he only have supporters".^[12] Mecca IPA: or Makkah (in full: Makkah al-Mukarramah; Arabic: ‎, Turkish: Mekke) is the capital city of Saudi Arabias Makkah province, in the historic Hijaz region. ...

It was only when they were permitted to fight, that the Muslim community started a mission to capture the wealth of meccan caravans, these expeditions were bloodless, with the first blood being spilt by the death of a guard of the Al-Hadrami caravan at Nakhlah, thereby formally setting up a blood feud from the Meccan end, though the Muslims would claim it had started when they were expelled and lost their property. It was in such a context that the Battle of Badr took place during one particular expedition in which the Muslims sought to waylay it to recoup for the property and wealth their possessions that they had been forced to abandon in Mecca, and the Meccans who unknown to the Muslims also quickly mobilized a force for it's defence.^[13] thus setting up the Battle of Badr. Abu Sufyan leading the caravan got wind of the Muslim intention and rerouted the caravan, thereby escaping and sent a message to the Meccan to return as the caravan was now safe. Thereupon, Abu Jahl exhorted the army to press on and fight the Muslims, some members refused and returned while the rest moved on to fight and were defeated by the smaller Muslim army^[14] Combatants Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders Muhammad Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ali Amr ibn Hishām (aka Abū Jahl) Abu Sufyan Strength 305-350 <900-1000 Casualties 14 killed 50-70 killed 43-70 captured The Battle of Badr (Arabic: ‎), fought March 17, 624 CE (17 Ramadan... Combatants Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders Muhammad Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ali Amr ibn Hishām (aka Abū Jahl) Abu Sufyan Strength 305-350 <900-1000 Casualties 14 killed 50-70 killed 43-70 captured The Battle of Badr (Arabic: ‎), fought March 17, 624 CE (17 Ramadan... Abu Sufyan ibn Harb was the leader of the Banu Abd Shams clan of the Quraish tribe, and was the chieftain of the entire Quraish tribe, making him one of, if not the most powerful men in Mecca during the lifetime of Muhammad. ... Categories: Wikipedia cleanup | Religion stubs ...

The Meccans then fought against the Muslims at the Battle of Uhud. They made a final attempt at the Battle of the Trench. Uhud was a battle started purely by the Meccans for retaliation to their military loss in Badr, and the Battle of the Trench was the final trial by the Meccans to end the Muslim presence. The latter was also exclusively started by the huge Meccan forces, accompanied by other armies from outside Mecca. Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan Strength 1,000 3,000 Casualties 75 dead Unknown The Battle of Uhud was fought on 23 March, 625 CE, between a force from the small Muslim community of Medina, in what is now north-western Arabia, and a force from... Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan ibn Harb Strength 3,000 10,000 The Battle of Khandaq (AKA Battle of the Trench (Arabic غزوةالخندق), Battle of the Ditch, Battle of Ahzab (Arabic غزوةالاحزاب) was an attack by the city of Mecca on the city Medina in 627. ... Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan ibn Harb Strength 3,000 10,000 The Battle of Khandaq (AKA Battle of the Trench (Arabic غزوةالخندق), Battle of the Ditch, Battle of Ahzab (Arabic غزوةالاحزاب) was an attack by the city of Mecca on the city Medina in 627. ...

Raids against other tribes

The Muslims also set their new military organization against various non-Meccan groups. Two Jewish groups were expelled from Medina. In light of a perceived betrayal of the part of their Jewish allies at the Battle of the Trench, where the Jewish leadership was believed to have allied itself with the Meccan assailants, the Muslims defeated and killed, the last remaining Jewish tribe in Medina.^{[citation needed]} The result was that the Muslims eventually became the rulers of the oasis to which they had fled as refugees.

As a result of these campaigns, some nomadic tribes decided that it was in their best interests to ally with the Muslims.^{[citation needed]} They accepted Islam, subsequently destroying their own cult figures and shrines.

Muslim alliance versus Meccan alliance

By expanding their military operations and negotiating with the nomads, the Muslims had created an alliance with greater resources than Mecca, alone, could muster.^{[citation needed]} The Meccans in their turn made alliances with Bedouin tribes. Two large alliances faced each other, poised for further warfare.

Hudaybiya

By old custom, during the months of pilgrimage, tribal hostilities stopped and all were free to visit Mecca. In March of 628, Muhammad put on the garb of a pilgim and taking a small force and camels for sacrifice, set out for Mecca.

According to the early chronicler Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad took 700 men (Guillaume 1955, p. 500). According to Watt, Muhammad took 1400 to 1600 men (Watt 1957, p. 46). Ibn Ishaq (or ibn Ishaq), (d. ...

The Meccans did not accept the Muslim professions of peaceful intent and sent out an armed party against them. The Muslims evaded them by taking a side route through the hills around Mecca, and then camped outside Mecca, at Hudaybiya. Ibn Ishaq describes a tense period of embassies and counter-embassies, including a bold foray by Uthman ibn Affan into the city of Mecca, where he was temporarily held as a hostage. The Meccans told the Muslims that Uthman had been killed and open warfare seemed imminent. Leave this page if youre under 18!! - Page contains huge lies and hardly has any facts > it will surely misguide you! Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان) (c. ...

Then the situation shifted radically. Uthman was revealed to be alive, and the Meccans expressed their willingness to negotiate a truce. The Muslims wanted to attack, but Muhammad held out for a peaceful resolution.

The treaty of Hudaybiya committed both sides to a ten-year truce. The Muslims were to be allowed to return the next year, to perform the pilgrimage.

Muslim alliance expands

Free of the Meccan threat, the Muslims expanded their activities against other oases and tribes. They conquered the rich oasis of Khaybar (see Battle of Khaybar) and sent raiding parties against the Ghatafan, Murrah, Sulaym, and Hawaizin (Watt 1957 pp. 52-53). Combatants Muslims Jews of Khaybar oasis Commanders Muhammad  ? Strength 1,400 - 1,800  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Battle of Khaybar was fought in the year 629 between Muhammad and his followers against the Jews living in Khaybar, an oasis located 150 kilometers (95 miles) from Medina in the area of Hejaz of...

Muslims take Mecca

Less than two years after the truce of Hudaybiya, the truce was broken by a squabble between tribes allied to the Meccans and Medinans. There had long been bad blood between the Khuza'ah and the Banu Bakr bin Abd Manat, and the two groups lined up on opposite sides, the Khuza'ah with the Muslims and the Banu Bakr with the Meccans. Watt (p. 62) says that some of the Quraysh helped the Banu Bakr ambush the Khuza'ah. This was apparently the work of a few men, but in the eyes of the Muslims, all of Mecca stood convicted as truce-breakers.^{[citation needed]} The Meccans sent an emissary, Abu Sufyan, to Medina to try to arrange a compromise. Accounts of what happened during Abu Sufyan's visit vary greatly.

What is known is that shortly afterwards, a large Muslim force of some 10,000 men headed for Mecca. They camped outside Mecca and the usual round of emissaries and negotiations began. Apparently Abu Sufyan had negotiated, then or earlier, a promise that he and those under him would not be attacked if they submitted. A few Meccans, from the Makhzum faction, prepared to resist.

On or near January 11, 630, Muhammad sent four columns of troops into Mecca. Only one column met any resistance. Twenty-eight Meccans were killed and the rest of those opposing the Muslim entry fled. The remaining Meccans formally submitted to Muhammad and to Islam. A few Meccans are reported to have been killed for previous offenses against the Muslims, but most of the Meccans, even those who had been notable for their opposition to Islam, were spared.

The Meccan statues of Arabian gods housed in the Kaaba were destroyed and the Kaaba was converted into a Muslim shrine.

Last two years

After the fall of Mecca, other tribes hastened to submit to the Muslims. Those who did not submit were harried until they submitted. The historian Fred Donner, in his book The Early Islamic Conquests, argues that the early Islamic state organized the nomads, the Bedouin, under the leadership of urban Arabic-speakers. This arrangement was inherently unstable as long as there were any nomads outside Muslim rule. Otherwise, any rebellious tribe had only to move its flocks and tents outside the area that the Muslims controlled in order to be free again. The Muslims would have to control the entire Syro-Arabian steppe in order to be secure. Muhammad, and the caliphs that followed him, Abu Bakr and Umar al-Khattab, put a great deal of effort into extending and solidifying these tribal treaties and conquests. Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic &#1575;&#1576;&#1608; &#1576;&#1603;&#1585; &#1575;&#1604;&#1589;&#1583;&#1610;&#1602;, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... Umar ibn al-Khattab, al-Farooq (in Arabic, &#1593;&#1605;&#1585; &#1576;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1582;&#1591;&#1575;&#1576;) (c. ...

Legacy

His efforts led to the unification of the Arabian peninsula.

Views

Muslim View

Muslims view that the Muslims fought only when attacked, or in the context of a wider war of self-defense. They argue that Muhammad was the first among the major military figures of history to lay down rules for humane warfare, and that he was scrupulous in limiting the loss of life as much as possible. The rules of war in Islam are the basic religious laws of war governing the military conduct of the mujahideen (literally those who struggle [for the Islamic faith]). These rules are part of a broader Islamic military doctrine encompassed by what some Muslims call Lesser Jihad. ...

Javed Ahmed Ghamidi writes in Mizan that there are certain directives of the Qur’an pertaining to war which were specific only to the Prophet Muhammad against Divinely specified peoples of his times (the polytheists and the Israelites and Nazarites of Arabia and some other Jews, Christians, et al) as a form of Divine punishment -- for they had persistently denied the truth of the Prophet's mission even after it had been made conclusively evident to them by God through the Prophet, and asked the polytheists of Arabia for submission to Islam as a condition for exoneration and the others for jizya and submission to the political authority of the Muslims for exemption from death punishment and for military protection as the dhimmis of the Muslims. Therefore, after the Prophet and his companions, there is no concept in Islam obliging Muslims to wage war for propagation or implementation of Islam, hence now, the only valid reason for war is to end oppression when all other measures have failed.^[1][15] Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (1951—) is a well-known Pakistani scholar, exegete, and educationist. ... Mizan (literal meaning balance or scale, Urdu:ميزان) is a comprehensive treatise on the contents of Islam written by Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, a Pakistani Sunni Islamic scholar. ... The Quran (Arabic: al-qurān literally the recitation; also called Al Qurān Al KarÄ«m or The Noble Quran; or transliterated Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ... Polytheism is belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities. ... An Israelite is a member of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, descended from the twelve sons of the Biblical patriarch Jacob who was renamed Israel by God in the book of Genesis, 32:28 The Israelites were a group of Hebrews, as described in the Bible. ... -1... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... In states ruled by Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (Arabic: جزْية) is a per capita tax imposed on non-Muslim adult males. ... A Dhimmi, or Zimmi (Arabic &#1584;&#1605;&#1617;&#1610;), as defined in classical Islamic legal and political literature, is a person living in a Muslim state who is a member of an officially tolerated non-Muslim religion. ...

Non-Muslim view

Muhammad's critics often hold that the Muslims engaged in wars of aggression, that they caused much bloodshed and suffering, that they imposed Islam at the point of a sword, and that Muhammad's conduct is not an example to be imitated ^{[original research?]}. Conversely, other non-Muslims academics believe that Muhammad was a reluctant warrior, such that he disliked fighting except when he believed it to be absolutely necessary.^[16] For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ...

Ibn Ishaq's list of Muhammad's battles

The early chronicler Ibn Ishaq gave a list of all the raids or battles in which Muhammad joined or fought. The list is: Ibn Ishaq (or ibn Ishaq), (d. ...

Ibn Ishaq continues: "He actually fought in nine engagements: Badr; Uhud; Al-Khandaq; Qurayza; al-Mustaliq; Khaybar; the occupation; Hunayn; and al-Ta'if." (Guillaume 1955 pp. 659-660) Combatants Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders Muhammad Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ali Amr ibn Hishām (aka AbÅ« Jahl) Abu Sufyan Strength 305-350 <900-1000 Casualties 14 killed 50-70 killed 43-70 captured The Battle of Badr (Arabic: ‎), fought March 17, 624 CE (17 Ramadan... Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan Strength 1,000 3,000 Casualties 75 dead Unknown The Battle of Uhud was fought on 23 March, 625 CE, between a force from the small Muslim community of Medina, in what is now north-western Arabia, and a force from... The Banu Nadir (Arabic: ‎) were one of the three main Jewish tribes living in Medina, now in Saudi Arabia, in the 7th century. ... The Banu Qurayza (Arabic بنو قريظة; alternate spellings include Quraiza, Qurayzah, Quraytha, and the archaic Koreiza) were a Jewish tribe who lived in northern Arabia during the 7th century, at the oasis of Yathrib (now known as Medina). ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... Combatants Muslims Jews of Khaybar oasis Commanders Muhammad  ? Strength 1,400 - 1,800  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Battle of Khaybar was fought in the year 629 between Muhammad and his followers against the Jews living in Khaybar, an oasis located 150 kilometers (95 miles) from Medina in the area of Hejaz of... The Farewell Pilgrimage (arabic: Hujjat al-wada) was the last pilgrimage the Islamic prophet Muhammad participated in, in 632 CE (10 AH). ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... The Battle of Hunayn is the name of a battle where the prophet Muhammad participiated in the year 630 CE. Categories: Military stubs | Islam-related stubs ... The Siege of Taif took place in 630 CE, as the Muslims besieged the city of Taif after their victory in the Battle of Hunayn. ... The Battle of Tabouk (also called the Battle of Tabuk) took place in October 630 AD, during the month of Ramadan. ...

See also

• Rules of war in Islam
• Jihad
• Itmaam-i-hujjat

The rules of war in Islam are the basic religious laws of war governing the military conduct of the mujahideen (literally those who struggle [for the Islamic faith]). These rules are part of a broader Islamic military doctrine encompassed by what some Muslims call Lesser Jihad. ... Jihad, sometimes spelled Jahad, Jehad, Jihaad, Djehad, Jawwad, or Cihad, (Arabic: ‎ ) is an Islamic term, from the Arabic root (to exert utmost effort, to strive, struggle), which connotes a wide range of meanings: anything from an inward spiritual struggle to attain perfect faith to a political or military struggle. ... Itmaam-i-hujjat is an Islamic term, used when truth has been clarified in its ultimate form. ...

References

1. ^ ^a b Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, Mizan, Chapter:The Islamic Law of Jihad, Dar ul-Ishraq, 2001. OCLC: 52901690 [1]
2. ^ ^a b c Bawa Muhaiyudeen, "Islam and World Peace - Explanations of a Sufi, ISBN 0-914390-30-9, Online Extract, last accessed 23 September 2006
3. ^ BBC Article - Religion & Ethics Islam, last accessed 23 September 2006. The authenticity of this quote is the focus of some debate, however it is quite widely reported and of significant influence among Sufi's.
4. ^ John Esposito(2005), Islam: The Straight Path, p.15
5. ^ Ibn Hisham, as-Seerat an-Nabawiyyah, Vol. I p. 501.
6. ^ al-Mubarakpuri (2002) p.230
7. ^ al-Mubarakpuri (2002) [2]
8. ^ "When the Holy Prophet and his Companions came to Madina, and the helpers gave them shelter, all the Arabs combined to fight them. The Companions had to sleep by their weapons, till the morning" (Hakim and Darimi, quoted in Shibli's Sirat an-Nabi, p. 308)
9. ^ al-Mubarakpuri [3]
10. ^ Sahih Bukhari, 5:59:286
11. ^ al-Mubarakpuri [4]
12. ^ Sahih Bukhari, 3:50:891
13. ^ al-Mubarakpuri [5]
14. ^ al-Mubarakpuri [6]
15. ^ Misplaced Directives, Renaissance, Al-Mawrid Institute, Vol. 12, No. 3, March 2002.[7]
16. ^ Forward (1998) Muhammad: A Short Biography. Oxford: OneWorld Publishers. ISBN 1851681310. p. 27

also: Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (1951—) is a well-known Pakistani scholar, exegete, and educationist. ... Mizan (literal meaning balance or scale, Urdu:ميزان) is a comprehensive treatise on the contents of Islam written by Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, a Pakistani Sunni Islamic scholar. ... Sufism (Arabic &#1578;&#1589;&#1608;&#1601; tas&#803;awwuf) is a system of esoteric philosophy commonly associated with Islam. ... Professor John Esposito John Louis Esposito (born 19 May 1940, Brooklyn, New York City) is a professor of International Affairs and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University. ... Sahih Bukhari is one of the Sunni six major Hadith collections (Hadith are oral traditions recounting events in the lives of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers). ... Sahih Bukhari is one of the Sunni six major Hadith collections (Hadith are oral traditions recounting events in the lives of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers). ... Al-Mawrid is an Islamic research institute in Lahore, Pakistan. ...

• Donner, Fred, The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton University Press, 1981
• Guillaume, A., The Life of Muhammad, Oxford University Press, 1955
• Watt, Montgomery, Muhammad at Medina, Oxford University Press, 1957
• al-Mubarakpuri, Saif-ur-Rahman (2002). al-Raheeq al-Makhtoom, "The Sealed Nectar". Islamic University of Medina. Riyadh: Darussalam publishers. ISBN 1-59144-071-8.

External links

• Imam Muhammad Shirazi, "War, Peace and Nonviolence: An Islamic Perspective"