For other people named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation).

Prophet Muḥammad (Arabic: محمد‎ also Mohammed and other variants) (c. 570–632) is a major figure in Islam. Muslims believe he was God's final prophet, to whom the Qur'an was revealed. Non-Muslims consider him to be the founder of Islam. Muhammad, (Arabic محمد, also transliterated Mohammad, Mohammed, Mohamed, Muhammed, Mahommed, Mehmed, Mehmet, and Mahomet (Latin Mahometus), c. ... Image File history File links Sound-icon. ... The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing in the Arabic language. ... Events First mention of the Spear of Destiny (approximate date). ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ) is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the Quran. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... Muslim beliefs concerning Muhammad in some aspects vary widely between the sects of Islam. ... Image:Http://www. ... Muslims believe that Muhammad was the last Prophet and Messenger of the monotheistic Abrahamic tradition, and that the Quran is the last revelation of God. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The , , (Arabic: recitation, also transliterated as Quran, Quran, Quran, Koran, and Alcoran), is the holy book of Islam. ... For information on the last book of the New Testament see the Book of Revelation. ...

According to traditional Muslim biographers, Muhammad was born (c. 570 in Mecca) and died (June 8, 632 in Medina) in the Hejaz region of present day Saudi Arabia. This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Hejaz (also Hijaz, Hedjaz; Arabic: al-Ḥiǧāz) is a region in the northwest of present-day Saudi Arabia; its main city is Jeddah, but it is probably better-known for the holy city of Mecca. ...

The name Muhammad means "the praised one" in Arabic, being a passive participle from the root ḥmd حمد "to praise". Within Islam, Muhammad is known as "The Prophet" and "The Messenger". The Qur'an (33:40) also refers to him as the "Seal of the Prophets" (Arabic: khatam an-nabiyyīn). The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... In grammar, voice is the relationship between the action or state expressed by a verb, and its arguments (subject, object, etc. ... In linguistics, a participle is a verbal adjective. ... In the terminology used to discuss the grammar of the Semitic languages, a triliteral is a root containing a sequence of three consonants (so also known as a triconsonantal root). ... Seal of the Prophets (Khatam-an-Nabi) is a title given to Muhammad by a verse in the Quran (33:40). ...

Summary

"Muhammad" in Arabic calligraphy.

This minimalist account would be accepted by even sceptical academics. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1294x1256, 291 KB) „Muhammad“ von Hattat Aziz Efendi. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1294x1256, 291 KB) „Muhammad“ von Hattat Aziz Efendi. ...

Born Muhammad ibn `Abdu'llah ibn `Abdu'l-Muttalib, he is said to have initially been a merchant who traveled widely. Muhammad often retreated to the mountains outside Mecca, for prayer and contemplation. Muslims believe that in 610, at about the age of forty, while praying in one of these mountain caves called Hira, he was visited by the Angel Gabriel, who commanded him to memorize and recite the verses sent by God. These verses were later collected as part of the Qur'an. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Merchants function as professionals who deal with trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves, in order to produce profit. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... The Cave of Hira is the location where Muhammad, according to Islam, received his first revelations from the angel Gabriel(جبريل ). It is located at the peak of Jabal al-Nour (Mountain of Light) in Saudi Arabia. ... The Annunciation - the Angel Gabriel announces to Mary that she will bear Jesus (El Greco, 1575) An angel is an ethereal being found in many religions, whose duties are to assist and serve God. ... 12th-century icon of Archangel Gabriel from Novgorod. ... The , , (Arabic: recitation, also transliterated as Quran, Quran, Quran, Koran, and Alcoran), is the holy book of Islam. ...

He expanded his mission as a prophet, publicly preaching strict monotheism and warning of a Day of Judgment when all humans shall be held responsible for their deeds. He did not completely reject Judaism and Christianity, two other monotheistic faiths known to the Arabs, but said that he had been sent by God in order to complete and perfect those teachings. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Monotheism (in Greek μόνος = single and θεός = God) is the belief in the existence of one God, or in the oneness of God. ... Yawm al-Qiyâmah (يوم القيامة; literally: Day of the Resurrection (Quran 71. ... Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people with around 15 million followers as of 2006 [1]. It is one of the first recorded monotheistic faiths and one of the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. ... Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, known by Christians as Jesus Christ, as recounted in the New Testament. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are a large and heterogeneous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ...

Many in Mecca resented his preaching and persecuted him and his followers. Eventually, in 622, he was forced to flee from Mecca in a journey known to Muslims as the Hijra (The Migration). He settled in Yathrib (now known as Medina) with his followers, where he was the leader of the first avowedly Muslim community. For other uses see Hijra. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ...

War between factions in Mecca and Medina followed, in which Muhammad and his followers were victorious. They had in great part achieved their victory by building a tribal coalition. After the conquest of Mecca, the coalition was extended. By the time of Muhammad's death, he had unified much of Arabia under his rule, and launched military expeditions to the north, towards Syria and Palestine. The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ...

Under Muhammad's immediate successors, the Islamic empire expanded into Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, North Africa, and Iberia. Later conquests, commercial contact between Muslims and non-Muslims, and missionary activity spread Islam over much of the Eastern Hemisphere. Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Motto: Persian: Esteqlāl, āzādÄ«, jomhÅ«rÄ«-ye eslāmÄ« (English: Independence, freedom, (the) Islamic Republic) Anthem: SorÅ«d-e MellÄ«-e Īrān Capital Tehran Largest city Tehran Official language(s) Persian Government Supreme Leader President Islamic republic Ali Khamenei Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Revolution Declared Overthrew Mohammad Reza Pahlavi... Marrakesh, Morocco, in front of Atlas Mountains in Maghreb The Maghreb (المغرب العربي ; also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb), meaning western in Arabic, is the region of Africa north of the Sahara Desert and west of the Nile — specifically, coinciding with the Atlas Mountains. ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... A missionary is a propagator of religion, often an evangelist or other representative of a religious community who works among those outside of that community. ... Ä…Link title // Headline text Headline text Headline text Headline text Headline text Media:Example. ...

Sources

Main article: Historiography of early Islam

Most biographical sources of Muhammad were written by Muslims and were recorded in writing centuries after his death. There are no references in non-Muslim historical records from the 7th century, and no inscriptions or archaeological remains from that time. The historiography of early Islam is the study of how various historians have treated the events of the first two centuries of Islamic history. ...

The dates often given for Muhammad's life are 570-632 CE. The earliest biography known is the Life of the Apostle of God, by Ibn Ishaq who was born about 717 and died in 767. He thus wrote his biography well over 100 years after Mohammed died. He would not have been able to speak to any eyewitnesses, only to those who had heard their accounts, or accounts of their accounts. Furthermore, we possess Ibn Ishaq's work only in fragments quoted in a compilation of anecdotes and traditions composed by Islamic historian Ibn Hisham[1] (???-834) and al-Tabari (838-923). Other sources for biographies of Muhammad are: the military chronicles of Waqidi (745-822), the biographies of Ibn Sa'd (783-845), a student of Waqidi, later histories, Quranic commentaries, and the collections of oral traditions known as hadith. These texts were recorded more than a century, and often several centuries, after the death of Muhammad. There are some passages in the Qur'an that are believed to shed some light on Muhammad's biography, however, they require a great deal of interpretation to be useful. Ibn Ishaq (or ibn Ishaq), (d. ... Ibn Hisham, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Malik (d. ... The name al-Tabari means simply from Tabaristan, thus more than one Muslim scholar is known by this designation: Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, Ali the scholar from Tabiristan (838-870 A.D.) was the writer of a medical encyclopedia and the teacher of the scholar physician Zakariya al... al-Waqidi الواقدي (d. ... Ibn Sad was a Sunni Muslim scholar of Islam. ... Hadith (Arabic: hadÄ«th, Arabic pl. ...

Some skeptical scholars (Wansbrough, Cook, Crone, and others) have raised doubts about the reliability of the Islamic sources, especially the hadith collections. They believe that many hadith, and other traditions, were manufactured, or doctored, to support one or another of the many political or doctrinal factions that had developed within Islam in its first century or later. The life of Muhammad was believed to be the exemplar for all Muslims; hence the importance of showing that Muhammad said or did something proving that a particular faction was right. If the sceptics are right, and much of the early material cannot really be trusted, then all that is factually known is what is contained in the summary above. John Edward Wansbrough (19 February 1928, Peoria Illinois - 10 June 2002, Montaigu-de-Quercy France) was a historian of Islam who taught at SOAS in London. ... Patricia Crone (born 1945, Denmark) is a scholar of Islam working at the Institute for Advanced Study. ...

Other academic scholars, such as Montgomery Watt and Wilferd Madelung, have been much more willing to trust the Islamic sources. Their accounts of the life of Muhammad are similar to those held by most believing Muslims. These theological "traditionalists," both Muslim and non-Muslim, paint a much more detailed picture of Muhammad's life. William Montgomery Watt is a English Islamic scholar. ... Wilferd Madelung is the Laudian Professor of Arabic at the University of Oxford. ...

There is a great deal of possibly unreliable material for a life of Muhammad and very little that is accepted by all non-Muslim academics. Gregor Schoeler summarizes it, in a 2003 article:

"The current research on the life of Muhammad is characterized by the fact that two groups of researchers stand directly opposed to one another: The one group advocates, somewhat aggressively, the conviction that all transmitted traditions, in part because of great inner contradictions, legendary forms, and so forth, are to be rejected. The other group is opposed to that view. According to these researchers, the Islamic transmission, despite all these defects, has at least a genuine core, which can be recognized using the appropriate source-critical methods. The difficulty certainly consists of finding criteria by which the genuine is to be differentiated from spurious." ^[1]

Many (but not all) of the first group of scholars would probably accept the summary given above. The second group of academics is more willing to accept the traditional Muslim accounts, shorn of hagiography and supernatural claims and based on the earliest accounts rather than later traditions. This version of the biography follows.

Many Muslims accept even fuller accounts of Muhammad's life. They believe traditions not credited by non-Muslim scholars. However, Muslims are not of one mind on the subject. Some Muslims accept "naturalistic" versions pared of most supernatural elements; some Muslims believe in versions of Muhammad's life full of miracles. There are versions of Muhammad's life favoring different traditions within Islam. A Sunni version of Muhammad's life is very different from a Shi'a version. It is impossible to present one Muslim version. However, a few of the commonest traditions, ones that are not accepted by academics but widely believed by Muslims, are covered in a final section. Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ...

His life according to selected Islamic traditions

This account would be accepted by the traditionalist non-Muslim academics, and also by most Muslims.

Genealogy

"Muhammad" in Arabic calligraphy.

According to tradition, Muhammad traced his genealogy back as far as Adnan, whom the northern Arabs believed to be their common ancestor. Adnan in turn is said to be a descendant of Ismaeel (Ishmael), son of Ibrahim (Abraham) though the exact genealogy is disputed. Muhammad's genealogy up to Adnan is as follows: Image File history File links Muhammad_callig. ... Genealogy is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. ... Adnan is the traditional ancestor of the northern Arabs, as compared to Qahtan father of Southern Arabs, said to be a descendant of Ishmael through his son Kedar. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are a large and heterogeneous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... Ishmael (יִשְׁמָעֵאל God hears or obeys, Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew , Arabic إسماعيل Ismāīl) is Abrahams eldest son, born by his servant Hagar. ... It has been suggested that Abraham (Hebrew Bible) be merged into this article or section. ...

Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib (Shaiba) ibn Hashim (Amr) ibn Abd Manaf (al-Mughira) ibn Qusai (Zaid) ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka`b ibn Lu'ay ibn Ghalib ibn Fahr (Quraish) ibn Malik ibn an-Nadr (Qais) ibn Kinana ibn Khuzaimah ibn Mudrikah (Amir) ibn Ilyas ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma`ad ibn Adnan. (ibn means "son of" in Arabic; alternate names of people with two names are given in parentheses.) [2] Abd-Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib (545-570) (Arabic: عبدالله بن عبد المطلب) was the son of Shaiba ibn Hashim. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Hashim ibn Abd al-Manaf (died ca. ... Quraish (Arabic: ) refers to the Meccan tribe that Muhammad belonged to. ... Adnan is the traditional ancestor of the northern Arabs, as compared to Qahtan father of Southern Arabs, said to be a descendant of Ishmael through his son Kedar. ...

He was also called Abul-Qaasim by some meaning "father of Qaasim", after his short-lived first son.

Childhood

Muhammad was born into a well-to-do family settled in the northern Arabian town of Mecca. Some calculate his birthdate as 20 April 570, while Shi'a Muslims believe it to be 26 April 570, and the Book of Days by Robert Chambers points to 10 November 570. Other sources calculate the year of his birth to be 571; tradition places it in the Year of the Elephant. Muhammad's father, Abdullah, had died almost six months before he was born and the young boy was brought up by his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib, of the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraish tribe. At the age of six, Muhammad lost his mother Amina and at the age of eight his grandfather Abd al-Muttalib, who had become his guardian, also died. Muhammad now came under the care of his uncle Abu Talib, the new leader of the Hashim clan of the Quraish tribe, the most powerful in Mecca. This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... April 20 is the 110th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (111th in leap years). ... Events First mention of the Spear of Destiny (approximate date). ... Shia Islam, also Shi`ite Islam or Shi`ism (Arabic: ‎ translit: Persian: ‎ ) is the second largest denomination of the religion of Islam. ... April 26 is the 116th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (117th in leap years). ... Events First mention of the Spear of Destiny (approximate date). ... Robert Chambers (10 July 1802 – 17 March 1871), Scottish author and publisher, was born in Peebles. ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... Events First mention of the Spear of Destiny (approximate date). ... Events The Monophysites again reject the Council of Chalcedon, causing another schism. ... The Year of the Elephant (عام الفيل `Âm al-Fîl) is estimated at 570 AD. According to early Islamic historians such as Ibn Ishaq, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abraha, had built a great church in Sanaa intended to lure the Arabs away from the Kaaba; a man of Quraysh... Abd-Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib (545-570) (Arabic: عبدالله بن عبد المطلب) was the son of Shaiba ibn Hashim. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Banu Hashim (Arabic: بنو هاشم) is a clan in the Quraish tribe. ... A clan is a group of people united by kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor. ... Quraish (Arabic: ) refers to the Meccan tribe that Muhammad belonged to. ... Viewed historically or developmentally, a tribe consists of a social formation existing before the development of, or outside of, states. ... Aminah bint Wahab (Arabic: آمنة بنت وهب) was Muhammads mother and was married to Abdallah ibn Abd al-Muttalib. ... Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib (d. ... Hashim ibn Abd al-Manaf (died ca. ...

Mecca was a thriving commercial centre, due in great part to a stone temple (now called the Kaaba) that housed many different idols. Merchants from different tribes would visit Mecca during the pilgrimage season, when all inter-tribal warfare was forbidden and they could trade in safety. While still in his teens, Muhammad began accompanying his uncle on trading journeys to Syria. He thus became well-travelled and knowledgeable as to foreign ways. Masjid al Haram The Kaaba (Arabic: ‎ translit: Persian: ‎) also known as al-Ka‘abatu’l-Musharrafat (Arabic: ‎), al-Baytu l-‘Atīq (Arabic: ‎), or al-Baytu’l-Ḥarām (Arabic: ‎ The Sacred House), is a building located inside the mosque known as al-Masjidu’l-Ḥarām in...

Middle years

Muhammad became a merchant and one of his employers was Khadijah, a widow who is said to have been forty years old. The young twenty-five-year old Muhammad had impressed Khadijah, and she proposed to him in the year 595. Khadijah (Arabic: ‎) (555 - 619) was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. ... Events The first mention of the state of Karantania on monuments. ...

Ibn Ishaq records that Khadijah bore Muhammad five children: one son and four daughters. All of Khadija's children were born before Muhammad received his first revelation. His son Qasim died at the age of two. The four daughters are said to be Zainab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatima. Ibn Ishaq (or ibn Ishaq), (d. ... For information on the last book of the New Testament see the Book of Revelation. ... Qasim ibn Muhammad was the son of Muhammad. ... this is a sahaba of Muhammad She is the daghter of Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, however, it is disputed if she is the daghter of Muhammad or Khadijahs assumed previous husband. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Daughter of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) ... Fatima Zahra also called Fatemeh Al Zahraa or Az-Zahra (Arabic: ) was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his first wife Khadija. ...

The Shi'a say that Muhammad had only the one daughter, Fatima, and that the other daughters were either children of Khadijah by her previous marriage, or children of her sister. Shia Islam, also Shi`ite Islam or Shi`ism (Arabic: ‎ translit: Persian: ‎ ) is the second largest denomination of the religion of Islam. ...

Events The Nubian kingdom of Alodia is converted to Christianity, according to John of Ephesus. ... Events First mention of the Spear of Destiny (approximate date). ... April 20 is the 110th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (111th in leap years). ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Events First mention of the Spear of Destiny (approximate date). ... Events Births Deaths Categories: 576 ... Events Tiberius II Constantine succeeds Justin II as Byzantine Emperor Births Deaths July 30 - Jacob Baradaeus, bishop of Edessa October 5 - Justin II, Roman emperor Northern Zhou Wu Di, Chinese ruler John Malalas, Byzantine chronicler Categories: 578 ... Categories: 583 ... Events The first mention of the state of Karantania on monuments. ... Khadija (Arabic: خديجه ) was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad and the first female convert to Islam, the new religion he had begun to preach. ... Events October 4 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor. ... Events October 4 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor. ... The Quran identifies a number of men as prophets of Islam. ... Events Clotaire II reunites the Frankish kingdoms by ordering the murder of Sigebert II. Saint Columbanus founds the monastery of Bobbio in northern Italy. ... Events The Persian Empire under general Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusalem; the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is damaged by fire and the True Cross is captured. ... Events The Edict of Paris grants extensive rights to the Frankish nobility. ... Motto: none Anthem: Wodefit Gesgeshi, Widd Innat Ityoppya (March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia) Capital Addis Ababa Largest city Addis Ababa Official language(s) Amharic Government President Prime Minister Federal republic1 Girma Wolde-Giorgis Meles Zenawi Independence Liberation Day N.A. Area  - Total    - Water (%)   1,104,300 km² (26th) 426... Events Eadbald succeeds Ethelbert as king of Kent. ... Banu Hashim (Arabic: بنو هاشم) is a clan in the Quraish tribe. ... Events End of the Sui Dynasty and beginning of the Tang Dynasty in China. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... This article is about the year 619; for the number, see 619 (number). ... Events Medina is converted to Islam. ... Isra is an Arabic word referring to what Muslims regard as Muhammads miraculous night journey from Mecca to Jerusalem - specifically, to the site of Masjid al-Aqsa - alluded to in Surat Al-Isra 1: سبحان الذي أسرى بعبده ليلاً من المسجد الحرام إلى المسجد الأقصى الذي باركنا حوله Glory... Events Hijra - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - year one of the Islamic calendar. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... For other uses see Hijra. ... Events Justus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. ... Combatants Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders Muhammad Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ali Amr ibn Hishām (aka AbÅ« Jahl) Abu Sufyan Strength 305-350 <900-1000 Casualties 14 killed 50-70 killed 43-70 captured The Battle of Badr (Arabic غزوة بدر), fought March 17, 624 CE (17 Ramadan... Events October 27 - Pope Boniface V succeeded by Pope Honorius I. Births Adamnan, abbot of Iona Empress Wu Zetian of China Deaths Pope Boniface V Category: 625 ... Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan Strength 1,000 3,000 Casualties 75 dead Unknown The Battle of Uhud was fought on 23 March, 625 CE, between a force from the small Muslim community of Medina, in what is now north-western Arabia, and a force from... Events October 27 - Pope Boniface V succeeded by Pope Honorius I. Births Adamnan, abbot of Iona Empress Wu Zetian of China Deaths Pope Boniface V Category: 625 ... Events July 2 - In the early morning, Li Shimin, the future Emperor Tang Taizong of China, eliminated two of his brothers, Li Yuanji and the crown prince Li Jiancheng in a coup détat at the Xuanwu Gate in Changan. ... Events Khusro II of Persia overthrown Pippin of Landen becomes Mayor of the Palace Brahmagupta writes the Brahmasphutasiddhanta Births Deaths Empress Suiko of Japan Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards Categories: 628 ... Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan ibn Harb Strength 3,000 10,000 The Battle of Khandaq (AKA Battle of the Trench (Arabic غزوةالخندق), Battle of the Ditch, Battle of Ahzab (Arabic غزوةالاحزاب) was an attack by the city of Mecca on the city Medina in 627. ... Events April 11 - Paulinus, a Roman missionary, baptizes King Edwin of Deira December 12 - Battle of Nineveh: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians Births Deaths November 10 - Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury Categories: 627 ... Events April 11 - Paulinus, a Roman missionary, baptizes King Edwin of Deira December 12 - Battle of Nineveh: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians Births Deaths November 10 - Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury Categories: 627 ... Events Khusro II of Persia overthrown Pippin of Landen becomes Mayor of the Palace Brahmagupta writes the Brahmasphutasiddhanta Births Deaths Empress Suiko of Japan Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards Categories: 628 ... Treaty of Hudaybiyya (628) In the name of Allah. ... Events Khusro II of Persia overthrown Pippin of Landen becomes Mayor of the Palace Brahmagupta writes the Brahmasphutasiddhanta Births Deaths Empress Suiko of Japan Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards Categories: 628 ... Masjid al Haram The Kaaba (Arabic: ‎ translit: Persian: ‎) also known as al-Ka‘abatu’l-Musharrafat (Arabic: ‎), al-Baytu l-‘AtÄ«q (Arabic: ‎), or al-Baytu’l-HÌ£arām (Arabic: ‎ The Sacred House), is a building located inside the mosque known as al-Masjidu’l-HÌ£arām in... Events Khusro II of Persia overthrown Pippin of Landen becomes Mayor of the Palace Brahmagupta writes the Brahmasphutasiddhanta Births Deaths Empress Suiko of Japan Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards Categories: 628 ... Combatants Muslims Ghatafan and Fazarah Jews The Battle of Khaybar was an Islamic battle. ... Events Jerusalem reconquered by Byzantine Empire from the Persian Empire (September). ... The Hajj (Arabic: ‎ translit: ) is the Pilgrimage to Mecca in Islam. ... Events Jerusalem reconquered by Byzantine Empire from the Persian Empire (September). ... Byzantine Empire (Greek: Βασιλεία Ρωμαίων) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Mutah is a Arabic word meaning joy, for other uses, see Muta The word is used in the name of the Battle of Mutah. ... Events Muhammad captures Mecca (January). ... Events Muhammad captures Mecca (January). ... The Battle of Hunayn is the name of a battle where the prophet Muhammad participiated in the year 630 CE. Categories: Military stubs | Islam-related stubs ... Events Muhammad captures Mecca (January). ... Events Muhammad captures Mecca (January). ... The term theocracy is commonly used to describe a form of government in which a religion or faith plays the dominant role. ... Events Battle of Wogastisburg between Slavs led by Samo and Dagobert I, king of the Franks Births Deaths Categories: 631 ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... language|Arabic]]:الغساسنة) were [[Arab Christian|Arab it is assumed that the Ghassanids adopted the religion of Christianity from the native Aramaeans and Romans. ... Tabuk (also spelled Tabouk) is the capital city of the Tabuk province in north western Saudi Arabia. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... The Hajj (Arabic: ‎ translit: ) is the Pilgrimage to Mecca in Islam. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ...

The first revelations

Muhammad had a reflective turn of mind and routinely spent nights in a cave (Hira) near Mecca in meditation and thought. Muslims believe that around the year 610, while meditating, Muhammad was visited by the Angel Gabriel. The Cave of Hira is the location where Muhammad, according to Islam, received his first revelations from the angel Gabriel(جبريل ). It is located at the peak of Jabal al-Nour (Mountain of Light) in Saudi Arabia. ... Meditation is the practice of focusing the mind, often formalized into a specific routine. ... 12th-century icon of Archangel Gabriel from Novgorod. ...

His wife Khadijah and her Christian cousin Waraqah ibn Nawfal were the first to believe Muhammad was a prophet. She was soon followed by his ten-year-old cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib, Abu Bakr, one of Muhammad's close friends and Zaid bin Haarith, his adopted son. Khadijah (Arabic: ‎) (555 - 619) was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. ... Waraqah ibn Nawfal, Waraqah ibn Nawfal ibn Assad ibn al-Azi ibn Kassi Al-Korshy (Arabic ورقه بن نوفل بن أسد بن عبد العزي بن قصي القرشي ) is the parental cousin of Khadijas, Muhammads first wife. ... ‘AlÄ« ibn AbÄ« Ṭālib (Arabic: ‎ Persian: ‎ )‎ (599 – 661) is an early Islamic leader. ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ...

Until his death, Muhammad reportedly received frequent revelations, although there was a relatively long gap after the first revelation. This silence worried him, until he received surat ad-Dhuha, whose words provided comfort and reassurance. Surat Ad-Dhuha (Arabic: , The Morning Hours, Morning Bright) is the 93rd sura of the Quran with 11 ayat. ...

Around 613, Muhammad began to spread his message amongst the people. Most of those who heard his message ignored it. A few mocked him. Others, believed and joined him.

Rejection

As the ranks of Muhammad's followers swelled, he became a threat to the local tribes and the rulers of the city. Their wealth, after all, rested on the Kaaba, a sacred house of idols and the focal point of Meccan religious life. If they threw out their idols, as Muhammad preached, there would be no more pilgrims, no more trade, and no more wealth. Muhammad’s denunciation of the Meccan traditional religion was especially offensive to his own tribe, the Quraysh, as they were the guardians of the Ka'aba. Muhammad and his followers were persecuted. Some of them fled to the Ethiopian Kingdom of Aksum and founded a small colony there under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian king (called Al-Negashi, or " The King"). The Quraysh attempted to persuade the king to expel the Muslims on grounds that their faith was contadictory to his Christian following. The Muslims were allowed to stay when they demonstrated that the Qur'an paid great respect to Jesus and Mary. Quraish (Arabic: ) refers to the Meccan tribe that Muhammad belonged to. ... The Kingdom of Aksum (or Axum), was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, growing from ca. ...

Several suras and parts of suras are said to date from this time, and reflect its circumstances: see for example al-Masadd, al-Humaza, parts of Maryam and al-Anbiya, al-Kafirun, and Abasa. The 111th Sura of the Quran. ... Surat Al-Humaza (The Traducer, The Gossipmonger) is the 4th sura of the Quran, with 9 ayat. ... Sura Maryam (Arabic: سورة مريم ) (Mary) is the 19th sura of the Quran. ... Surat al-Anbiya (The Prophets) is the 21st sura of the Quran. ... The 109th Sura of the Quran. ... Surat Abasa (Arabic: سورة عبس ) (He Frowned) is the 80Th sura of the Quran with 42 ayat. ...

In 619, both Muhammad's wife Khadijah and his uncle Abu Talib died; it was known as aamul hazn ("the year of sorrows.") Muhammad's own clan withdrew their protection of him. Muslims patiently endured persecution: ostracism, an economic embargo and consequent poverty and hunger, even beatings and death threats.

Isra and Miraj

Some time in 620, Muhammad told his followers that he had experienced the Isra and Miraj, a miraculous journey said to have been accomplished in one night along with Angel Gabriel. In the first part of the journey, the Isra, he is said to have travelled from Mecca to the furthest mosque. In the second part, the Miraj, Muhammad is said to have toured Heaven and Hell, and spoken with earlier prophets, such as Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Isra is an Arabic word referring to what Muslims regard as Muhammads miraculous night journey from Mecca to Jerusalem - specifically, to the site of Masjid al-Aqsa - alluded to in Surat Al-Isra 1: سبحان الذي أسرى بعبده ليلاً من المسجد الحرام إلى المسجد الأقصى الذي باركنا حوله Glory... 12th-century icon of Archangel Gabriel from Novgorod. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Heaven is an afterlife concept found in many religions or spiritual philosophies. ... Medieval illustration of Hell in the Hortus deliciarum manuscript of Herrad of Landsberg (about 1180) Hell, according to many religious beliefs, is a place or a state of pain and suffering. ... It has been suggested that Abraham (Hebrew Bible) be merged into this article or section. ... Moses or Móshe (מֹשֶׁה, Standard Hebrew, Tiberian Hebrew Mōšeh, Arabic موسى MÅ«sa, Geez ሙሴ Musse) was a son of Amram and his wife, Jochebed, a Levite. ... Jesus (8-2 BC/BCE– 29-36 AD/CE),[1] also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity. ...

Muslims believe that the Jerusalem mosque on the Temple Mount known as the Masjid al-Aqsa or furthest mosque, is the site from which Muhammad ascended to Heaven. The Temple Mount (Hebrew: (without niqqud: הר הבית), Har haBáyit) or Noble Sanctuary (Arabic: الحرم الشريف, ▶ (help· info)) is a hotly contested religious site in the Old City of Jerusalem. ... Al-Aqsa Mosque Al-aqsa redirects here. ...

Hijra

By 622, life in the small Muslim community of Mecca was becoming not only difficult, but dangerous. Muslim traditions say that there were several attempts to assassinate Muhammad. Muhammad then resolved to emigrate to Medina, then known as Yathrib, a large agricultural oasis where there were a number of Muslim converts. By breaking the link with his own tribe, Muhammad demonstrated that tribal and family loyalties were insignificant compared to the bonds of Islam, a revolutionary idea in the tribal society of Arabia. This Hijra or emigration (traditionally translated into English as "flight") marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. The Muslim calendar counts dates from the Hijra, which is why Muslim dates have the suffix AH (After Hijra). This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Oasis in the Libyan part of the Sahara In geography, an oasis is an isolated area of vegetation in a desert, typically surrounding a spring or similar water source. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ) is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the Quran. ... For other uses see Hijra. ... The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar (also called Hijri calendar, Arabic التقويم الهجري) is the calendar used to date events in many predominantly Muslim countries, and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic holy days. ...

Muhammad came to Medina as a mediator, invited to resolve the feud between the Arab factions of Aws and Khazraj. He ultimately did so by absorbing both factions into his Muslim community, forbidding bloodshed among Muslims. However, Medina was also home to a number of Jewish tribes (whether they were ethnically as well as religiously Jewish is an open question, as is the depth of their "Jewishness"). Islamic tradition refers to the conversion to Islam of one of the leaders of the Jews named Ibn Salam. Muhammad had hoped that his conversion would be followed and that other Jews would also recognize him as a prophet, but they did not do so. The Quran refers to this:

"Is it not a sign to them that the learned scholars of the Children of Israel knew it as true?" (Chapter 26 verse 197)

Some academic historians, arbitrarly attribute the change of qibla, the Muslim direction of prayer, from the site of the former Temple in Jerusalem to the Kaaba in Mecca, which occurred during this period, to Muhammad's abandonment of hope of recruiting Jews as allies or followers. According to Muslims, the change of qibla was seen as a command from Allah both reflecting the independence of the Muslims as well as a test to discern those who truly followed the revelation and those who were simply opportunistic. The Quran refers to this in the following verses: The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... The Temple in Jerusalem or the Holy Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש, transliterated Bet HaMikdash) was built in ancient Jerusalem in c. ... Masjid al Haram The Kaaba (Arabic: ‎ translit: Persian: ‎) also known as al-Ka‘abatu’l-Musharrafat (Arabic: ‎), al-Baytu l-‘Atīq (Arabic: ‎), or al-Baytu’l-Ḥarām (Arabic: ‎ The Sacred House), is a building located inside the mosque known as al-Masjidu’l-Ḥarām in... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... For other uses, see Allah (disambiguation). ...

"Thus we have made you [Muslims] a just nation that you be witnesses over mankind and the messenger be a witness over you. And We made the Qiblah which you used to face (Jerusalem), only to test those who would followed the Messenger from those who would turn on their heels (i.e turn away in disobedience when the direction would be changed)(Chapter 2 vs 143).

Muhammad and his followers are said to have negotiated an agreement with the other Medinans, a document now known as the Constitution of Medina (date debated), which laid out the terms on which the different factions, specifically the Jews and other "Peoples of the Book" could exist within the new Islamic State. This system would come to typify Muslim relations with their non-believing subjects. The Constitution of Medina is the earliest known written constitution. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... An Islamic republic in its modern context has come to mean several things. ...

War

Relations between Mecca and Medina rapidly worsened (see surat al-Baqara). Meccans confiscated all the property that the Muslims had left in Mecca. In Medina, Muhammad signed treaties of alliance and mutual help with neighboring tribes. This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Surat al-Baqarah (Arabic: سورة البقرة ) (the Cow) is the second, and the longest, sura of the Quran, with 286 ayat. ...

Muhammad turned to raiding caravans bound for Mecca. Caravan raiding (al-ghazw) was an old Arabian tradition; Muslims justified the raids by the Meccans' confiscation of the property they had left at Mecca and the state of war deemed to exist between the Meccans and the Muslims. Secular scholars add this was also a matter of survival for the Muslims. They owned no land in Medina and if they did not raid, they would have to live on charity and whatever wage labor they could find, both of which were in short supply in the small oasis. A camel train is a series of camels carrying goods or passengers in a group as part of a regular or semi-regular service between two points. ... Ghazw (plural ghazawāt) (Arabic: غزو) is an Arabic word meaning an armed incursion for the purposes of conquest, plunder, or the capture of slaves and is cognate with the terms ghāziya and maghāzī. In pre-Islamic times it signified the plundering raids organized by nomadic Bedouin warriors against... Allegorical personification of Charity as a mother with three infants by Anthony van Dyck Charity, meaning selfless giving, is one conventional English translation of the Greek term agapē. // Etymology In the 1400, charity meant the state of love or simple affection which one was in or out of regarding one...

In March of 624, Muhammad led some 300 warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. The Meccans successfully defended the caravan and then decided to teach the Medinans a lesson. They sent a small army against Medina. On March 15, 624 near a place called Badr, the Meccans and the Muslims clashed. Though outnumbered more than 3 times (1000 to 300) in the battle, the Muslims met with success, killing at least forty-five Meccans and taking seventy prisoners for ransom; only fourteen Muslims died. This marked the real beginning of Muslim military achievement. Raid or RAID may refer to: Raid (police action), when police invade a building or area. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in Leap years). ... Events Justus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. ... Combatants Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders Muhammad Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ali Amr ibn Hishām (aka Abū Jahl) Abu Sufyan Strength 305-350 <900-1000 Casualties 14 killed 50-70 killed 43-70 captured The Battle of Badr (Arabic غزوة بدر), fought March 17, 624 CE (17 Ramadan...

Rule consolidated

To his followers, the victory in Badr appeared as a divine authentication of Muhammad's prophethood. Following this victory, the victors expelled a local Jewish clan, the Banu Qainuqa, whom they believed to have broken a treaty by conspiring with the attacking Meccan forces. Muhammad and his followers were now a dominant force in the oasis. Combatants Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders Muhammad Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ali Amr ibn Hishām (aka Abū Jahl) Abu Sufyan Strength 305-350 <900-1000 Casualties 14 killed 50-70 killed 43-70 captured The Battle of Badr (Arabic غزوة بدر), fought March 17, 624 CE (17 Ramadan... This article is in need of improvement. ...

After Khadija's death, Muhammad married again, to Aisha, the daughter of his friend Abu Bakr (who would later emerge as the first leader of the Muslims after Muhammad's death). In Medina, he married Hafsah, daughter of Umar (who would eventually become Abu Bakr's successor). Aisha, Ayesha, Aisha, or Aisha (Arabic عائشة `āisha, she who lives) was a wife of Muhammad, whom Muslims regard as the final prophet of Islam. ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... Hafsa bint Umar was the daughter of Umar ibn al-Khattab and wife of Muhammad. ... For other uses of the name, see Umar (disambiguation). ...

Muhammad's daughter Fatima married Ali, Muhammad's cousin. According to the Sunni, another daughter, Umm Kulthum, married Uthman. Each of these men, in later years, would emerge as successors to Muhammad and political leaders of the Muslims. Thus, all four of the first four caliphs were linked to Muhammad by marriage. Sunni Muslims regard these caliphs as the Rashidun, or Rightly Guided. (See Succession to Muhammad for more information on the controversy on the succession to the caliphate). Fatima Zahra also called Fatemeh Al Zahraa or Az-Zahra (Arabic: ) was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his first wife Khadija. ... ‘AlÄ« ibn AbÄ« Ṭālib (Arabic: ‎ Persian: ‎ )‎ (599 – 661) is an early Islamic leader. ... Leave this page if youre under 18!! - Page contains huge lies and hardly has any facts > it will surely misguide you! Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان) (c. ... Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalifah, is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... The Four Righteously or Rightly Guided Caliphs or Khulifa Rashidoon in Arabic refers to the first four caliphs in the Sunni tradition of Islam who are seen as being model leaders. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

Continued warfare

In 625 the Meccan general Abu Sufyan marched on Medina with 3,000 men. The ensuing Battle of Uhud took place on March 23, ending in a stalemate. The Meccans claimed victory, but they had lost too many men to pursue the Muslims into Medina. This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Abu Sufyan ibn Harb was the leader of the Banu Abd Shams clan of the Quraish tribe, and was the chieftain of the entire Quraish tribe, making him one of, if not the most powerful men in Mecca during the lifetime of Muhammad. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan Strength 1,000 3,000 Casualties 75 dead Unknown The Battle of Uhud was fought on 23 March, 625 CE, between a force from the small Muslim community of Medina, in what is now north-western Arabia, and a force from... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (83rd in Leap years). ...

In April 627 Abu Sufyan led another strong force against Medina. But Muhammad had dug a trench around Medina and successfully defended the city in the Battle of the Trench. Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan ibn Harb Strength 3,000 10,000 The Battle of Khandaq (AKA Battle of the Trench (Arabic غزوةالخندق), Battle of the Ditch, Battle of Ahzab (Arabic غزوةالاحزاب) was an attack by the city of Mecca on the city Medina in 627. ...

Many of the Muslims believed that Abu Sufyan had been aided by sympathizers among the Medinans, the Jewish tribe of the Banu Qurayza. The Banū Qurayẓah (Arabic بنو قريظة; alternate spellings include Quraiza, Qurayza, Quraytha, and the archaic Koreiza) were a Jewish tribe who lived in northern Arabia during the 7th century, at the oasis of Yathrib (now known as Medina). ...

Following the Muslim's victory at the Battle of the Trench, the Muslims were able, through conversion and conquest, to extend their rule to many of the neighboring cities and tribes.

The conquest of Mecca

By 628, the Muslim position was strong enough that Muhammad decided to return to Mecca, this time as a pilgrim. In March of that year, he set out for Mecca, followed by 1,600 men. After some negotiation, a treaty was signed at the border town of al-Hudaybiyah. While Muhammad would not be allowed to finish his pilgrimage that year, hostilities would cease and the Muslims would have permission to make a pilgrimage to Mecca in the following year. This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... For albums named Pilgrim, see Pilgrim (album). ... Treaty of Hudaybiyya (628) In the name of Allah. ...

The agreement lasted only two years, however. Tribal allies of the Muslims and the Meccans clashed. The Muslims regarded this as a breach of the treaty. In 630, Muhammad marched on Mecca with an enormous force, said to number more than 10,000 men. The Meccans submitted without a fight, and thus, there was no bloodshed. Muhammad promised a general amnesty to all but a few of the Meccans. Most Meccans converted to Islam, and Muhammad destroyed the idols in the Kaaba. Henceforth the pilgrimage would be a Muslim pilgrimage and the shrine a Muslim shrine. Masjid al Haram The Kaaba (Arabic: ‎ translit: Persian: ‎) also known as al-Ka‘abatu’l-Musharrafat (Arabic: ‎), al-Baytu l-‘Atīq (Arabic: ‎), or al-Baytu’l-Ḥarām (Arabic: ‎ The Sacred House), is a building located inside the mosque known as al-Masjidu’l-Ḥarām in...

Unification of Arabia

The capitulation of Mecca and the defeat of an alliance of enemy tribes at Hunayn effectively brought the greater part of the Arabian peninsula under Muhammad's authority. This authority was not enforced by a regular government, however, as he chose instead to rule through personal relationships and tribal treaties. The Muslims were clearly the dominant force in Arabia, and most of the remaining tribes and states hastened to convert to Islam. Combatants Muslims Hawaazin-Saqif coalition Commanders Muhammad Malik bin Awf Nasri Strength 12,000 20,000 The Battle of Hunayn is the name of a battle where the prophet Muhammad participiated in the year 8 AH. The formidable Bedouin tribes, the Hawaazin, the Saqif and various others pastured their flocks...

Muhammad as a warrior

Main article: Muhammad as a warrior

For most of the sixty-three years of his life, Muhammad was a merchant, then a prophet. He took up the sword late in his life. He was a warrior for ten years. Muhammad (c. ...

Critics claim that Muhammad expanded his realm and imposed his religion by force. Muslim commentators, however, argue that he fought only to defend his community against the Meccans, and that he insisted on humane rules of warfare. This is further discussed in the main article.

Family life

Main article: Muhammad's marriages

From 595 to 619, Muhammad had only one wife, Khadijah, who may have been fifteen years older than he was. After her death he married Aisha, then Hafsa. Later he was to marry more wives, for a total of eleven (nine or ten living at the time of his death). (The status of Maria al-Qibtiyya is much disputed; she may have been a slave, a freed slave, or a wife.) Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) is regarded by non-Muslims as the founder of the religion of Islam and by Muslims as the last and greatest of the prophets of Islam. ... Khadija (Arabic: خديجه ) was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad and the first female convert to Islam, the new religion he had begun to preach. ... Aisha, Ayesha, Aisha, or Aisha (Arabic عائشة `āisha, she who lives) was a wife of Muhammad, whom Muslims regard as the final prophet of Islam. ... Hafsa bint Umar (Arabic: حفصة بنت عمر) was the daughter of Umar ibn al-Khattab and wife of Muhammad. ... Maria al-Qibtiyya (Arabic: مارية القبطية) (alternatively, especially in non-Arabic traditions, Maria Qupthiya), or Maria the Copt, was a Coptic Christian slave who was sent as a gift from Muqawqis, a Byzantine official, to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 628 CE. According to most Islamic accounts, she was Muhammads wife. ...

Khadijah was Muhammad's first wife and the mother of the only child to survive him, his daughter Fatima. He married his other wives after the death of Khadijah. One of the later unions resulted in a son, but the child died when he was ten months old. Fatima Zahra also called Fatemeh Al Zahraa or Az-Zahra (Arabic: ) was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his first wife Khadija. ...

Muhammad's marriages have been the subject of much criticism. Some consider it unfair that he took more wives than his followers (Qur'an 33:50) and they question the circumstances of some of his marriages, such as his marriage to his adopted son's ex-wife, and his marriage to Aisha, who may have been nine (as reported in some collected traditions, or hadith). However there is a considerable debate amongst Muslim scholars over Aisha's age at the consumation of the marriage. Muslims argue that many of Muhammad's marriages were political, made to cement ties with close friends and tribal leaders, or charitable in nature, protecting Muslim women widowed in war. See the main article for further discussion. Hadith (Arabic: hadīth, Arabic pl. ...

Companions

Main articles: Sahaba and Salaf

The term Sahaba (companion) refers to anyone who met three criteria. First, he must have been a contemporary of Muhammad. Second, he must have seen or heard Muhammad speak on at least one occasion. Third, he must have converted to Islam. Companions are considered the ultimate sources for the oral traditions, or hadith, on which much Muslim law and practice are based. There were many other companions in addition to the ones listed here. In Islam, the Sahāba (الصحابه) were the companions of the prophet Muhammad. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... In Islam, the Sahāba (الصحابه) were the companions of the prophet Muhammad. ... Hadith (Arabic: hadīth, Arabic pl. ...

List in alphabetic order:

Abdullah ibn Abbas (Arabic: عبد الله ابن عباس ) was a cousin of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... Jundub ibn Junadah ibn Sakan (Arabic جُندب بن جَنادة), better known as Abu Dharr, Abu Dharr al-Ghafari, or Abu Tharr Al-Ghefari (Arabic أبو ذر الغفاري) was an early convert to Islam. ... Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: علي بن أبي طالب translit: ‘AlÄ« ibn Abu Ṭālib Persian: علی پسر ابو طالب) ‎ (599 – 661) is an early Islamic leader. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... Bilal redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Miqdad is among the The Four Companions. ... With sword hanging from his neck, he set out straight away on his sinister errand. ... Zaid mawla Muhammad is called so because he was the freed slave of Muhammad and lived in his house. ... Salman the Persian (Arabic سلمان الفارسي Salman Farisi, Persian Salman e Farsi) was one of the Islamic prophet Muhammads companions. ... The murder of Uthman ibn Affan had become Talhahs tryst with destiny. ... For other uses of the name, see Umar (disambiguation). ... Leave this page if youre under 18!! - Page contains huge lies and hardly has any facts > it will surely misguide you! Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان) (c. ... Abu Abdullah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam was a sahab, or companion, of the prophet Muhammad. ...

Death

One day upon returning from a visit to a cemetery Muhammad became very ill. He suffered for several days with head pain and weakness. Muhammad finally succumbed to his malady around noon on Monday June 8, 632, in the city of Medina at the age of sixty-three. June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ...

According to Shi'a Islam, Muhammad had appointed his son-in-law Ali as his successor, in a public sermon at Ghadir Khumm. Shi'a believe that Muhammad's companions Abu Bakr and Umar conspired to oust Ali and make Abu Bakr the leader or caliph. Sunni Muslims dispute this, and say that the leaders of the community conferred and freely chose Abu Bakr, who was pre-eminent among the followers of Muhammad. The matter is further discussed in the article Succession to Muhammad. Shia Islam, also Shi`ite Islam or Shi`ism (Arabic: ‎ translit: Persian: ‎ ) is the second largest denomination of the religion of Islam. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

Abu Bakr spent much of his short reign suppressing rebellious tribes in the Ridda Wars. With unity restored in Arabia, the Muslims looked outward and commenced the conquests that would eventually unite the Middle East under the caliphs. The Ridda wars were a set of military campaigns against apostasy in Arabia during 632 and 633 AD, following the death of Muhammad. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

Descendants

Muhammad was survived by his daughter Fatima and her children. (Some say that he had a daughter Zainab, who had borne a daughter, Amma or Umama, who survived him as well.) Fatima Zahra also called Fatemeh Al Zahraa or Az-Zahra (Arabic: ) was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his first wife Khadija. ... this is a sahaba of Muhammad She is the daghter of Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, however, it is disputed if she is the daghter of Muhammad or Khadijahs assumed previous husband. ...

In Shi'a Islam, it is believed that Fatima's husband Ali and his descendants are the rightful leaders of the faithful. The Sunni do not accept this view, but they still honor Muhammad's descendants.

Descendants of Muhammad are known by many names, such as sayyids, syeds سيد, and sharifs شريف (plural: ِأشراف Ashraaf). Many rulers and notables in Muslim countries, past and present, claim such descent, with various degrees of credibility, such as the Fatimid dynasty of North Africa, the Idrisids, the current royal families of Jordan and Morocco, and the Agha Khan Imams of the Ismaili branch of Islam. In various Muslim countries, there are societies that authenticate claims of descent; some societies are more credible than others. Sayyid (Arabic: سيد also rendered as syed, seyyed, sayyed, saiyed, or sayed) is an honorific title often given to descendants of Muhammad through his grandsons, Hussein and Hasan, the sons of his daughter Fatima Zahra and his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib (who was Muhammads younger cousin and... Sayyid (Arabic: سيد ) Sayyid is an honorific title often given to claimed descendants of the Prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Husayn and Hasan, the sons of his daughter Fatima Zahra and his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib (who was Muhammads younger cousin and had been raised in his... Sharif is a traditional Arab tribal title given to those to serve as the protector of the tribe and all tribal assets, property, land, wells etc. ... The Fatimids or Fatimid Caliphate (Arabic الفاطميون) is the Ismaili Shiite dynasty that ruled much of North Africa from A.D. 5 January 910 to 1171. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent. ... The Idrisids were the first Arab dynasty in the western Maghreb, ruling from 788 to 985, and can be thought of as the originators of an independent Morocco. ... Aga Khan is the title of the spiritual leader of a sect within the Ismaili branch of Islam (Nizari Ismaili). ... Imam (Arabic: إمام , Persian: امام ) is an Arabic word meaning Leader. The ruler of a country might be called the Imam, for example. ... The IsmāīlÄ« (Arabic الإسماعيليون, Persian: اسماعیلیان Esmailiyan) branch of Islam is the second largest Shīˤa community after the Twelvers, who are dominant in Iran. ...

Popular Muslim traditions

None of these traditions are accepted by academic historians, but many Muslims believe them.

Many Muslims believe that the infant Muhammad was placed with a Bedouin wetnurse, Halima Sadia, as desert life was believed to be safer and healthier for children. Many stories are told of his life in the desert. Bedouin resting at Mount Sinai Bedouin, derived from the Arabic , a generic name for a desert-dweller, is a term generally applied to Arab nomadic groups, who are found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via the Western Desert, Sinai, and Negev... Halima Sadia was the bedouin wet nurse of the prophet Mohammad. ... Desert view in Saudi Arabia. ...

After he returned to Mecca, he is said to have been beloved by all around him because he was such a polite and honest child.

As a youth, he was called upon to solve a vexing political problem for his Meccan neighbors. They were rebuilding the Kaaba and feuding over which clan should have the honor of raising the Black Stone into place. Muhammad suggested that the heads of each clan raise the Black Stone on a cloth, so that all had the honor of lifting it. Muhammad then put the stone into its place. The Black Stone The Black Stone (called الحجر الأسود al-Hajar-ul-Aswad in Arabic) is an Islamic holy relic. ...

As a young man and a merchant, Muhammad was known to be trustworthy and honest. The other Meccans called him "Al-Amin", the trustworthy one or the honest one. ^[2] After he proclaimed his prophethood, however, his neighbors turned against him.

Muslim veneration for Muhammad

Main article: Islam and veneration for Muhammad

It is traditional for Muslims to illustrate and express their love and veneration for Muhammad in a number of different ways. Muslims have many ways to express veneration for the prophet Muhammad. ...

• When speaking or writing, Muhammad's name is often preceded by the title "Prophet" and is followed by the phrase, Peace be upon him, or Peace be upon him and his descendants by Shias; in English often abbreviated as "(pbuh)" and "pbuh&hd", or just simply as "p".
• Concerts of Muslim and especially Sufi devotional music include songs praising Muhammad (see Muslim music, Qawwali).
• Muslims celebrate the birthday of Muhammad (Mawlid) with elaborate festivities. Some do not, believing that such festivities are modern innovations.
• Criticism of Muhammad is often equated with blasphemy, which is punishable by death in some Muslim states.
• Muhammad is often referred to with titles of praise.
• Beyond the stories accepted as canonical by Islamic scholars of hadith, or oral traditions, there are many folktales praising Muhammad and recounting miraculous stories of his birth, upbringing and life.
• Many Muslims believe that Islam prohibits depicting the prophet Muhammad in art. Others have accepted such depictions. See Depiction of Muhammad.

Peace be upon him (Arabic: صلى الله عليه وسلم;ï·º; salla Allahu alayhi wa sallam, also transliterated as sallalahu aleyhi wasallam) is a phrase that Muslims are required to say after mentioning the name of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Jesus Christ, Abraham and all the other prophets cited in the Holy Quran. ... Primarily used with reference to Prophet Mohamed - Peace be upon him In some cases it is also used in conjunction with female deities to mean Peace Be Upon Her. ... Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is a system of esoteric philosophy commonly associated with Islam. ... Islamic music is Muslim religious music, as sung or played in public services or private devotions. ... Qawwali () is the devotional music of the muslim Sufis. ... Mawlid, Mawlid an-Nabi or Milad al-Nabi (Arabic: ) is the celebration of the birthday of Muhammad, the final prophet of Islam; also known as The Seal of the Prophets. Sunni Muslims celebrate this day on the 12th of Rabi-ul-Awwal in the Islamic calendar; whereas Twelver Shia... Look up blasphemy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hadith (Arabic: hadÄ«th, Arabic pl. ... Folklore is the ethnographic concept of the tales, legends, or superstitions current among a particular ethnic population, a part of the oral history of a particular culture. ... Depictions of Muhammad, the Islamic prophet, can be a contentious matter. ...

Muhammad in other traditions

• Muhammad is also a prophet in the Mustaˤliyya, Nizarī, Alawites, Zikri, and the Ahmadiyya traditions. These are closely related to Islam, and are considered by their followers to be sects thereof, but mainstream Muslims see them as separate religions.

• The Druze, who accept most but not all Qur'anic revelations, also consider him a prophet.

• Bahá'ís venerate Muhammad as one of a number of prophets or "Manifestations of God", but consider his teachings to have been superseded by those of Bahá'u'lláh.

• Some humanists see Muhammad, like Jesus and Buddha, as an important ethical leader.

• In the Middle Ages, Jews usually referred to Muhammad as ha-meshuggah ("the madman" or "possessed"), a title contemptuously used in the Hebrew Bible for impostors who think of themselves as prophets. ^[3]

• Christians view Muhammad as a false prophet and not the bringer of any divine revelation. During the Middle Ages, especially in places where there was frequent Christian-Muslim conflict, it was popular to depict Muhammad being tortured by the demons in Hell.

This group is named Mustaali because they follow Imam Mustalli, after Imam Mustansir Billah, and not Nazaar whom the Aga Khan group consider as their Imam. ... A sub-sect of the Sevener Shia Muslim Ismaili sect. ... Alawite is a Middle Eastern Syria. ... Zikri is a small Islamic sect that is concentrated in Balochistan. ... OFFICIAL WEBSITE: www. ... A sect is generally a small religious or political group that has branched off from a larger established group. ... The Druze (Arabic: duruzī درزي, pl. ... Seat of the Universal House of Justice, governing body of the Baháís in Haifa Israel The Baháí Faith is a global religion founded by Baháulláh, a 19th century Persian exile. ... The Baháí Faith refers to what are commonly called Prophets as Manifestations of God, or simply Manifestations (mazhar). ... Shrine of Baháulláh Baháulláh (ba-haa-ol-laa Arabic: ‎ Glory of God) (1817 - 1892), born Mírzá Husayn-`Alí (Persian: ‎ ), was the founder and prophet of the Baháí Faith. ... Humanism is a broad category of active ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on our ability to determine what is right using the qualities innate to humanity, particularly rationality. ... Jesus (8-2 BC/BCE– 29-36 AD/CE),[1] also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity. ... A stone image of the Buddha. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... 11th century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with Targum This article discusses usage of the term Hebrew Bible. For the article on the Hebrew Bible itself, see Tanakh. ... Medieval illustration of Hell in the Hortus deliciarum manuscript of Herrad of Landsberg (about 1180) Hell, according to many religious beliefs, is a place or a state of pain and suffering. ...

Historical significance

Before his death in 632, Muhammad had established Islam as a social and political force and had unified most of Arabia. A few decades after his death, his successors had united all of Arabia under Islamic empire, and conquered Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Armenia, and much of North Africa. By 750, Islam had emerged as the spiritual counterpart to the two great monotheistic belief systems, Judaism and Christianity, and as the geopolitical successor to the Sassanid empire. The rest of North Africa had come under Muslim rule, as well as most of the Iberian Peninsula, much of Central Asia, and parts of South Asia (including Sind, in the Indus Valley). Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent. ... The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Empire (in Persian: Sasanian) is the name used for the third Persian Empire (226 - 651). ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... South Asia or Southern Asia is a southern geopolitical region of the Asian continent comprising territories on and in proximity to the Indian subcontinent. ... Sindh (Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. ... The Indus (सिन्‍धु नदी) (known as Sindhu in ancient times) is the principal river of Pakistan. ...

Under the Ghaznavids, in the tenth century, Islam was spread to the mainly Hindu principalities east of the Indus by conquering armies in what is now northern India. Even later, Islam expanded into much of Africa and Southeast Asia. Islam is now the faith of well over a billion people all over the globe, and is the second largest religion of the present day. The Ghaznavid Empire was a state in the region of todays Afghanistan that existed from 977 to 1186. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...

See also

Depictions of Muhammad usually refer to drawings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and can be a contentious matter. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Hadith (Arabic: hadīth, Arabic pl. ... Hanif is an Islamic term that refers to people who during the time of Jahiliya rejected the idolatry in their society. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ) is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the Quran. ... Muslims have many ways to express veneration for the prophet Muhammad. ... Several informative movies and documentaries have been made about Muhammad, who is considered the final prophet of Islam by Muslims. ... The following figures are believed to have founded major religions or to have been the first codifiers or best known proponents of older traditions. ... The following list consists of concepts that are derived from both Islam and Arab tradition, which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. ... Mohammad, Messenger of God (retitled The Message for U.S. release) (1976) is a film directed by Mustafa Akkad, chronicling the life and times of the founder of Islam, Muhammad. ... The Face of Muhammed. ... Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) is regarded by non-Muslims as the founder of the religion of Islam and by Muslims as the last and greatest of the prophets of Islam. ... For the river and also village in Norway named Sira, see Sira, Norway. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... The Farewell Sermon, also known as the Prophets final sermon, is a famous sermon by Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, delivered before his death, on the ninth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, 10 A.H. (632 CE), at the end of his first & final pilgrimage. ...

Notes

References

• Andrae, Tor (2000). Mohammed: The Man and His Faith. Dover. ISBN 0486411362.
• Armstrong, Karen (1993). Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 0062508865.
• Cook, Michael (1983). Muhammad. Oxford University Press (reissue 1996). ISBN ISBN 0192876058.
• Dashti, Ali (1994). Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad. Mazda. ISBN 1568590296.
• Hamidullah, Muhammad (1998). The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam. [s.n.](Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute). ISBN 9698413006.
• Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (1995). The Life of Muhammad. Islamic Book Service. ISBN 1577311957.
• Lings, Martin (1987). Muhammad: His Life Based on Earliest Sources. Inner Traditions International, Limited. ISBN 0892811706.
• Motzki, Harald, ed. (2000). The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources, in Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32. E. J. Brill.
• Rodinson, Maxime (1961). Muhammad. New Publishers. ISBN 1565847520.
• Schimmel, Annemarie (1985). And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807841285.
• Warraq, Ibn (2000). The Quest for the Historical Muhammad. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1573927872.
• Watt, W. Montgomery (1961). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198810784.

Muhammad Husay Haykal was a former minister of culture of Egypt. ... Annemarie Schimmel (1922-2003) was a well known and very influential German scholar who wrote extensively on Islam. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Muhammad

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Muhammad

Non-sectarian biography

• Public Broadcasting System program on Muhammad
• Encarta Encyclopedia
• 1911 Encyclopedia article of Muhammad

Muslim biographies

• The earliest biography of Muhammad, by ibn Ishaq
• Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar) - comprehensive and authoritative modern biography of the prophet
• Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar) - as above but easier to navigate
• Biography by Harun Yahya
• About Muhammad
• Seerat Khaatamun NabiyyeenUrdu Biography.

Nonmuslim/Critical biographies

• William Muir: The Life of Mahomet
• Origins of Islam: The Life of Muhammad

Prophets of Islam in the Qur'an

Adam

Idris

Nuh

Hud

Saleh

Ibrahim

Lut

Ismail

Ishaq

Yaqub

Yusuf

Ayub

آدم

ادريس

نوح

هود

صالح

ابراهيم

لوط

اسماعيل

اسحاق

يعقوب

يوسف

أيوب

Adam

Enoch

Noah

Heber

Shelah

Abraham

Lot

Ishmael

Isaac

Jacob

Joseph

Job

Shoaib

Musa

Harun

Dhul-Kifl

Daud

Sulayman

Ilyas

Al-Yasa

Yunus

Zakariya

Yahya

Isa

Muhammad

شعيب

موسى

هارون

ذو الكفل

داود

سليمان

إلياس

اليسع

يونس

زكريا

يحيى

عيسى

محمد

Jethro

Moses

Aaron

Ezekiel

David

Solomon

Elijah

Elisha

Jonah

Zacharias

John

Jesus