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The Zipa used to cover his body in gold and, from his raft, he offered treasures to the Guatavita goddess in the middle of the sacred lake. This old Muisca tradition became the origin of El Dorado legend.

Muisca
Total population
2,318 persons registered in three reservations by 2006, probably there are more. Muska may refers to; Muska ; a small triangular object which believed that give luck to the people. ... Image File history File links Acap. ... For the rules of English grammar, see English grammar and Disputes in English grammar. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Muisca_raft_Legend_of_El_Dorado_Offerings_of_gold. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Muisca_raft_Legend_of_El_Dorado_Offerings_of_gold. ... When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ... El Dorado or Eldorado (Spanish for the gilded one) is a legend that began with the story of a South American tribal chief who covered himself with gold dust and would dive into a lake of pure mountain water. ...
Regions with significant populations
Colombia
Language(s)
Chibchan
Religion(s)
Traditional
Related ethnic groups
Chibchan group

Muisca refers to a nation of the Chibchan Culture that formed the Muisca Confederation encountered by the Spanish at the time of the conquest of what is now part of central Colombia in 1537. In fact, the Muisca comprised two confederations: that of Hunza, whose sovereign was the Zaque and that of Bacatá, whose sovereign was the Zipa. Both confederations were located in the Highlands of modern-day Cundinamarca and Boyacá (Altiplano Cundiboyacense) of the central area of the Andean Easter Colombian Range. It occupied an area of 46.972 km² (slightly larger than Switzerland with 41.285 km²) from the North of Boyacá to the Sumapaz Páramo and from the summits of the Easter Range to its skirts to the Magdalena Valley bordering the territories of the Panches and Pijaos tribes. It had a large population at the time of the Spanish Conquest, but the actual number of inhabitants is unknown. The influence of the Chibcha Culture extended to regions as far as Central America. The language of the Muisca was the Chibchan, Muysca or Mosca to the Chibchan-Paezan linguistic family.^[1] They farmed maize, potato, quinoa and cotton, among others. Skilled in goldsmiths, bartered emeralds, blankets, ceramic handicrafts, coca and salt they had an active trade with neighbouring nations. Image File history File links Flag_of_Colombia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Chibcha hieroglyph Colombias first inhabitants migrated from North and Central America. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Events January 6 - Alessandro de Medici assassinated August 25 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, was formed. ... This page is about the town of Hunza in northern areas of Pakistan. ... When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ... When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ... Cundinamarca is a department of Colombia, one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. Most of Cundinamarca is in the Eastern Cordillera, just south of Boyacá, bordered by the Magdalena River on the west, reaching down into the Amazon River basin on the east, and bordering... Motto: Capital Tunja Governor Jorge Eduardo Londoño Area 23,189 km² Population  - Total (2003)  - Density   1,411,239 61 people/km² Adjective Boyaca (Spanish: Boyacá) is a department of Colombia, one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. Boyacá is centrally located within Colombia, almost... The Altiplano Cundiboyacense is a set of highlands located on the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes between the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The altiplano corresponds to the ancient territory of the Muisca. ... This article is about the mountain system in South America. ... Motto: Capital Tunja Governor Jorge Eduardo Londoño Area 23,189 km² Population  - Total (2003)  - Density   1,411,239 61 people/km² Adjective Boyaca (Spanish: Boyacá) is a department of Colombia, one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. Boyacá is centrally located within Colombia, almost... The Cordillera Oriental is one of three main mountain ranges that divides the Cordillera in the Andes Mountains of Colombia. ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the maize plant. ... For other uses, see Potato (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Willd. ... For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ... A goldsmith creating a new ring A goldsmith is a metalworker who specializes in working with precious metals, usually to make jewelry. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about ceramic materials. ... For other uses, see Coca (disambiguation). ... This article is about common table salt. ...

Political and administrative organization

Location of the Muisca Confederation territory in modern-Colombia.

The Muisca people were organized in a Confederation that was the union of states, which kept their own sovereignty within the greater political body. In this case it is not exact to say the Confederation was either a kingdom, as there was no absolute monarch, nor was it an Empire because it did not dominate other ethnic groups or peoples. Accordingly, the Muisca Confederation cannot be compared with other American civilizations such as the Aztec Empire or the Inca Empire. The importance of the Muisca Confederation is that it was the biggest and best organized confederation of tribes on the continent. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1000x1320, 89 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Muisca User:Fibonacci/Uploads ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1000x1320, 89 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Muisca User:Fibonacci/Uploads ... A confederation is an association of sovereign states or communities, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. ... In politics, a country (or in some cases, a group of countries) over which a king or queen reigns, is a kingdom, see: monarchy. ... This article is about the political and historical term. ...

Every tribe was ruled by its chief or cacique. The tribe had its autonomy and it was a cell of the confederation. The bulk of the tribes belonged to the same Muisca ethnia, sharing the same language and culture and relating through trade. They united in the face of a common enemy and for this reason the army was the full responsibility of the Zipa or Zaque. The army was made by the güeches, the honoured traditional ancient warriors of the Muisca people. Look up cacique in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The Muisca people were in fact organized into two confederations. The southern confederation, headed by the Zipa, had its capital at Bacatá (today Bogotá). This southern polity included the majority of the Muisca population and held greater economic power. The northern confederation was ruled by the Zaque, and had its capital at Hunza, known today asTunja. Although both confederations had common political relations and affinities and belonged to the same nation, there were stitll rivalries between them. Among the confederations there were four chiefdoms: Bacatá, Hunza, Duitama and Sogamoso. The chiefdom was composed by localities.^[2] The tribes were divided in Capitanías (ruled by a Capitan and there were two kinds: Great Capitania (sybyn) and Minor Capitania (uta). The status of Capitan was inherited by maternal lineage.^[3] When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ... For other uses, see Bogotá (disambiguation). ... When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ... This page is about the town of Hunza in northern areas of Pakistan. ... Location of the town and municipality of Tunja in Boyacá Department. ... This page is about the town of Hunza in northern areas of Pakistan. ... Nickname: Location of the town and municipality of Duitama in Boyacá Department. ... Nickname: Location of the town and municipality of Sogamoso in Cundinamarca Department. ...

 Confederation (Zipa or Zaque) --> Priests (Iraca) --> Chiefdoms (Cacique)  --> Capitanía (Capitan)  --> Sybyn --> Uta 

• Territories of the Zipa (Divided in four districts):

1. Bacatá District: Teusaquillo, Tenjo, Subachoque, Facatativá, Tabio, Cota, Chía, Usaquén, Engativá, Suba, Sopó, Usme and Zipacón.
2. Fusagasugá District: Fusagasugá, Pasca and Tibacuy.
3. Zipaquirá District: Nemocón, Susa, Lenguazaque, Ubaté, Simijaca and Chocontá.
4. Gachetá Disctrict: Gachetá, Guatavita and Suesca.

• Territories of the Zaque: Soratá, Ramiriquí, Machetá, Tenza, Tibirito, Lenguazaque and Turmequé.

• Territory of Tundama: Cerinza, Ocabitá, Onzaga, Ibacucu, Sativa, Tibaná and others.

• Territory of Sugamuxi: Bosbanza, Toca, Sogamoso and others.

• Autonomous chiefdoms: Guaneta, Charalá, Chipata, Tinjacá and others.

The Muisca legislation was consuetudinary, it is to say, their rule of law was determined by long-extant customs with the approbal of the Zipa or Zaque. This kind of legislation was suitable to a confederation system and it was actually a well-organized one in an admirable way of administration. The natural resources could not be privatized: woods, lakes, bleak plateaus, rivers and others were common good. Teusaquillo is the 13th locality of Bogotá, capital of Colombia. ... Location of the town and municipality of Tenjo in Cundinamarca Department. ... Location of the town and municipality of Subachoque in Cundinamarca Department. ... Facatativá is a city in the Cundinamarca department, located about 20 miles northwest of Bogotá, Colombia. ... Location of the town and municipality of Tabio in Cundinamarca Department. ... Location of the town and municipality of Cota in Cundinamarca Department. ... Chía is a municipality in the Cundinamarca department of Colombia, located to the north of Bogotá on the main road to Zipaquira. ... Usaquén is the first locality in Bogotá, capital of Colombia. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Suba may refer to: Suba people of Kenya Suba people of Tanzania Suba, that refers to particular province within Pakistan Suba (musician), a Brazilian musician Category: ... Location of the town and municipality of Sopó in Cundinamarca Department. ... Location of Usme within Bogotá. Usme is the 5th locality of the Capital District of Bogotá, capital city of Colombia. ... Location of the town and municipality of Zipacón in Cundinamarca Department. ... Fusagasugá is a city in central Colombia. ... Fusagasugá is a city in central Colombia. ... Golden Muiscan Boat representing the rite of El Dorado Pasca is a small municipality in the Cundinamarca department, Colombia. ... Location of the town and municipality of Tibacuy in Cundinamarca Department. ... |official_name = Zipaquirá |nickname = |image_flag = Flag of Zipaquirá.svg |image_seal = |image_map = MunsCundinamarca Zipaquira. ... Location of the town and municipality of Nemocón in Cundinamarca Department. ... For other uses, see Susa (disambiguation). ... Location of the town and municipality of Lenguazaque in Cundinamarca Department. ... Ubaté is one of the Municipalities of Cundinamarca in Colombia. ... Location of the town and municipality of Simijacá in Cundinamarca Department. ... Location of the town and municipality of Chocontá in Cundinamarca Department. ... Location of the town and municipality of Guatavita in Cundinamarca Department. ... Location of the town and municipality of Suesca in Cundinamarca Department. ... Ramiriquí is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Boyacá. Categories: | ... Location of the town and municipality of Machetá in Cundinamarca Department. ... Tenza is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Boyacá. Categories: | ... Location of the town and municipality of Lenguazaque in Cundinamarca Department. ... Turmequé is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Boyacá. Categories: | ... Location of the town and municipality of Cerinza in Boyacá Department. ... Onzaga is a town and municipality in the Santander Department in northeastern Colombia. ... The name sativa (from the Latin sativus meaning sown or cultivated) is found in the binomial names of many domesticated plant species: Avena sativa, the oat Cannabis sativa, the cannabis plant Castanea sativa, the sweet chestnut Lactuca sativa, the celtuce or lettuce Medicago sativa, a legume Nigella sativa, an Asian... Tibaná is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Boyacá. Categories: | ... TOCA are the organisers and administrators of the BTCC (British Touring Car Championship). ... Nickname: Location of the town and municipality of Sogamoso in Cundinamarca Department. ... Chipata, population 75,000, is the capital of the Eastern Province of Zambia. ... Tinjacá is a municipality in Boyacá Department, Colombia. ... Consuetudinary (Med. ...

Economy

To an administrative organization as the one of the Muisca people belongs a solid economy that was considered one of the most powerful of the American Post-Classic stage. When the Spaniards conquerors came into the territory of the Confederation, they found a rich state that stimulated their ambitions. The Muisca Confederation was mining the following products: The Post-Classic Stage is an archaeological term describing a particular developmental level. ...

• Emeralds: Even today Colombia is the first producer of emeralds of the world. Those Colombian emeralds that go on to further international markets come from the ancient territory of the Muisca Confederation.
• The mines of copper.
• Coal: Mineral and vegetal. Nowadays the coal mines still at their top level, for example that of Zipaquirá. Again Colombia is one of the main coal reserves of the planet.^[4]
• Salt: The mines of Nemocón, Zipaquirá and Tausa.
• Gold: Gold was imported, but it was so abundant that it became one of the preferred material for the Muisca handicraft. The many handicraft works in gold and the Zipa tradition of offering gold to the Guatavita goddess contributed to create the legend of El Dorado.

The market was a very meaninful place for the economy of the confederation due to barter. In that place they used to exchange all they needed, from products of first necessity to luxury. The abundance of salt, emeralds and coal converted those minerals into a de facto currency. As an agrarian society they had a complete system of irrigation. Other economic activity was weaving. To this regard Paul Bahn said that "the Andean cultures mastered almost every method of textile weaving or decoration now known, and their products were often finer tha those of today".^[5] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... |official_name = Zipaquirá |nickname = |image_flag = Flag of Zipaquirá.svg |image_seal = |image_map = MunsCundinamarca Zipaquira. ... This article is about common table salt. ... Location of the town and municipality of Nemocón in Cundinamarca Department. ... |official_name = Zipaquirá |nickname = |image_flag = Flag of Zipaquirá.svg |image_seal = |image_map = MunsCundinamarca Zipaquira. ... Location of the town and municipality of Tausa in Cundinamarca Department. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ... Location of the town and municipality of Guatavita in Cundinamarca Department. ... El Dorado or Eldorado (Spanish for the gilded one) is a legend that began with the story of a South American tribal chief who covered himself with gold dust and would dive into a lake of pure mountain water. ... Look up Market in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A 19th-centure example of barter: A sample labor for labor note for the Cincinnati Time Store. ...

Language

Main article: Chibcha

The Chibchan, muysca, mosca or muska kubun belongs to the linguistic family of Chibchan-Paezano^[6] or Macro-Chibcha that includes some regions of Central America and the north of South America. The Tayrona Culture and the U'wa, related also to the Muisca Culture, could speak similar languages and it helped to develop their market exchange. Many Chibcha words came into the Colombian Spanish: To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Tairona were a precolumbian civilization in the region of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in the present-day Magdalena and La Guajira Departments of Colombia, South America which goes back to the 1st century AD and showed documented growth around in the 11th century. ... The Uwa people (also known as the Tunebo people) are an indigenous people living in the cloudforests of northeast Colombia. ...

• Geography: Names of localities and regions were kept. In many occasions the Spanish conquerors did city foundations naming it with a Chibcha and Spanish combination. Such is the case of Santafé de Bogotá". Most of the municipalities of the Boyacá and Cundinamarca departaments are Chibcha names: Bacatá that became "Bogotá", Sogamoso, Zipaquirá and many others.
• Natural names: Fruits as curuba and uchuva.
• Relations: The youngest child is called "Cuba", "china" for a girl, muysca is "people".

Bogota (Spanish: Bogotá) officially named Bogotá D.C. (), is the capital of Colombia, as well as the largest and most populous city in the country with a population of roughly 7. ... Motto: Capital Tunja Governor Jorge Eduardo Londoño Area 23,189 km² Population  - Total (2003)  - Density   1,411,239 61 people/km² Adjective Boyaca (Spanish: Boyacá) is a department of Colombia, one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. Boyacá is centrally located within Colombia, almost... Cundinamarca is a department of Colombia, one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. Most of Cundinamarca is in the Eastern Cordillera, just south of Boyacá, bordered by the Magdalena River on the west, reaching down into the Amazon River basin on the east, and bordering... For other uses, see Bogotá (disambiguation). ... Nickname: Location of the town and municipality of Sogamoso in Cundinamarca Department. ... |official_name = Zipaquirá |nickname = |image_flag = Flag of Zipaquirá.svg |image_seal = |image_map = MunsCundinamarca Zipaquira. ... Full and longitudinally-cut banana passionfruits. ... Species About 80, see text Physalis is a genus of plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae, native to warm temperate and subtropical regions throughout the world. ...

Culture

Ruins of an ancient Muysca temple in the Villa de Leyva skirts, place "El Infiernito" (The Little hell)

The Muisca people were an agrarian and ceramic society belonging to the Andes of the north of South America. The political and administrative organization above described did of them a compact cultural unity with great discipline. The contribution of the Muisca Culture to the national Colombian identity is a fact and its study is necessary to understand Colombia today. Image File history File links Villa_de_Leyva_el_infiernito. ... Image File history File links Villa_de_Leyva_el_infiernito. ... Villa de Leyva Villa de Leyva (sometimes spelt Villa de Leiva) is a colonial town 40 km west of Tunja, in the Boyacá department. ... This article is about the mountain system in South America. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

Sport

As all the peoples of any place and time, the Muisca Culture gave much importance to sport. To prove this fact there is the survival of the turmequé game (tejo). It was also very important the tournament of wrestling. The winner received from the chief a fine cotton blanket and was able to become güeche (warrior). Tejo is a traditional sport in Colombia. ... FILA Greatest Wrestler of 20th Century (Greco-Roman) Alexander Karelin throws Olympian Jeff Blatnick with his Karelin Lift. Amateur wrestling is the most widespread form of sport wrestling. ...

Religion

The priests were educated since their childhood and were responsible to lead the main religious ceremonies. No other than the priests could come inside the temples. The Muisca religion contemplated the human sacrifices, but it is possible that at the time of the Spaniards conquerors those ceremonies were already extinct since there are not real Spaniard witnesses at the time of such practices. The stories of human sacrifices came through oral tradition from the same Muisca people of the time. They said things like every family had to offer a child to the priests. They care for him until 15 years old, growing him as a sacred person and then offered to Sue, the Sun-god. The fact was an honor for the family and the same victim. Besides the religious activities, the priests were also personalities with much influence in the life of the people, giving council in matters as the farm and wars.

Solar cult

Although they did not have a precise calendar, the Muisca people knew exactly the Solstice (June 21). It was then the Day of Sue, the Sun-god. The Sue temple was in Sogamoso, the sacred city of the Sun-god and the seat of the Iraca (priest). The name of the city, Suamox or Sugamuxi means "The City of the Sun". Then the Zaque came that day to the sacred city of Sue and it became a carnival for the nation. Offerings were made and it was the only day of the year that the people could see the face of the Zaque, who was considered a descendant of the Sun-god. “Summer solstice” redirects here. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: Location of the town and municipality of Sogamoso in Cundinamarca Department. ... When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ...

Mythology

Main article: Muisca mythology

The Muisca Mythology is well documented. It is due to some factors: the most important is that the Muisca territory became also the seat of the Colonial administration for the Nuevo Reino de Granada. Therefore, it allowed to have many of the Cronists of Western Indias in Bogotá and they got interests for the traditions and culture of the conquered people. Chia Goddess Preliminary Sketch by Alonso Neira Martinez Muisca mythology refers to the precolumbian beliefs of the muisca culture about the origin and organization of the universe. ... Nuevo Reino de Granada (The New Kingdom of Granada) is the name of the Spanish colony that now is Colombia. ... For other uses, see Bogotá (disambiguation). ...

• Xué or Sue (The Sun-god): He was the father of the Muisca Olympus. His temple was in Sogamoso, the sacred city of the Sun. He was the most venerated god, especially by the Confederation of the Zaque, considered descendentant of Sue.
• Chía goddess (The Moon-goddess): Her temple was in what is today the municipality of Chía. She was widely adored by the Confederation of the Zipa, who was considered her son.
• Bochica: This mysterious character was not properly a god, but he enjoyed the status of one. As many other mythological figures of other peoples, he could be a chief or hero eternized in the oral tradition. They said that the land was every time flood by Huitaca, a beautiful and mean woman or by Chibchacum, protector of the farmers. Then it came a rainbow and from it came out a white man, white bear and a gown. Bochica listened the complains of the Muisca people about the floods. The paternal Bochica, with his stick, broke two rocks at the edge of the Tequendama Falls and all the water came out forming the Tequendama waterfall. Bochica punished Huitaca and Chibchacum. To Huitaca he made her an owl and put her to hold the sky. To Chibchacum he put him to hold the earth.
• Bachué: The mother of the Muisca people. They said about Bachué that once a time it came out the Lake Iguaque a beautiful woman with a baby. She, Bachué, sat down at the bank of the lagoon and waited to have her son grown. When he was older enough, they got married and had many children. They were the Muisca people. Bachué taught them to hunt, to farm, to respect the laws and to adore the gods. Bachué was so good and loved that the Muisca people referred to her as Furachoque (Good woman in Chibcha). When they became old, Bachué and her Son-Husband decided to go back to the deep of the lagoon. That day the Muisca people were so sad, but at the same time very happy because they knew their mother was very happy. Other versions of the legend say for example that after immersing into the lagoon of Iguaque, Bachué ascended to the sky and became Chía, while in other versions Chia and Bachué are two different persons.

Nickname: Location of the town and municipality of Sogamoso in Cundinamarca Department. ... When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ... For other uses, see Chia (disambiguation). ... Chía is a municipality in the Cundinamarca department of Colombia, located to the north of Bogotá on the main road to Zipaquira. ... When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ... The Tequendama Falls (Salto del Tequendama) are a 132m high waterfall of the Bogotá River, located about 30 km southwest of Bogotá in the municipality of San Antonio del Tequendama. ... Monument to Bachué by Luís Horacio Betancur, Medellín (Colombia). ... Lake Iguaque is located in the Iguaque Sanctuary, in the Boyacá department of Colombia. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Chía is a municipality in the Cundinamarca department of Colombia, located to the north of Bogotá on the main road to Zipaquira. ...

El Dorado

Main article: El Dorado

The Road to El Dorado, a film that settled the legend far from the real place of the origins of the Muisca legend

In 2000 Bonne Radford produced a film (comics) with the title The Road to El Dorado. In the film two young Spaniard adventurers take a trip to find out the City of God. The film gathered elements from the Aztec, Maya and Inca cultures and even Hernán Cortés, the conqueror of México has his part in the story. The film was good as a production, but it has no real connection with the origins of El Dorado legend. The origin of the legend must be located in the Muisca Confederation. The Zipa used to offer to the Guatavita goddess gold and other treasures. To do so, the Zipa covered himself with gold. This tradition was well-known outside the Confederation, as far as the Caribbean Sea and the Spaniards were attracted by the fascinating stories of a city of gold that actually did not exist. Much of the times the aborigenes wanted to get rid of the ambitious Spaniards in that way, pointing out other peoples. The Guatavita lagoon was widely explored by the Conquerors looking for the old offerings of the Zipa to the goddess. From this came many other routes to the Gold City out of the Muisca context and the term became a reference to a mythical place that attracts people. El Dorado or Eldorado (Spanish for the gilded one) is a legend that began with the story of a South American tribal chief who covered himself with gold dust and would dive into a lake of pure mountain water. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Theroadtoeldorado. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Theroadtoeldorado. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... The Road to El Dorado is an animated comedy film by DreamWorks SKG released in 2000. ... Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political and military dominance over large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred to as the Late post-Classic... This article is about the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... Hernán(do) Cortés Pizarro, 1st Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca (1485–December 2, 1547) was the conquistador who became famous for leading the military expedition that initiated the Spanish Conquest of Mexico. ... Mexico or, in Spanish, México, is: Mexico, a federal republic in North America Mexico City, that countrys capital city Mexican Federal District, the federal district containing that capital city Estado de México (State of Mexico), one of that republics 31 constituent states Mexico is also the... When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ... Location of the town and municipality of Guatavita in Cundinamarca Department. ... Map of Central America and the Caribbean The Caribbean Sea (pronounced or ) is a tropical sea in the Western Hemisphere, part of the Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. ...

Architecture

Model of ancient Muisca houses in the Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso.

The Muisca people did not make big stone structures. They did not use the abundant rock to leave monumental ruins as has happened with other American cultures. Their houses were built with simple materials as clay, canes and wood. The houses had a conical form most of them to the point that Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, founder of Bogotá, gave it the name of Valles de los Alcázares. The constructions had small doors and windows and the houses of the high rank men were different. The Muisca people did not use a lot furniture as they used to sit down on the floor, for example similar to many Asian peoples today. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1632x1224, 486 KB) Sección del Parque Arqueológico de Sogamos. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1632x1224, 486 KB) Sección del Parque Arqueológico de Sogamos. ... Nickname: Location of the town and municipality of Sogamoso in Cundinamarca Department. ... Oil portrait of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (unknown artist, Museo Nacional da Colombia, Bogota) Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (1509–1579) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador in Colombia. ... For other uses, see Bogotá (disambiguation). ...

History of the Muisca people

Until 1450 events are said in a mythologic context, but it is thanks to the Cronists of the Western Indias that it is possible to know the last periods of the Muisca history before the Spaniard conqueros came. // March - French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, in Caen. ...

Background

Excavations in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense (the highlands of Cundinamarca and Boyacá departments) show evidences of a great human activity in those territories since the Archaic stage that is the same at the beginning of the Holocene era. It ended a theory that was stated during the 19th Century that the Altiplano Cundiboyacense was inhabited before the Muisca people arrived. Colombia has also one of the most ancient archaeological sites of America: El Abra, which age can be calculated to even 13 thousand years ago. Other archaeological traces in the region of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense have conducted the scholars to talk about an El Abra Culture: In Tibitó, tools and other litic artifacts dated since BC 9740; in the Bogotá Plain, especially the Tequendama Falls other litic tools dated since a millennium later belonging to specialized hunters. Among other findings the most precious are entire human skeletons dated 5000 BC. The analysis demonstrated that those persons of the El Abra Culture were other etnia different to that of the Muisca people and for this reason it is possible to say that the Muisca tribes did not occupy an empty land. The Altiplano Cundiboyacense is a set of highlands located on the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes between the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The altiplano corresponds to the ancient territory of the Muisca. ... Cundinamarca is a department of Colombia, one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. Most of Cundinamarca is in the Eastern Cordillera, just south of Boyacá, bordered by the Magdalena River on the west, reaching down into the Amazon River basin on the east, and bordering... Motto: Capital Tunja Governor Jorge Eduardo Londoño Area 23,189 km² Population  - Total (2003)  - Density   1,411,239 61 people/km² Adjective Boyaca (Spanish: Boyacá) is a department of Colombia, one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. Boyacá is centrally located within Colombia, almost... In the sequence of North American cultural stages first proposed by Gordon Willey and Phillip Phillips in 1958, the Archaic stage was the second period of human occupation in the Americas, from around 8000 BC to 1000 BC although as its ending is defined by the adoption of sedentary farming... The Holocene epoch is a geological period, which began approximately 11,550 calendar years BP (about 9600 BC) and continues to the present. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... For other uses, see Abra. ... For other uses, see Abra. ... For other uses, see Bogotá (disambiguation). ... The Tequendama Falls (Salto del Tequendama) are a 132m high waterfall of the Bogotá River, located about 30 km southwest of Bogotá in the municipality of San Antonio del Tequendama. ... (6th millennium BC – 5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – other millennia) Events 4713 BC – The epoch (origin) of the Julian Period described by Joseph Justus Scaliger occurred on January 1, the astronomical Julian day number zero. ...

Muisca era

Scholars coincide that the huma group identify as "Muisca" migrated to the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in a time comprised between 5500 BC and BC 1000, it means during the Formative stage due to numberless evidences in places like Aguazuque and Soacha. Like the other Pre-Classic cultures of America, the Muiscas were in a transition among hunters and agrarians. Since BC 1500 came to the region groups of agrarians with ceramic traditions from the lowlands. They had permanent housing and stationary camps and worked the founts of salty water. In Zipacón there are pleny of evidences of agriculture and ceramic of the most ancient settlement of the highlands dated to the BC 1270. Among the years BC 500 and BC 800 a second wave of migrants came to the highlands, which presence is identified by multicolor ceramic and works of housing and farm. Those were the groups that lasted until the coming of the Spaniard Conquerors and they let abundant traces of their occupation that became object of studies since the 16th Century and allow to reconstruct their way of life. It is possible that the Muisca people integrated the ancient inhabitants, but it was the role of the Muisca people to mold the cultural profile and the social and political organization. Their language, the Chibcha, was very similar to those peoples of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Kogui, Ijka, Wiwa and Kankuamo) and the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (U'wa). The Formative Stage is an archaeological term describing a particular developmental level. ... Soacha is a municipality in Colombia on the southern edge of Bogotá. It has an important industrial zone and it is home to mostly working families. ... Location of the town and municipality of Zipacón in Cundinamarca Department. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is a mountain range in northern Colombia. ... The Uwa people (also known as the Tunebo people) are an indigenous people living in the cloudforests of northeast Colombia. ...

Wars

Zipa Saguamanchica was in a constant war against aggressive tribes of the surroundings like the sutagos, fusagasugaes and, especially, the panches that would make difficulties also for the successors Nemequene and Tisquesusa. The Caribs were also a permanent threat and the rivalries with the Zaque of Hunza, especially for the possession of the salt mines, a precious for the Muisca economy. When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ... Carib family (by John Gabriel Stedman) Drawing of a Carib woman Carib, Island Carib or Kalinago people, after whom the Caribbean Sea was named, live in the Lesser Antilles islands. ... When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ... This page is about the town of Hunza in northern areas of Pakistan. ...

The Spanish Conquest

The rivalries among the Zaque and the Zipa became a good opportunity for the Spaniards to conquer the heart of what would be Colombia. Some of them as Sebastián de Belalcázar, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and Nicolás de Federmann, interested for the route to El Dorado, discovered the rich plains of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The presence of the newcomers gave hope to both sovereigns that, were they to prevail in a war against the Spaniards,could make one Confederation. But the Spaniards prevailed. When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ... When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ... Sebastián de Belalcázar (1479 or 1480 to 1551) was a Spanish conquistador. ... Oil portrait of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (unknown artist, Museo Nacional da Colombia, Bogota) Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (1509–1579) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador in Colombia. ... El Dorado or Eldorado (Spanish for the gilded one) is a legend that began with the story of a South American tribal chief who covered himself with gold dust and would dive into a lake of pure mountain water. ... Cundinamarca is a department of Colombia, one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. Most of Cundinamarca is in the Eastern Cordillera, just south of Boyacá, bordered by the Magdalena River on the west, reaching down into the Amazon River basin on the east, and bordering... Motto: Capital Tunja Governor Jorge Eduardo Londoño Area 23,189 km² Population  - Total (2003)  - Density   1,411,239 61 people/km² Adjective Boyaca (Spanish: Boyacá) is a department of Colombia, one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. Boyacá is centrally located within Colombia, almost...

The Spaniards killed the last Muisca sovereigns Sagipa and Aquiminzaque. The reaction of the chief leaders and the people did a little to change the destiny of the Confederations. In 1542 Gonzalo Suaréz Rendón finally put down the resistance and the territories of the Confederations were shared by Belalcazar, Federmann and Quesada. Later the Spaniard Crown would elect Quesada as the only man in charge with the title adelantado de los cabildos de Santa Fe y Tunja. Events War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French. ...

Last Muisca sovereigns

• Zipas of Bacatá:
  • Meicuchuca (1450-1470)
  • Saguamanchica (1470-1490)
  • Nemequene (1490-1514)
  • Tisquesusa (1514-1537)
  • Sagipa (1537-1538)
• Zaques of Hunza:
  • Michuá (until 1490)
  • Quemuenchatocha (1490-1537)
  • Aquiminzaque (1537-1541)

// March - French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, in Caen. ... Events May 15 - Charles VIII of Sweden who had served three terms as King of Sweden dies. ... Events May 15 - Charles VIII of Sweden who had served three terms as King of Sweden dies. ... Events Tirant Lo Blanc by Joanot Martorell, Martí Joan De Galba is published. ... Events Tirant Lo Blanc by Joanot Martorell, Martí Joan De Galba is published. ... 1514 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1514 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 6 - Alessandro de Medici assassinated August 25 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, was formed. ... Events January 6 - Alessandro de Medici assassinated August 25 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, was formed. ... Events Treaty of Nagyvarad. ... This page is about the town of Hunza in northern areas of Pakistan. ... Events Tirant Lo Blanc by Joanot Martorell, Martí Joan De Galba is published. ... Events Tirant Lo Blanc by Joanot Martorell, Martí Joan De Galba is published. ... Events January 6 - Alessandro de Medici assassinated August 25 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, was formed. ... Events January 6 - Alessandro de Medici assassinated August 25 - The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, was formed. ... Events The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish February 12 - Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. ...

Muisca under colonial regime

When the Muisca structure disappeared under the Spaniard Conquest, the territory of the Confederations of the Zaque and Zipa were included in a new political division within a big system: the Spaniard colonies in America. The territory of the Muisca people, located in a fertil plain of the Colombian Andes that contributed to make one of the most advance South American civilizations, was chosen by the Spaniards as a head to lead the new region they called "Nuevo Reino de Granada". This fact caused that the high class, the priests and nobility of the Muisca people were eliminated. Only the Capitanias remained. It made also possible that much information about the Muisca Culture were gathered by the new Spaniard administration. The best territories were for the Spaniards and they created the Indigenous Shelters to keep the survivors with the obligation to work the land for them in what they called encomiendas. The Colonial era contributed to give importance to Santafé, the ancient Bacatá, the one that would play an important role in the fights of th independence and the republic consolidation. The war of independence that gathered the common will of what would be three nations (Colombia with Panamá, Venezuela and Ecuador), was leaded by the Creoles, it is to say, by the descendants of the Conquerors. In such case the participation of aborigen, African and cross-breed people was as soldiers, no less important role as they were those who fight in the front against the skillful royal Spaniard army. Nuevo Reino de Granada (The New Kingdom of Granada) is the name of the Spanish colony that now is Colombia. ... The encomienda[1] system was a trusteeship labor system employed by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines in order to consolidate their conquests. ... For other uses, see Bogotá (disambiguation). ... Panama (Spanish: Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. ...

20th Century

After the independence in 1810 the new Creole state intended to dissolve the Indigenous Reservations keeping only one in Tocancipá. This one was dissolved in 1940^[7] leaving only the one in Sesquilé, which was reduced to 10% of its original size. Tenjo was reduced to 54 ha after 1934. The Reservation of Cota was re-established in a land bought by the community in 1916, and then recognized by the 1991 constitution; the recognition was withdrawn in 1998 by the state and restored back 2006. 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Location of the town and municipality of Tocancipá in Cundinamarca Department. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Named after and native indian from the Chibcha tribe, who fought against the spaniols. ... Location of the town and municipality of Tenjo in Cundinamarca Department. ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Location of the town and municipality of Cota in Cundinamarca Department. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 1948 the state forbade the production of chicha, a maize based alcoholic drink.^[8] This was a blow to the culture and the economy of the Muisca as they lost a source of income which added to the lost of previous traditions and land. The ban remained until 1991. Since then, the "Festival of the chicha, maize, life and joy" is celebrated every year in Barrio La Perseverancia, where most of the Chicha is produced in Bogotá. Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Chicha served with pipeño Chicha is a Spanish word for any variety of fermented beverage. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see Bogotá (disambiguation). ...

21 Century

Since 1989 there is a process of reconstruction of the indigenous councils by the survivors of the Muisca Culture. Nowadays the Muisca Councils working are Suba, Bosa, Cota, Chía and Sesquilé. The different councils had an Assembly between 20 and 22 of September, 2002 in Bosa in the First General Congress of the Muisca People. In that Congress they founded the Great Council of the Muisca People, affiliated to the National Indigenous Organization of Colombia, ONIC.^[9] The proposed the linguistic and cultural recuperation, the defense of the territorioes nowadays occupied by others and treated by the urban and tourist plans. They support also the communities of Ubaté, Tocancipá, Soacha, Ráquira and Tenjo in order to recover their organization and human rights. Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Suba may refer to: Suba people of Kenya Suba people of Tanzania Suba, that refers to particular province within Pakistan Suba (musician), a Brazilian musician Category: ... Bosa is a town in Sardinia, a poor region of Italy. ... Location of the town and municipality of Cota in Cundinamarca Department. ... Chía is a municipality in the Cundinamarca department of Colombia, located to the north of Bogotá on the main road to Zipaquira. ... Named after and native indian from the Chibcha tribe, who fought against the spaniols. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Bosa is a town in Sardinia, a poor region of Italy. ... The National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (Spanish: Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia or ONIC) is an organization representing the indigenous peoples of Colombia, who comprise some 800,000 people or approximately 2% of the population. ... Ubaté is one of the Municipalities of Cundinamarca in Colombia. ... Location of the town and municipality of Tocancipá in Cundinamarca Department. ... Soacha is a municipality in Colombia on the southern edge of Bogotá. It has an important industrial zone and it is home to mostly working families. ... Ráquira is a municipality and town in Boyacá Department, Colombia. ... Location of the town and municipality of Tenjo in Cundinamarca Department. ...

The Muisca people of Suba opposed to the dry up of the Tibabuyes Laggon and they could recover the Humedal de Juan Amarillo. They defend the natural reserves like La Conejera Hill that is considered by the Shelter's Council as land of the community. The Suati Magazine (The Song of the Sun) is a publication of poetry, literature and researches about the Muisca Culture. The community of Bosa could get important achievements with its project of natural medicine in association with the Paul VI Hospital and the District Secretary of Health of Bogotá. The community of Cota reintroduced the growing of quinua and it is doing regularly the market for barker their products. Suba may refer to: Suba people of Kenya Suba people of Tanzania Suba, that refers to particular province within Pakistan Suba (musician), a Brazilian musician Category: ... Bosa is a town in Sardinia, a poor region of Italy. ... Location of the town and municipality of Cota in Cundinamarca Department. ... Binomial name Chenopodium quinoa Willd. ...

Toward the end of 2006 it was the report on Muisca population: Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

• 3 Muisca Councils: Cota, Chía and Sesquile with a population of 2,318 persons.
• In the Capital District are registered 5,186 persons belonging to the Musica ethnic group.
• In the municipalities of Suba and Bosa are registered 1,573 persons.
• In this report is not included the number of persons of the Muisca etnia in the entire territory of the ancient Muisca confederations or outside that territory. It is not included the Muisca Creol persons, it is to say, those with Muisca ancestors.

Some politic perspectives pretend to say that the Muisca Culture and even etnia disappeared with the destruction of the political Muisca Confederation at the beginning of the 16th Century. Even some persons say that the Chibcha language is a dead language that disappeared totally at the end of the 18th Century. But those perspectives are not objective and it is a cultural denying. On the other hand, the Muisca Culture is alive, it is present in the cultural national identity of Colombia and it is alive in the many farmer groups that have survived the centuries after the destruction of their ancestral state. Location of the town and municipality of Cota in Cundinamarca Department. ... Chía is a municipality in the Cundinamarca department of Colombia, located to the north of Bogotá on the main road to Zipaquira. ... For other uses, see Bogotá (disambiguation). ... Suba may refer to: Suba people of Kenya Suba people of Tanzania Suba, that refers to particular province within Pakistan Suba (musician), a Brazilian musician Category: ... Bosa is a town in Sardinia, a poor region of Italy. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Muisca research

The studies on the Muisca Culture are abundant and they have a long tradition. The first sources come from the Cronists of the Western Indias, whose work lasted for three centuries during the existence of the Colonial Nuevo Reino de Granada. After the independence wars in 1810 there was a surge in interest for the study of the Muisca Culture. White Colombians established the capital of their republic in Santafé, the former Viceroyal city, which was at the same time the capital of the Confederation of the Zipa, Bacatá. The political interest was to state that the place was really the cradle of an advanced civilization whose process of consolidation was cut by the Spanish Conquest.^[10] This social phenomenon of search for an identity however resulted in giving more emphasis to the Muisca Culture and overlooking other native nations which were seen as wild people. They wrongly concluded that the Muisca Culture inhabited an empty land and everything known was attributed only to the Muisca people. President Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera invited in 1849 the Italian cartographer Agustín Codazzi, who led the Geography Commission with Manuel Ancízar and did descriptives studies of the national territory and an inventory of the archaeological sites. The result of the expedition was published in Bogotá in 1889 as Peregrinación Alfa (Alpha Travels).^[11] Argüello García pointed out that the goal of that expedition in the context of the new nation was to underline the Pre-Hispanic civilizations and in that sense they centered in the Muisca Culture as the main model. A similar tendency can be found in the works of Ezequiel Uricoechea Memorias sobre las Antigüedades Neogranadinas (Memoirs of the Ancient Neogranadian Cultures).^[12] The objection to that point of view would come from Vicente Restrepo: If they wanted to see the Muisca people as a superior civilization, Restrepo in his work Los chibchas antes de la conquista española (The Chibcha people before the Spaniard Conquest)^[13] showed them as barbarians. However, Miguel Triana in his work La Civilización Chibcha (The Chibcha Civilization)^[14] suggested, for example, that the rock art's symbols were not other than writing. Wenceslao Cabrera Ortíz, who proposed more interests in the Muisca Culture and other Pre-Hispanic peoples in Colombia, was the one who concluded that the Muisca people were migrants to the Highlands. In 1969 he published Monumentos rupestres de Colombia (Colombian Rock-Art Monuments)^[15] and reports of Correal, Hurt and Van Der Hammen about excavations in El Abra. That publication opened a new era in the studies of the Pre-Hispanic cultures in Colombia according with Argüello.^[16] Nuevo Reino de Granada (The New Kingdom of Granada) is the name of the Spanish colony that now is Colombia. ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Bogotá (disambiguation). ... When the Spanish arrived in the central Colombia highlands, the region had two kings; the Zipa, was the ruler of the southern part including what is now known as Bogotá. The Zaque was the ruler or king of the northern area in Hunza, known today as Tunja. ... Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera (y Arboleda) (1798 - 1878) was a Colombian general and political figure. ... Year 1849 (MDCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Juan Bautista Agustín Codazzi (1793-1858), Italian scientist, geographer and cartographer. ... Year 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ...

References

Internet

Books

• Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá, Secretaría de Gobierno 2003: Los ancestrales habitantes de Bogotá. 16.500 años de historia (tr.en. The Ancestral Inhabitants of Bogotá).
• Bahn, Paul: Archaeology, Theories, Methods and Practice, 2nd edition, printed by Thames and Hudson, London, 1991. ISBN 0-500-27867-9
• Bonnett Vélez, Diana 1999: "El caso del altiplano Cundiboyacense: 1750-1800". La ofensiva hacia las tierras comunales indígenas" (tr.en. The Case of the Cundiboyacense Highland: 1750-1800. The challenge toward the communitarian Indian lands). Universitas Humanistica 48. Santafé de Bogotá; Universidad Javieriana.
• Broadbent, Sylvia 1964: Los Chibchas: organización socio-política (tr.en The Chibcha People: Social and Politica Organization). Série Latinoamericana 5. Bogotá: Facultad de Sociología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
• Correal Urrego, Gonzalo 1990: "Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistoeno y Holoceno de Colombia" (tr.en Cultural Evidences of the Colombian Preistocen and Holocene); Revista de Arqueología Americana 1:69-89. Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, México.
• Friede, Juan 1961: Los chibchas bajo la dominación española (tr.en. The Chibcha People under the Spaniard Rule). Bogotá: La Carreta.
• García, Antonio; Edith Jiménez y Blanca Ochoa 1946: "Resguardo Indígena de Tocancipá" (Tocancipá Indian Shelter); Boletín de Arqueología' 6 (1).
• González de Pérez, María Stella 1987: Diccionario y Gramática Chibcha (Chibchan Dictionary and Grammar). Manuscrito anónimo de la Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
• ENCICLOPEDIA DE COLOMBIA OCEANO (tr.en Colombian Encyclopedia Ocean). Tomo 2. Barcelona, España 2002.
• ENCICLOPEDIA COLOMBIA A SU ALCANCE ESPASA SIGLO XXI (Colombian Encyclopedia Espasa for you). Tomo 1 Bogotá, Colombia 2003.
• Hernández Rodríguez Guillermo 1949: De los Chibchas a la Colonia y la República (tr.en. From the Chibcha People to the Colony to the Republic). Bogotá: Ediciones Paraninfo, 1991.
• HISTORIA DE COLOMBIA (tr.en. History of Colombia). Tomo 1 Zamora Editores, Bogotá, Colombia 2003.
• GRAN ENCICLOPEDIA DE COLOMBIA TEMATICA. Tomos 1 y 11 Círculo de Lectores, Bogotá, Colombia 1994
• Fundación Misión Colombia: HISTORIA DE BOGOTA, Conquista y Colonia. Tomo 1 Salvat-Villegas editores, Bogotá, Colombia 1989.
• Langebaek, Carl Henrik 1987: Mecados, poblamiento, e integración étnica entre los Muiscas. Bogotá: Banco de la República. ISBN 958-9028-40-3
• Londoño, Eduardo 1998: Los muiscas: una reseña histórica con base en las primeras descripciones. Bogotá: Museo del Oro.
• Llano Restrepo, María Clara y Marcela Campuzano 1994: La Chicha, una bebida fermentada a través de la historia. Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología.
• Lleras Pérez, Roberto 1990: "Diferentes oleadas de poblamiento en la prehistoria tardía de los Andes Orientales"; ponencia presentada en el simposio Los chibchas en América del II Congreso Mundial de Arqueología; Barquesimeto, Venezuela.
• Martínez, Fernando Antonio 1977: "A propósito de algunas supervivencias chibchas del habla de Bogotá"; Thesaurus 32.
• Posada, Francisco 1965: "El camino chibcha a la sociedadde clases". Tlatoani 6, suplemento. Mexico: Secretaria de Educación Publica. Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1967.
• Rozo Guauta, José 1978: Los Muiscas: organización social y régimen político. Bogotá: Fondo Editorial Suramérica.
• Suescún Monroy, Armando 1987: La Economía Chibcha. Bogotá: Ediciones Tercer Mundo. ISBN958-601-137-2
• Tovar Pinzón, Hermes 1980: La formación social chibcha. Bogotá. CIEC.
• Wiesner García, Luis Eduardo 1987: "Supervivencia de las instituciones Muiscas: el Reguardo de Cota"; Maguaré 5: 235-259.

External links

Read in Excelsio the most recent discoveries about Muisca culture at its sacred city Sogamoso.

Enlaces externos

• Los Muiscas:Una reseña histórica, por El Museo del Oro
• Galeon.com / "Muiscas", en: Culturas americanas.
• Página de historia prehispánica colombiana de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (Bogotá).
• Artículo:Sobre la Conquista del cacicazgo de Bogotá, Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango (Bogotá).

The Museo del Oro (Gold Museum), established in Bogotá, Colombia by the Banco de la Republica, contains one of the hemispheres largest collections of pre-Columbian artifacts of gold and other materials. ...

Heraldry

A pre-Colombian Muisca pattern appears in the coat of arms of Sopo, Cundinamarca, Colombia. [1] Cundinamarca is a department of Colombia, one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. Most of Cundinamarca is in the Eastern Cordillera, just south of Boyacá, bordered by the Magdalena River on the west, reaching down into the Amazon River basin on the east, and bordering...

See also

• Chibchas