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Multiphonics are an extended technique in instrumental music in which a monophonic instrument (one which generally produces only one note at a time) is made to produce several notes at once. (For multiphonic use in music, see throat singing, didgeridoo, 3rd bridge guitar and singing bowls.) Extended technique is a term used in music to describe unconventional, unorthodox or improper techniques of singing, or of playing musical instruments. ...
Monophonic can mean: In rrded audio, a monaural recording with only one channel. ...
Throat singing, also known in the western world as overtone singing, harmonic singing, or harmonic chant; and many other regional names, is a type of singing that manipulates the harmonic resonances (or formants) created as air travels through the human vocal folds and out the lips. ...
This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Prepared guitar. ...
A new Nepalese singing bowl Rin gong at Kiyomizu-dera, Kyoto Singing bowls, also known as Himalayan bowls, cup gongs or (in Japan) rin gongs, are a musical instrument used in Buddhist meditation, dating back many centuries. ...
Multiphonics in wind music are primarily a 20th century technique, first explicitly called for in the Sequenza for solo flute by Luciano Berio and Proporzioni for solo flute by Franco Evangelisti, though the brass technique of singing while playing has been known since the 18th century and used by composers such as Carl Maria von Weber. Commonly, no more than four notes will be produced at once, though for some chords on some instruments it is possible to get several more. Luciano Berio (October 24, 1925 – May 27, 2003) was an Italian composer. ...
Franco Evangelisti (January 21, 1926 - January 28, 1980), was an Italian composer specifically interested in the scientific theories behind sound. ...
Carl Maria von Weber Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst, Freiherr von Weber (November 18, 1786 in Eutin, Holstein – June 5, 1826 in London, England) was a German composer, conductor, pianist and critic, one of the first significant composers of the Romantic school. ...
Technique
Woodwind instruments On woodwind instruments for example- saxophone, clarinet, oboe and flute- multiphonics can be produced either with new fingerings or by using different embouchures with conventional fingerings. There have been numerous fingering guides published for the woodwind player to achieve harmonics. Multiphonics on reed instruments can also be produced in the manners described below for brass instruments. A woodwind instrument is a musical instrument in which sound is produced by blowing through a mouthpiece against an edge or by a vibrating reed, and in which the pitch is varied by opening or closing holes in the body of the instrument. ...
The embouchure is the use of facial muscles and the shaping of the lips to the mouthpiece of a wind instrument. ...
Brass instruments In brass instruments, the most common method of producing multiphonics is by simultaneously playing the instrument and singing into it. When the sung note is part of the overtone series of the played note, a third note that is the sum of the frequencies of the sung note and the played note is produced; a difference between them is also produced, leading to the popular term trumpet/trombone/horn growl. This technique is also called "horn chords". (Singing while playing is also possible for flute and recorder, though not as common.) Another method is referred to as "lip multiphonics", in which a brass player alters the airflow to blow between partials, in the harmonic series of the slide position/valve. The outcome is just as stable as any multiphonic and perfectly structured. When the frequencies add together or subtract from each other (essentially merge), the fundamental is recreated. For example; A 440 and A 220, this would combine to make 660. Creating a new fundamental of the second lowest B of the piano. Pitched musical instruments are usually based on a harmonic oscillator such as a string or a column of air. ...
Also called a Tartini tone, a combination tone is a usually lower pitch produced inside the inner ear by the presence of two external pitches. ...
The trumpet is the highest brass instrument in register, above the horn, trombone, baritone, euphonium and tuba. ...
The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. ...
Horn may refer to: horn (anatomy), a hollow, pointed projection of the skin of various animals Horn, Austria horn (diacritic), a diacritic mark used to indicate that a normally rounded vowel such as o or u is to be pronounced unrounded horn (instrument) horn, a slang term for any wind...
Growling is a multiphonic technique of playing wind instruments (saxophone, trumpet). ...
The flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind family. ...
Various recorders The recorder is a woodwind musical instrument of the family known as fipple flutes or internal duct flutes—whistle-like instruments which include the tin whistle and ocarina. ...
An overtone is a sinusoidal component of a waveform, of greater frequency than its fundamental frequency. ...
It is said to be impossible to recreate exactly the conditions between one player and the next, due to minute differences in instruments, reeds, embouchure, and other things. This, however, is not entirely true; the multiphonic will depend on the room temperature and other such things, but essentially multiphonics sound the same due to the harmonic structure of the multiphonic. A multiphonic fingering that works for one player may not work for that same player on a different instrument, or a different player on the same instrument, or even after switching reeds. The tone quality of brass multiphonics is influenced strongly by the voice of the player. The embouchure is the use of facial muscles and the shaping of the lips to the mouthpiece of a wind instrument. ...
String instruments String instruments can also produce multiphonic tones when strings are divided in two pieces. The most well-known technique is playing flaegolet tones on a guitar. Other multiphonic extended techniques used are prepared piano, prepared guitar and 3rd bridge guitar. Experimental luthier Yuri Landman created a 12-string overtone zither called the Moodswinger. A Flageolet is a woodwind musical instrument and a member of the fipple flute family. ...
Extended technique is a term used to describe unconventional, unorthodox or improper techniques of playing musical instruments or singing. ...
A prepared piano is a piano that has had its sound altered by placing objects (preparations) between or on the strings or on the hammers or dampers. ...
A prepared guitar is a guitar which has had its timbre altered by placing various objects on or between the instruments strings, including other extended techniques. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Prepared guitar. ...
An engravers impression of Antonio Stradivari examining an instrument. ...
Yuri Landman (born 1-2-1973) is a dutch multi disciplined artist most well known for his work as an experimental luthier, but also active as a comic artist, illustrator, musician, singer, graphic designer and furniture designer. ...
An overtone is a sinusoidal component of a waveform, of greater frequency than its fundamental frequency. ...
Concert zither The zither is a musical string instrument, mainly used in folk music, most commonly in German-speaking Alpine Europe. ...
In 2006 luthier Yuri Landman built the Moodswinger, a 12 string overtone zither for Aaron Hemphill of the noiseband Liars The Moodswinger is a custom made string instrument made by Yuri Landman. ...
Vocal multiphonics The technique of producing multiphonics with the voice is called throat singing. Throat singing, also known in the western world as overtone singing, harmonic singing, or harmonic chant; and many other regional names, is a type of singing that manipulates the harmonic resonances (or formants) created as air travels through the human vocal folds and out the lips. ...
How multiphonics work In general, when playing a wind instrument, the tone that comes out consists of the fundamental—the pitch usually identified as the note being played—as well as pitches with frequencies that are integer multiples of the frequency of the fundamental. (Only pure sine wave tones lack these overtones.) Normally, we perceive only the fundamental pitch as being played. The integers are commonly denoted by the above symbol. ...
In trigonometry, an ideal sine wave is a waveform whose graph is identical to the generalized sine function y = Asin[ω(x − α)] + C, where A is the amplitude, ω is the angular frequency (2π/P where P is the wavelength), α is the phase shift, and C...
By controlling the air flow through the instrument and the shape of the column (by changing fingering or valve position), a player may produce two distinct tones not part of the same harmonic series, and thus perceive them independently. Pitched musical instruments are usually based on a harmonic oscillator such as a string or a column of air. ...
Notation Multiphonics may be notated in score in a variety of ways. When exact pitches are specified, one method of notation is simply to indicate a chord, leaving the performer to figure out what techniques are necessary to achieve it. Common on woodwind music is to specify a particular fingering underneath the required note; as different fingerings produce different qualities of sound, a composer who is concerned about the precise effect created may wish to do this. Approximate pitches may be specified by wavy lines or in cluster notation to designate acceptable ranges of sound. There is, however, a wide range of notation used to designate multiphonics, with several individual composers preferring notations not in common use.
Use in literature The first real use of multiphonics in literature are of the brass "horn chord" style. Carl Maria von Weber used this technique in his horn literature; it was used in the 18th century. Carl Maria von Weber Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst, Freiherr von Weber (November 18, 1786 in Eutin, Holstein – June 5, 1826 in London, England) was a German composer, conductor, pianist and critic, one of the first significant composers of the Romantic school. ...
The horn is a brass instrument that consists of tubing wrapped into a coiled form, now with finger-operated valves to help control the pitch but originally without valves to control the pitch. ...
Woodwind multiphonics and brass lip multiphonics did not make appearances in classical music until the 20th century, with pioneering compositions such as Luciano Berio's Sequenzas for solo wind instruments using them extensively. Classical music is a broad, somewhat imprecise term, referring to music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of, European art, ecclesiastical and concert music, encompassing a broad period from roughly 1000 to the present day. ...
Luciano Berio (October 24, 1925 – May 27, 2003) was an Italian composer. ...
However, usage in jazz predates this, having been used as early as the 1940s, with Illinois Jacquet an early proponent of the practice. Multiphonics were also widely used by John Coltrane, and jazz flutist Jeremy Steig uses multiphonics extensively. Jazz is a style of music which originated in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States at around the start of the 20th century. ...
Jean-Baptiste Illinois Jacquet (October 31, 1922 - July 22, 2004) was a jazz tenor saxophonist most famous for his solo on Flying Home. He is better known simply as Illinois Jacquet. ...
John William Coltrane (September 23, 1926 – July 17, 1967), nicknamed Trane, was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. ...
Jeremy Steig, the son of The New Yorker cartoonist William Steig, is notable as one of the few jazz flutists playing flute exclusively, as opposed to doubling from other woodwinds (others are James Newton, and, for most of his career, Herbie Mann). ...
Some composers who use multiphonics are:
Some musicians who use multiphonics are: Luciano Berio (October 24, 1925 – May 27, 2003) was an Italian composer. ...
Glenn Branca (born October 6, 1948 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania) is an avant-garde composer and guitarist. ...
Elliott Cook Carter, Jr. ...
John Corigliano (born February 16, 1938) is an American composer of classical music. ...
Christian Lindberg Christian Lindberg (born 1958) is a Swedish trombone virtuoso. ...
Aleksandar Obradović (born August 22, 1927 in Bled, Slovenia, SFRY, died 2001 in Belgrade, Serbia) was one of the most significant Serbian 20th century composer and professor at the Faculty of Music in Belgrade. ...
Tōru Takemitsu (武満 徹 Takemitsu Tōru, October 8, 1930 - February 20, 1996) was a Japanese composer of music, who explored the compositional principles of Western classical music and his native Japanese tradition both in isolation and in combination. ...
Iannis Xenakis Iannis Xenakis (Ιάννης Ξενάκης) (May 29, 1922 Brăila – February 4, 2001 Paris) was a Greek composer and architect who spent much of his life in Paris. ...
John Zorn (born September 2, 1953 in Queens, USA) is a Jewish American avant-garde composer, arranger, record producer, saxophonist and multi-instrumentalist. ...
Konrad Conny Bauer (born July 4, 1943) is a world-renowned free jazz trombonist. ...
Vinko Globokar (b. ...
Theo Jörgensmann (born 1948 in Bottrop) is a jazz and free-improvising bassett clarinet player and composer. ...
Yuri Landman (born 1-2-1973) is a dutch multi disciplined artist most well known for his work as an experimental luthier, but also active as a comic artist, illustrator, musician, singer, graphic designer and furniture designer. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Prepared guitar. ...
Albert Mangelsdorff, * 5 September 1928 in Frankfurt am Main, is one of the most accredited and innovative trombonists of modern jazz who became famous for his his distinctive technique of playing multiphonics. ...
Milenko Mima Stefanović (born February 19, 1930 in Belgrade, Serbia ) is the most famous Serbian clarinetist. ...
Two soprano clarinets: a Bâ™ clarinet (left) and an A clarinet (right, with no mouthpiece). ...
See also Extended technique is a term used to describe unconventional, unorthodox or improper techniques of playing musical instruments or singing. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Prepared guitar. ...
In 2006 luthier Yuri Landman built the Moodswinger, a 12 string overtone zither for Aaron Hemphill of the noiseband Liars The Moodswinger is a custom made string instrument made by Yuri Landman. ...
Double buzz refers to a multiphonic effect on the trumpet or other brass instruments. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Sound waves Variations in air pressure against the ear drum, and the subsequent physical and neurological processing and interpretation, give rise to the experience called sound. Most sound that people recognize as musical is dominated by periodic or regular vibrations rather than non-periodic ones (called a definite pitch), and...
Pitched musical instruments are usually based on a harmonic oscillator such as a string or a column of air. ...
References - Gerald Farmer, Multiphonics and Other Contemporary Clarinet Techniques, Shall-u-mo Publications, Rochester, NY, 1982
- Murray Campbell: "Multiphonics". Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy. Accessed 24 Jan 05. (subscription access)
- Richard E. Berg and David G. Stork, The Physics of Sound. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1982.
- Kurt Stone, Music Notation in the Twentieth Century. W.W. Norton, New York, 1980
- Robert Dick, The Other Flute. Oxford University Press, 1975
- Nora Post, "Multiphonics for the Oboe".
- Paul Keenan, Document accompanying Ph.D. "Lip Multiphonics and Composition"
The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is a dictionary of music and musicians, generally considered to be one of the best general reference sources on the subject. ...
External links - The Woodwind Fingering Guide, containing multiphonic fingerings
- Nora Post, "Multiphonics for the Oboe"
- "What is multiphonics?", with audio examples
- The Virtual Boehm Flute
- Multiphonics for the bassoon, from the International Double Reed Society website
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