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Muscle weakness (or "lack of strength") is a direct term for the inability to exert force with one's muscles to the degree that would be expected given the individual's general physical fitness. A test of strength is often used during a diagnosis of a muscular disorder before the etiology can be identified. Such etiology depends on the type of muscle weakness, which can be true or perceived as well as variable topically. True weakness is substantial, while perceived rather is a sensation of having to put more effort to do the same task.[1] On the other hand, various topic locations for muscle weakness are central, neural and peripheral. Central muscle weakness is an overall exhaustion of the whole body, while peripheral weakness is an exhaustion of individual muscles. Neural weakness is somewhere between. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ...
// M00-M99 - Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M25) Arthropathies (M00-M03) Infectious arthropathies (M00) Pyogenic arthritis (M01) Direct infections of joint in infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhere (M02) Reactive arthropathies (M023) Reiters disease (M03) Postinfective and reactive arthropathies in diseases classified elsewhere (M05-M14...
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ...
The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ...
The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ...
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ...
For other uses of Muscles, see Muscles (disambiguation). ...
Physical fitness is an attribute required for service in virtually all military forces. ...
In general, diagnosis (plural diagnoses) has two distinct dictionary definitions. ...
This article is about the medical term. ...
Muscle weakness can be a result of vigorous exercise but abnormal fatigue may be caused by barriers to or interference with the different stages of muscle contraction. U.S. Marine emerging from the swim portion of a triathlon. ...
A top-down view of skeletal muscle A muscle contraction (also known as a muscle twitch or simply twitch) occurs when a muscle fiber generates tension through the action of actin and myosin cross-bridge cycling. ...
In a broader sense, muscle weakness is the physical part of fatigue (medical). Exhaustion redirects here. ...
Muscle contraction -
Muscle cells work by detecting a flow of electrical impulses from the brain which signals them to contract through the release of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Fatigue (reduced ability to generate force) may occur due to the nerve, or within the muscle cells themselves. New research from scientists at Columbia University suggests that muscle fatigue is caused by calcium leaking into muscle cells from the release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.[2][3] A top-down view of skeletal muscle A muscle contraction (also known as a muscle twitch or simply twitch) occurs when a muscle fiber generates tension through the action of actin and myosin cross-bridge cycling. ...
A. A schematic view of an idealized action potential illustrates its various phases as the action potential passes a point on a cell membrane. ...
Human brain In animals, the brain (enkephale) (Greek for in the skull), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behavior. ...
A top-down view of skeletal muscle A muscle contraction (also known as a muscle twitch or simply twitch) occurs when a muscle fiber generates tension through the action of actin and myosin cross-bridge cycling. ...
For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ...
The endoplasmic reticulum or ER is an organelle found in all eukaryotic cells that is an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae that is responsible for several specialized functions: Protein translation, folding, and transport of proteins to be used in the cell membrane (e. ...
True vs. perceived The term subsumes two other more specific terms, true weakness and perceived weakness. - True weakness (or "objective weakness") describes a condition where the instantaneous force exerted by the muscles is less than would be expected. For instance, if a patient suffers from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), motor neurons are damaged and can no longer stimulate the muscles to exert normal force.
- Perceived weakness (or "subjective weakness") describes a condition where it seems to the patient that more effort than normal is required to exert a given amount of force.[4] For instance, some people with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) may struggle to climb a set of stairs when feeling especially fatigued, even though their muscle strength when objectively measured (eg, the maximum weight they can press with their legs) is essentially normal.
In some conditions, such as myasthenia gravis muscle strength is normal when resting, but true weakness occurs after the muscle has been subjected to exercise. This is also true for some cases of CFS, where objective post-exertion muscle weakness with delayed recovery time has been measured and is a feature of some of the published definitions.[5].[6][7][8][9][10] Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, sometimes called Lou Gehrigs Disease, or Maladie de Charcot) is a progressive, usually fatal, neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. ...
In vertebrates, the term motor neuron (or motoneuron) classically applies to neurons located in the central nervous system (CNS) which project their axons outside the CNS and directly or indirectly control muscles. ...
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is one of several names given to a poorly understood, highly debilitating disorder of uncertain cause/causes, which is thought to affect approximately 4 per 1,000 adults[1] in the United States and other countries, and a smaller fraction of children. ...
Myasthenia gravis (sometimes abbreviated MG; from the Greek myastheneia, lit. ...
Topically In addition to true/perceived, muscle weakness can also be central, neural and peripheral. Central muscle weakness manifests as an overall, bodily or systemic, sense of energy deprivation, and peripheral weakness manifests as a local, muscle-specific incapacity to do work.[11].[12] Neural weakness can be both central and peripheral.
Central The central component to muscle fatigue is generally described in terms of a reduction in the neural drive or nerve-based motor command to working muscles that results in a decline in the force output.[13][14][15] It has been suggested that the reduced neural drive during exercise may be a protective mechanism to prevent organ failure if the work was continued at the same intensity.[16][17] The exact mechanisms of central fatigue are unknown although there has been a great deal of interest in the role of serotonergic pathways.[18][19][20] The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principal components are nerves called neurons. ...
Neural Nerves are responsible for controlling the contraction of muscles, determining the number, sequence and force of muscular contraction. Most movements require a force far below what a muscle could in potential generate, and barring pathology nervous fatigue is seldom an issue. For extremely powerful contractions that are close to the upper limit of a muscle's ability to generate force, nervous fatigue can be a limiting factor in untrained individuals. In novice strength trainers, the muscle's ability to generate force is most strongly limited by nerve’s ability to sustain a high-frequency signal. After a period of maximum contraction, the nerve’s signal reduces in frequency and the force generated by the contraction diminishes. There is no sensation of pain or discomfort, the muscle appears to simply ‘stop listening’ and gradually cease to move, often going backwards. As there is insufficient stress on the muscles and tendons, there will often be no delayed onset muscle soreness following the workout. Part of the process of strength training is increasing the nerve's ability to generate sustained, high frequency signals which allow a muscle to contract with their greatest force. It is this neural training that causes several weeks worth of rapid gains in strength, which level off once the nerve is generating maximum contractions and the muscle reaches its physiological limit. Past this point, training effects increase muscular strength through myofibrilar or sarcoplasmic hypertrophy and metabolic fatigue becomes the factor limiting contractile force. For other uses, see Nerve (disambiguation). ...
A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin & eosin stained slide Pathologist redirects here. ...
Strength training is the use of resistance to muscular contraction to build the strength, endurance and size of skeletal muscles. ...
A top-down view of skeletal muscle A muscle contraction (also known as a muscle twitch or simply twitch) occurs when a muscle fiber generates tension through the action of actin and myosin cross-bridge cycling. ...
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) is the pain or discomfort often felt 24 to 72 hours after exercising and subsides generally within 2 to 3 days. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
Peripheral Peripheral muscle fatigue during physical work is considered an inability for the body to supply sufficient energy or other metabolites to the contracting muscles to meet the increased energy demand. This is the most common case of physical fatigue--affecting a national average of 72% of adults in the work force in 2002. This causes contractile dysfunction that is manifested in the eventual reduction or lack of ability of a single muscle or local group of muscles to do work. The insufficiency of energy, i.e. sub-optimal aerobic metabolism, generally results in the accumulation of lactic acid and other acidic anaerobic metabolic by-products in the muscle, causing the stereotypical burning sensation of local muscle fatigue, though recent studies have indicated otherwise, actually finding that lactic acid is a source of energy. [21] Cellular respiration was discovered by mad scientist Mr. ...
For the production of milk by mammals, see Lactation. ...
For other uses, see acid (disambiguation). ...
The fundamental difference between the peripheral and central theories of muscle fatigue is that the peripheral model of muscle fatigue assumes failure at one or more sites in the chain that initiates muscle contraction. Peripheral regulation is therefore dependent on the localised metabolic chemical conditions of the local muscle affected, whereas the central model of muscle fatigue is an integrated mechanism that works to preserve the integrity of the system by initiating muscle fatigue through muscle derecruitment, based on collective feedback from the periphery, before cellular or organ failure occurs. Therefore the feedback that is read by this central regulator could include chemical and mechanical as well as cognitive cues. The significance of each of these factors will depend on the nature of the fatigue-inducing work that is being performed.
Though not universally used, ‘metabolic fatigue’ is a common alternative term for peripheral muscle weakness, because of the reduction in contractile force due to the direct or indirect effects of the reduction of substrates or accumulation of metabolites within the muscle fiber. This can occur through a simple lack of energy to fuel contraction, or interference with the ability of Ca2+ to stimulate actin and myosin to contract. A simplified, global view of a neuromuscular junction: 1. ...
G-Actin (PDB code: 1j6z). ...
Myosin is a motor protein filament found in muscle tissue. ...
Substrates Substrates within the muscle generally serve to power muscular contractions. They include molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen and creatine phosphate. ATP binds to the myosin head and causes the ‘ratchetting’ that results in contraction according to the sliding filament model. Creatine phosphate stores energy so ATP can be rapidly regenerated within the muscle cells from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate ions, allowing for sustained powerful contractions that last between 5-7 seconds. Glycogen is the intramuscular storage form of glucose, used to generate energy quickly once intramuscular creatine stores are exhausted, producing lactic acid as a metabolic byproduct. Contrary to common belief, lactic acid accumulation doesn't actually cause the burning sensation we feel when we exhaust our oxygen and oxidative metabolism, but in actuality, lactic acid in presence of oxygen recycles to produce pyruvate in the liver which is known as the Cori cycle. For other uses, see Substrate. ...
Adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a molecular currency of intracellular energy transfer. ...
Glycogen Structure Segment Glycogen is a polysaccharide of glucose (Glc) which functions as the primary short term energy storage in animal cells. ...
Phosphocreatine, also known as creatine phosphate or PCr, is a phosphorylated creatine molecule that is an important energy store in skeletal muscle. ...
Myosin is a motor protein filament found in muscle tissue. ...
The sliding filament mechanism is a process used by muscles to contract. ...
Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. ...
Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. ...
For the production of milk by mammals, see Lactation. ...
Substrates produce metabolic fatigue by being depleted during exercise, resulting in a lack of intracellular energy sources to fuel contractions. In essence, the muscle stops contracting because it lacks the energy to do so.
Metabolites Metabolites are the substances (generally waste products) produced as a result of muscular contraction. They include ADP, Mg2+, reactive oxygen species and inorganic phosphate. Accumulation of metabolites can directly or indirectly produce metabolic fatigue within muscle fibers through interference with the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum or reduction of the sensitivity of contractile molecules actin and myosin to calcium. General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ...
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include oxygen ions, free radicals and peroxides both inorganic and organic. ...
G-Actin (PDB code: 1j6z). ...
Myosin is a motor protein filament found in muscle tissue. ...
Chloride Intracellular chloride inhibits the contraction of muscles, preventing them from contracting due to "false alarms", small stimuli which may cause them to contract (akin to myoclonus). This natural brake helps muscles respond solely to the conscious control or spinal reflexes[citation needed] but also has the effect of reducing the force of conscious contractions. The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. ...
Myoclonus is brief, involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles. ...
Tendon reflex (or T-reflex) is an involuntary muscle contraction after its tendon is hit. ...
Potassium High concentrations of potassium also causes the muscle cells to decrease in efficiency, causing cramping and fatigue. Potassium builds up in the t-tubule system and around the muscle fiber in general. This has the effect of depolarizing the muscle fiber, preventing the sodium-potassium pump from moving Na+ out of the cell. This makes it difficult to fire action potentials, or stops them entirely, resulting in neurological fatigue. General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ...
A T-tubule (or Transverse tubule), is a deep invagination of the plasma membrane found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. ...
Simplified Diagram of the sodium pump Na+/K+-ATPase (also known as the Na+/K+ pump or Na+/K+ exchanger) is an enzyme (EC 3. ...
For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ...
Lactic acid It was once believed that lactic acid build-up was the cause of muscle fatigue.[22] The assumption was lactic acid had a "pickling" effect on muscles, inhibiting their ability to contract. The impact of lactic acid on performance is now uncertain, it may assist or hinder muscle fatigue. For the production of milk by mammals, see Lactation. ...
Produced as a by-product of fermentation, lactic acid can increase intracellular acidity of muscles. This can lower the sensitivity of contractile apparatus to Ca2+ but also has the effect of increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration through an inhibition of the chemical pump that actively transports calcium out of the cell. This counters inhibiting effects of K+ on muscular action potentials. Lactic acid also has a negating effect on the chloride ions in the muscles, reducing their inhibition of contraction and leaving potassium ions as the only restricting influence on muscle contractions, though the effects of potassium are much less than if there were no lactic acid to remove the chloride ions. Ultimately, it is uncertain if lactic acid reduces fatigue through increased intracellular calcium or increases fatigue through reduced sensitivity of contractile proteins to Ca2+. Lactic acid Lactic acid fermentation is a form of fermentation that occurs in some bacteria and animal cells in the absence of oxygen. ...
Schematic showing the cytoplasm, with major components of a typical animal cell. ...
The sodium-calcium exchanger (often denoted Na+/Ca2+ exchanger or exchange protein) is an antiporter ion pump membrane protein which removes calcium from cells. ...
Sodium-Potassium pump, an example of Primary active transport Active transport (sometimes called active uptake) is an energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane and up the concentration gradient. ...
Associated conditions Muscle weakness may be due to problems with the nerve supply, neuromuscular disease such as myasthenia gravis or problems with muscle itself. The latter category includes polymyositis and other muscle disorders Neuropathy is usually short for peripheral neuropathy, meaning a disease of the peripheral nervous system. ...
Neuromuscular disease is a very broad term that encompasses many diseases and ailments that either directly, via intrinsic muscle pathology, or indirectly, via nerve pathology, impair the functioning of the muscles. ...
Myasthenia gravis (sometimes abbreviated MG; from the Greek myastheneia, lit. ...
{{ }} Polymyositis is a type of inflammatory myopathy, related to dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis. ...
In medicine, a myopathy is a neuromuscular disease in which the muscle fibers do not function for any one of many reasons, resulting in muscular weakness. ...
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, sometimes called Lou Gehrigs Disease, or Maladie de Charcot) is a progressive, usually fatal, neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. ...
Botulism (Latin, botulus, sausage) is a rare, but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin, botulin, that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. ...
Note: Centronuclear myopathy includes Myotubular myopathy, as outlined below. ...
Dysautonomia is any disease or malfunction of the autonomic nervous system. ...
The foot of a person with Charcot_Marie_Tooth. ...
Hypokalemia is a potentially fatal condition in which the body fails to retain sufficient potassium to maintain health. ...
The motor neurone diseases (MND) are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy motor neurones, the cells that control voluntary muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing. ...
Muscular dystrophy refers to a group of genetic, hereditary muscle diseases that cause progressive muscle weakness. ...
Myasthenia gravis (sometimes abbreviated MG; from the Greek myastheneia, lit. ...
Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) is a rare subtype of Motor neurone disease (MND) which affects only the lower motor neurones. ...
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a term applied to a number of different disorders, all having in common a genetic cause and the manifestation of weakness due to loss of the motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem. ...
Cerebral palsy (CP) is an umbrella term encompassing a group of non-progressive,[1] non-contagious conditions that cause physical disability in human development. ...
Shingles redirects here, for other uses of the term, see Shingle. ...
Fibromyalgia (FM or FMS) is a chronic syndrome (constellation of signs and symptoms) characterized by diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, fatigue, and a wide range of other symptoms. ...
Coeliac disease (also termed non-tropical sprue, celiac disease and gluten intolerance) is an autoimmune disease characterised by chronic inflammation of the proximal portion of the small intestine caused by exposure to certain dietary gluten proteins. ...
Cushings syndrome or hypercortisolism is an endocrine disorder caused by excessive levels of the endogenous corticosteroid hormone cortisol. ...
In medicine, adrenal insufficiency (or hypocortisolism) is the inability of the adrenal gland to produce adequate amounts of cortisol in response to stress. ...
Addisons disease(also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypocortisolism or hypocorticism) is a rare endocrine disorder in which the adrenal gland produces insufficient amounts of steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids). ...
Conns syndrome is overproduction of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands. ...
See also Asthenia (Greek: ασθÎνεια, lit. ...
Paresis is a condition typified by partial loss of movement, or impaired movement. ...
In the field of astrology a debility is referred to when a planet or other celestial body is in the sign of its detriment or fall. ...
Malaise is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an out of sorts feeling, often the first indication of an infection or other disease. ...
Cataplexy is a medical condition which often affects people who have narcolepsy, a disorder whose principal signs are EDS (Excessive Daytime Sleepiness), sleep attacks, and disturbed nighttime sleep. ...
Hypotonia is a condition of abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle), often involving reduced muscle strength. ...
// Clinical settings of atrophy There are many diseases and conditions which cause a decrease in muscle mass, known as atrophy. ...
Infectious mononucleosis (also known as mono, the kissing disease, Pfeiffers disease, and, in British English, glandular fever) is a disease seen most commonly in adolescents and young adults, characterized by fever, sore throat and fatigue. ...
Dystrophy is any condition of abnormal development, usually due to malnutrition, especially denoting the degeneration of muscles (muscular dystrophy). ...
Exhaustion redirects here. ...
Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an organic acid. ...
References - ^ Muscle Weakness Coding Checklist by Jun Mapili, PT, MAEd
- ^ Finding May Solve Riddle of Fatigue in Muscles - New York Times
- ^ Remodeling of ryanodine receptor complex causes "leaky" channels: A molecular mechanism for decreased exercise capacity - Bellinger et al. 105 (6): 2198 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- ^ Enoka RM, Stuart DG (1992). "Neurobiology of muscle fatigue". J. Appl. Physiol. 72 (5): 1631-48. PMID 1601767.
- ^ Paul L, Wood L, Behan WM, Maclaren WM; Demonstration of delayed recovery from fatiguing exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. European Journal of Neurology 1999 Jan;6(1):63-69 PMID: 10209352
- ^ McCully K K, Natelson B H; Impaired oxygen delivery to muscle in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clinical Science 1999:97:603-608
- ^ Pascale De Becker, PhD; Johan Roeykens, PT; Masha Reynders, PT; Neil McGregor, MD, PhD; Exercise Capacity in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Archives of Internal Medicine Vol. 160 No. 21, November 27, 2000
- ^ De Becker P, McGregor N, De Meirleir K. A definition-based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Intern Med 2001;250:234-240.
- ^ Bruce M Carruthers, Anil Kumar Jain, Kenny L De Meirleir, Daniel L Peterson, Nancy G Klimas et al, Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines, A Consensus Document Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 11(1):7-115, 2003. ISBN 0-7890-227-9
- ^ Jammes Y, Steinberg JG, Mambrini O, Bregeon F, Delliaux S; Chronic fatigue syndrome: assessment of increased oxidative stress and altered muscle excitability in response to incremental exercise. J Intern Med., 2005 Mar;257(3):299-310.
- ^ Gandevia SC, Enoka RM, McComas AJ, Stuart DG, Thomas CK (1995). "Neurobiology of muscle fatigue. Advances and issues". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 384: 515-25. PMID 8585476.
- ^ Kent-Braun JA (1999). "Central and peripheral contributions to muscle fatigue in humans during sustained maximal effort". European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology 80 (1): 57-63. PMID 10367724.
- ^ Gandevia SC (2001). "Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue". Physiol. Rev. 81 (4): 1725-89. PMID 11581501.
- ^ Kay D, Marino FE, Cannon J, St Clair Gibson A, Lambert MI, Noakes TD (2001). "Evidence for neuromuscular fatigue during high-intensity cycling in warm, humid conditions". Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 84 (1-2): 115-21. PMID 11394239.
- ^ Vandewalle H, Maton B, Le Bozec S, Guerenbourg G (1991). "An electromyographic study of an all-out exercise on a cycle ergometer". Archives internationales de physiologie, de biochimie et de biophysique 99 (1): 89-93. PMID 1713492.
- ^ Bigland-Ritchie B, Woods JJ (1984). "Changes in muscle contractile properties and neural control during human muscular fatigue". Muscle Nerve 7 (9): 691-9. doi:10.1002/mus.880070902. PMID 6100456.
- ^ Noakes TD (2000). "Physiological models to understand exercise fatigue and the adaptations that predict or enhance athletic performance". Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 10 (3): 123-45. PMID 10843507.
- ^ Davis JM (1995). "Carbohydrates, branched-chain amino acids, and endurance: the central fatigue hypothesis". International journal of sport nutrition 5 Suppl: S29-38. PMID 7550256.
- ^ Newsholme, E. A., Acworth, I. N., & Blomstrand, E. 1987, 'Amino acids, brain neurotransmitters and a functional link between muscle and brain that is important in sustained exercise', in G Benzi (ed.), Advances in Myochemistry, Libbey Eurotext, London, pp. 127-133.
- ^ Newsholme EA, Blomstrand E (1995). "Tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine and a possible explanation for central fatigue". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 384: 315-20. PMID 8585461.
- ^ R. Robergs, F. Ghiasvand, D. Parker (2004). "Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 287 (3): R502-16. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00114.2004. PMID 15308499.
- ^ Muscle fatigue and lactic acid accumulation. abstract
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...
External links | Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M, 710-739) | | Arthropathies | Arthritis (Septic arthritis, Reactive arthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Psoriatic arthritis, Felty's syndrome, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Still's disease) - crystal (Gout, Chondrocalcinosis) - Osteoarthritis (Heberden's node, Bouchard's nodes) acquired deformities of fingers and toes (Boutonniere deformity, Bunion, Hallux rigidus, Hallux varus, Hammer toe) - other acquired deformities of limbs (Valgus deformity, Varus deformity, Wrist drop, Foot drop, Flat feet, Club foot, Unequal leg length, Winged scapula) The Family Practice Notebook is a medical database focused on family practice. ...
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Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation; plural: arthritides) is a group of conditions where there is damage caused to the joints of the body. ...
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Definition Rheumatoid Arthritis (chronic) & Splenomegaly, ↓ WCC, +++ RhF Complications Recurrent Infection, Hypersplenism → causing 2° anaemia ± thrombocytopenia) Lymphadenopathy Skin hyperpigmentation & cutaneous ulceration Treatment That of RA + Splenectomy may improve neutropenia] ...
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Stills disease is a form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, characterized by high spiking fevers and transient rashes, named after the English physician Sir George Frederic Still (1861-1941). ...
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Osteoarthritis (OA, also known as degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease, or in more colloquial terms wear and tear), is a condition in which low-grade inflammation results in pain in the joints, caused by wearing of the cartilage that covers and acts as a cushion inside joints and destruction or...
Heberdens nodes are seen in the distal interphalangeal joints. ...
Bouchards nodes are seen in the proximal interphalangeal joints. ...
The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...
A bunion (hallux valgus) is a sometimes painful structural deformity of the bones and the joint between the foot and big toe. ...
Hallux rigidus is a condition restricting dorsiflexion of the hallux (big toe). Duke Orthopedics hallux_rigidus_and_cheilectomy -66715641 at GPnotebook Overview at aaos. ...
Hallux varus is a deformity of the great toe joint where the Hallux (or Great Toe) is deviated medially (towards the midline of the body) away from the 1st metatarsal. ...
A Hammer toe deformity is a condition of the toe where the toe is bent downward. ...
In orthopedics, a valgus deformity is a term for the outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint. ...
In orthopedics, a varus deformity is a term for the inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint. ...
Wrist drop is a condition where a person can not extend their wrist and it hangs flaccidly. ...
Foot drop is a deficit in turning the ankle and toes upward (dorsiflexion). ...
Flatfoot redirects here. ...
Club foot. ...
Unequal leg length or leg length inequality (LLI) refers to a medical condition where the legs are of different sizes. ...
Winged scapula is a condition in which the medial border (the side nearest the spine) of a persons scapula is abnormally positioned laterally and posteriorly (outward and backward). ...
patella (Luxating patella, Chondromalacia patellae) For other uses, see Patella (disambiguation). ...
Luxating patella, or trick knee, is a condition in which the patella, or kneecap, dislocates or moves out of its normal location. ...
Chondromalacia Patellae (also known as CMP, Patello-Femoral Pain Syndrome, or Runners Knee) is a discomfort or dull pain in the knee or just under or around the knee. ...
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Hemarthrosis (or haemarthrosis, plural h(a)emarthroses) is a bleeding into joint spaces. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue. ...
Polyarteritis nodosa (or periarteritis nodosa) is a serious blood vessel disease. ...
Churg-Strauss syndrome is a necrotizing vasculitis characterized by eosinophilia. ...
Kawasaki disease, also known as lymph node syndrome, mucocutaneous node disease, infantile polyarteritis and Kawasaki syndrome, is a poorly understood self-limited vasculitis that affects many organs, including the skin and mucous membranes, lymph nodes, blood vessel walls, and the heart. ...
Hypersensitivity vasculitis (or hypersensitivity angiitis or leukocytoclastic vasculitis) is usually due to a hypersensitivity reaction to a known drug, auto-antigens or infectious agents such as bacteria. ...
Goodpasture’s syndrome (also known as Goodpasture’s disease and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease or anti-GBM disease) was first described by Ernest Goodpasture in 1919. ...
In medicine (rheumatology), Wegeners granulomatosis is a form of vasculitis that affects the lungs, kidneys and other organs. ...
Arteritis is inflammation of the walls of arteries, usually as a result of infection or auto-immune response. ...
Takayasus arteritis is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that affects the aorta and its branches. ...
Temporal arteritis, also called giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an inflammatory disease of blood vessels (most commonly large and medium arteries of the head). ...
Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is an ill-defined autoimmune disease characterized by pauci-immune, necrotizing, small-vessel vasculitis without clinical or pathological evidence of necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. ...
Drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DIL or DILE) is an autoimmune disorder, similar to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which is induced by chronic use of certain drugs. ...
X-Ray of the knee in a patient with dermatomyositis. ...
Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is an autoimmune disease that manifests itself in children. ...
{{ }} Polymyositis is a type of inflammatory myopathy, related to dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis. ...
Scleroderma is a rare, chronic disease characterized by excessive deposits of collagen in the skin or other organs. ...
Sjögrens syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy the glands that produce tears and saliva. ...
Behçet disease (Behçets syndrome, Morbus Behçet, silk road disease) is a chronic condition due to disturbances in the body’s immune system. ...
Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) - is a disorder associated with pain in the shoulder and hip. ...
Eosinophilic fasciitis (pronounced ), or EF, is a form of fasciitis. ...
Hypermobility (also called double-jointedness, hypermobility syndrome or hyperlaxity) describes joints that stretch farther than is normal. ...
Dorsopathy is a term used to describe various diseases (-pathy) of the back and or spine (dorso-). Although the terms dorsalgia and dorsopathy are sometimes used interchangeably, they do not mean quite the same thing. ...
Kyphosis (Greek - kyphos, a hump), in general terms, is a curvature of the upper spine. ...
Lordosis is a term used to describe the direction of the curvature of the five lumbar and seven cervical vertebrae of the vertebral column. ...
The medical term kyphosis has several meanings. ...
Spondylolysis is a defect in the pars interarticularis of a vertebra. ...
Torticollis, or wry neck, is a condition in which the head is tilted toward one side, and the chin is elevated and turned toward the opposite side. ...
Not to be confused with spondylosis or spondylolysis. ...
In medicine, Spondylopathies is a general term for disorders of the vertebrae. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Schmorls Nodes are considered to be vertical disc herniations through the cartilaginous vertebral body endplates, resulting in compression fractures. ...
Degeneration of the intervertebral disc, which is often called degenerative disc disease (DDD) of the spine, is a common disorder of the lower spine. ...
Coccydynia is a medical condition characterized by pain in the coccyx or tailbone area. ...
Back pain (also known dorsalgia) is pain felt in the back that may originate from the muscles, nerves, bones, joints or other structures in the spine. ...
Radiculopathy is not a specific condition, but rather a description of a problem in which one or more nerves are affected and do not work properly. ...
Neck Pain is an increasing phenomenon in the healthcare field. ...
Sciatica is pain caused by general compression and/or irritation of one of five nerve roots that are branches of the sciatic nerve. ...
See also back pain Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder which affects the lumbar segment of the spine. ...
In medicine, the term soft tissue refers to tissues that connect, support, or surround other structures and organs of the body. ...
For other uses of Muscles, see Muscles (disambiguation). ...
Myositis ossificans comprises two syndromes characterized by heterotopic calcification of muscle. ...
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), is an extremely rare disease of the connective tissue. ...
Synovium means with egg, because the (synovial) fluid in joints that have a cavity between the bearing surfaces is like egg-white. ...
A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone and is built to withstand tension. ...
Synovitis is the medical term for inflammation of a synovial membrane, which line those joints which possess cavities. ...
Tenosynovitis is the inflammation of the fluid-filled sheath (called the synovium) that surrounds a tendon. ...
Stenosing tenosynovitis is the progressive restriction of the sheath surrounding a tendon, causing inflammation (tenosynovitis). ...
Trigger finger, or trigger thumb, is a type of stenosing tenosynovitis in which the sheath around a tendon in a thumb or finger becomes swollen or a nodule forms on the tendon itself. ...
DeQuervains syndrome (also known as washerwomans sprain, Radial styloid tenosynovitis, De Quervains disease or mothers wrist), named for Swiss surgeon Fritz de Quervain who first identified it in 1885, is an inflammation of the sheath or tunnel that surrounds two tendons that control movement of the...
A ganglion cyst (also known as a bible bump) is a swelling that often appears on or around joints and tendons in the hand (or sometimes feet). ...
bursa: bursitis (Olecranon, Prepatellar, Trochanteric) - Baker's cyst Bursae visible top right and bottom right A bursa (plural bursae or bursas; Latin: Bursa synovialis) is a small fluid-filled sac located at the point where a muscle or tendon slides across bone. ...
Bursitis is the inflammation of one or more bursae, or small sacs of synovial fluid, in the body. ...
Olecranon bursitis is a clinical condition characterised by pain, swelling and inflammation of the olecranon bursa. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Trochanteric bursitis is inflammation of the trochanteric bursa. ...
A Bakers cyst, otherwise known as a popliteal cyst, is a benign swelling found behind the knee joint. ...
fibroblastic disorders (Dupuytren's contracture, Plantar fasciitis, Nodular fasciitis, Necrotizing fasciitis, Fasciitis, Fibromatosis) Dupuytrens contracture (also known as Morbus Dupuytren) is a fixed flexion contracture of the hand where the fingers bend towards the palm and cannot be fully extended (straightened). ...
Plantar fasciitis, formerly known as policemans heel, is a painful inflammatory condition caused by excessive wear to the plantar fascia of the foot or biomechanical faults that cause abnormal pronation of the foot. ...
There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
Necrotizing fasciitis or fasciitis necroticans, commonly known as flesh-eating bacteria, is a rare infection of the deeper layers of skin and subcutaneous tissues, easily spreading across the fascial plane within the subcutaneous tissue. ...
In medicine, fasciitis refers to an inflammation of the fascia. ...
Categories: Move to Wiktionary | Medicine stubs ...
shoulder lesions: Adhesive capsulitis - Rotator cuff tear - Subacromial bursitis Rotator cuff tears are problems of the rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder. ...
Subacromial bursitis is inflammation of the subacromial bursa, which lies between the acromion and the head of the humerus. ...
enthesis: enthesopathies (Iliotibial band syndrome, Achilles tendinitis, Patellar tendinitis, Golfer's elbow, Tennis elbow, Metatarsalgia, Bone spur, Tendinitis) Enthesis (plural: entheses) is the point at which a tendon inserts into bone, where the collagen fibres are mineralised and integrated into bone tissue. ...
In medicine, an enthesopathy refers to an inflammation of entheses. ...
Iliotibial Band Syndrome (ITBS or ITBFS, for Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome) is a common thigh injury generally associated with running. ...
Achilles tendinitis is tendinitis of the Achilles tendon, generally precipitated by overuse of the affected limb and is more common among athletes training under less than ideal conditions. ...
Golfers elbow, or medial epicondylitis, is an inflammatory condition of the elbow which in some ways is similar to tennis elbow. ...
Tennis elbow is a condition where the outer part of the elbow becomes painful and tender, usually as a result of a specific strain or overuse. ...
Metatarsalgia is a general term used to refer to any painful foot condition affecting the metatarsal region of the foot. ...
Bone spurs, also known as osteophytes, are bony projections that form along joints. ...
Tendonitis (also tenonitis or tendinitis) is an inflammation of a tendon. ...
other, NEC: Muscle weakness - Rheumatism - Myalgia - Neuralgia - Neuritis - Panniculitis - Fibromyalgia | | Osteopathies | disorders of bone density and structure: Osteoporosis - Osteomalacia - continuity of bone (Pseudarthrosis, Stress fracture) - Monostotic fibrous dysplasia - Skeletal fluorosis - Aneurysmal bone cyst - Hyperostosis - Osteosclerosis
Osteomyelitis - Avascular necrosis - Paget's disease of bone - Algoneurodystrophy - Osteolysis - Infantile cortical hyperostosis | | Chondropathies | Juvenile osteochondrosis (Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome, Osgood-Schlatter disease, Köhler disease, Sever's disease) - Osteochondritis - Tietze's syndrome | | See also congenital conditions (Q65-Q79, 754-756) | Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a non-specific term for medical problems affecting the heart, bones, joints, kidney, skin and lung. ...
Myalgia means muscle pain and is a symptom of many diseases and disorders. ...
Neuralgia is a painful disorder of the nerves. ...
Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation and may be referred to as the innate cascade. ...
Panniculitis is a group of diseases whose hallmark is inflammation of subcutaneous fatty and muscle tissue. ...
Fibromyalgia (FM or FMS) is a chronic syndrome (constellation of signs and symptoms) characterized by diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, fatigue, and a wide range of other symptoms. ...
Bone disease refers to the medical conditions which affect the bone. ...
Osteoporosis is a disease of bone - leading to an increased risk of fracture. ...
Osteomalacia is a softening of the bones, resulting from defective bone mineralisation. ...
Pseudarthrosis is the movement of a bone at the location of a fracture resulting from inadequate healing of the fracture. ...
This article is about stress wienerfractures in bones. ...
Monostotic fibrous dysplasia (or monostotic osteitis fibrosa) is a form of fibrous dysplasia where only one bone is involved. ...
Skeletal fluorosis is a bone disease exclusively caused by excessive consumption of fluoride. ...
An aneurysmal bone cyst is an expansile osteolytic lesion with a thin wall, containing blood-filled cystic cavities. ...
Hyperostosis is an excessive growth of bone. ...
Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone, usually caused by pyogenic bacteria or mycobacteria. ...
Avascular necrosis is a disease resulting from the temporary or permanent loss of the blood supply to the bones. ...
Bold text X-ray of Pagets disease Pagets disease, otherwise known as osteitis deformans, is a chronic disorder that typically results in enlarged and deformed bones. ...
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic progressive disease characterized by severe pain, swelling and changes in the skin. ...
Dissolution or degeneration of bone tissue through disease. ...
In medicine, Chondropathy refers to a disease of the cartilage. ...
Osteochondrosis is a orthopedic disease. ...
Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome is a degenerative disease of the hip joint, where a loss of bone mass leads to some degree of collapse of the hip joint, that is, to deformity of the ball of the femur and the surface of the hip socket. ...
Osgood-Schlatter disease (also known as tibial tubercle traumatic apophysitis) is an inflammation of the growth plate at the tibial tuberosity. ...
Köhler disease (also spelled Kohler) is a rare bone disorder of the foot found in children between six and nine years of age. ...
Severs disease, or calcaneal apophysitis, is the most frequent cause of heel pain in children between the ages of 8 and 13 and is due to an inflammation of growing plates, the calcaneus in the back of the foot due to the rapid growth of bone when compared to...
Osteochondritis Dessicans is when a loose piece of bone and cartilage seperates from the end of the bone because of a loss of blood supply and insuffecient amounts of calcium. ...
Tietzes syndrome, also known as costochondritis, is a benign inflammation of one or more of the costal cartilages. ...
// Q00-Q99 - Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q07) Congenital malformations of the nervous system (Q00) Anencephaly and similar malformations (Q01) Encephalocele (Q02) Microcephaly (Q03) Congenital hydrocephalus (Q04) Other congenital malformations of brain (Q05) Spina bifida (Q06) Other congenital malformations of spinal cord (Q07) Other congenital malformations of nervous...
Acute viral nasopharyngitis, or acute coryza, usually known as the common cold, is a highly contagious, viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system, primarily caused by picornaviruses or coronaviruses. ...
This article is about biological infectious particles. ...
Species Human rhinovirus A (HRV-A) Human rhinovirus B (HRV-B) Rhinovirus (from the Greek rhin-, which means nose) is a genus of the Picornaviridae family of viruses. ...
Coronavirus is a genus of animal virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae. ...
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a group of four distinct serotypes of single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the paramyxovirus family. ...
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, which includes common respiratory viruses such as those causing measles and mumps. ...
Genera Aviadenovirus Atadenovirus Mastadenovirus Siadenovirus Adenoviruses are viruses of the family Adenoviridae. ...
Species Bovine enterovirus Coxsackie virus Echovirus Human enterovirus A Human enterovirus B Human enterovirus C Human enterovirus D Human enterovirus E Poliovirus Porcine enterovirus A Porcine enterovirus B Swine vesicular disease virus The enteroviruses are a genus of (+)ssRNA viruses associated with several human and mammalian diseases. ...
Species Turkey rhinotracheitis virus Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was isolated for the first time in 2001 in the Netherlands by using the RAP-PCR technique for identification of unknown viruses growing in cultured cells. ...
A symptom is a manifestation of a disease, indicating the nature of the disease, which is noticed by the patient. ...
ÏŽ:For the noisegrind band, see Sore Throat. ...
Rhinorrhea, commonly known as a runny nose, is a symptom of the common cold and allergies (hay fever). ...
Nasal congestion is the blockage of the nasal passages usually due to membranes lining the nose becoming swollen from inflamed blood vessels. ...
For other uses, see Sneeze (disambiguation). ...
Myalgia means muscle pain and is a symptom of many diseases and disorders. ...
Exhaustion redirects here. ...
Malaise is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an out of sorts feeling, often the first indication of an infection or other disease. ...
A headache (cephalgia in medical terminology) is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ...
This article is about the symptom of decreased appetite. ...
Complication, in medicine, is a unfavorable evolution of a disease, a health condition or a medical treatment. ...
TAE is an inflammation of the bronchi of the lungs, that causes the cilia of the bronchial epithelial cells to stop functioning. ...
Bronchiolitis is inflammation of the bronchioles, the smallest air passages of the lungs. ...
This term also refers to the rump of a quadruped; see croup (Wiktionary). ...
This article is about human pneumonia. ...
Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which may or may not be as a result of infection, from bacterial, fungal, viral, allergic or autoimmune issues. ...
Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear: the small space between the ear drum and the inner ear. ...
Strep throat (or Streptococcal pharyngitis, or Streptococcal Sore Throat) is a form of Group A streptococcal infection that affects the pharynx. ...
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. ...
Pleconaril is an antiviral drug being developed by Schering-Plough for prevention of asthma exacerbations and common cold symptoms in asthmatic subjects exposed to picornavirus respiratory infections. ...
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