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Morphological characteristics of the caps of mushroom, such as those illustrated in the above chart, are essential for correct mushroom identification.

Basketful of ceps (Boletus edulis)

Mushroom hunting or mushrooming is the activity of searching for mushrooms in the wild, typically for eating. It is popular in most of Europe, from the Nordic, Baltic and Slavic countries (see mushroom picking in Slavic culture) to the Mediterranean Basin^{[citation needed]}. Courtesy of global warming, British enthusiasts today enjoy an extended average picking seasons of 75 days compared to just 33 in the 1950's^[1]. Image File history File links Information. ... Wikibooks logo Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of books. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 443 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1347 × 1822 pixel, file size: 422 KB, MIME type: image/png) slightly improved version of mushroom morphology chart. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 443 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1347 × 1822 pixel, file size: 422 KB, MIME type: image/png) slightly improved version of mushroom morphology chart. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 775 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (992 × 768 pixel, file size: 99 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Scan personal photograph, camera Mamiya MSX 1000. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 775 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (992 × 768 pixel, file size: 99 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Scan personal photograph, camera Mamiya MSX 1000. ... Binomial name Boletus edulis Bull. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... Political map of the Nordic countries and associated territories. ... The three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania The terms Baltic countries, Baltic Sea countries, Baltic states, and Balticum refer to slightly different combinations of countries in the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea. ... Distribution of Slavic people by language The Slavic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in Europe, where they constitute roughly a third of the population. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. ... Global mean surface temperatures 1850 to 2006 Mean surface temperature anomalies during the period 1995 to 2004 with respect to the average temperatures from 1940 to 1980 Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earths atmosphere and oceans in recent decades and the projected...

To some it as a sport — one in which the mushrooms may actually have a chance of "winning" if the person eating does a poor job identifying the species. However, picking mushrooms and eating them is a safe occupation, provided one recognises the toxic types, properly identifies the species, and stays with the most common edible ones. Mushroom(s) are the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting bodies of fungi typically produced above ground on soil or on their food sources. ...

There is a large number of mushrooms species that are favoured for eating by mushroom hunters. The king bolete is a popular delicacy. Sulphur shelf is often gathered because it occurs in bulk, recurs year after year, is easily identified, and has a wide variety of culinary uses. Chanterelles and morels are among the most popular types of mushrooms to gather, the latter being fairly hard to misidentify by anyone with practice. Only experts, however, collect from dangerous groups, such as Amanita, which include some of the most toxic mushrooms in existence. Binomial name Boletus edulis Bull. ... Species Laetiporus sulphureus Laetiporus cincinnatus Old sulphur shelf mushrooms Young Chicken of the Woods Mushroom Sulphur shelf (Laetiporous sulphureous) is a very easily distinguishable mushroom that grows throughout most of the world. ... Species Cantharellus is a genus with many delicious and popular edible mushrooms. ... Species Morchella angusticeps Morchella conica Morchella costata Morchella crassipes Morchella elata Morchella esculenta Morchella gigas Morchella semilibera Morchella spongiola Morchella spongiola var. ... The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics and contains some of the most toxic known mushrooms, found worldwide. ... Alpha-amanitin or α-amanitin is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide of eight amino acids. ...

Identification is not the only element of mushroom hunting that takes practice — knowing where to search does as well. Most mushroom species require very specific conditions -- some will only grow at the base of a certain type of tree, for example. Finding a desired species that is known to grow in a certain region can be a challenge.

Safety rules

A variety of safety rules for mushroom hunting exist. Listed here are some of the most common in order of importance, from greatest to least:

1. Never consume a mushroom for which a positive identification to species has not been made (see mushroom poisoning).
2. Never try to convince anyone else to eat a mushroom that you have identified.
3. Simplistic rules-of thumb such as: "it's edible if it discolors when cut", or "if it doesn't stain a silver spoon" are often dangerously inaccurate. Species identification is a must.
4. An identification should be made with no less than size, color, gill connectivity, environment, a cross section, bruising color, odour, and a spore print.
5. In no case should you eat a mushroom when something about the mushroom contradicts available information about what one suspects the mushroom is.
6. Always attempt to use multiple sources for identification.
7. Be able to tell what distinguishes this mushroom from its closest sister species
8. Learn what the death cap, destroying angel, Galerina species, small Lepiota species and the deadly webcap and some of its relatives look like in all stages of their development; those kinds cause the majority of deadly poisonings. Other species can cause permanent kidney failure or make you severely ill but do not often kill.
9. Until you can be considered an expert, stay away from all difficult to identify groups, such as amanita, cortinarius, and "little brown mushrooms".
10. Always identify each specimen during preparation. Deaths due to an inexperienced collector gathering a button-stage amanita along with edible mushrooms have occurred, or when a group of collectors unwisely combines their mushrooms.
11. Novices should start with more easily identifiable and less dangerous groups, such as boletes (being aware of the Devil's bolete) and bracket fungi, completely avoiding standard agarics.
12. Be careful to use information relevant to your area. Some mushrooms that are safe in Europe, for example, have deadly lookalikes in North America.
13. Only consume a small amount of the mushroom the first time. Like every other food that you taste for the first time, certain types of popular edible mushrooms, such as sulphur shelf, cause an allergic reaction in about half of the people who eat them. Some species, such as Paxillus involutus, can be eaten several times without ill effect and then cause severe distress when consumed again. Your first taste should be just a taste (to see if you actually care for it), and your second should be about a teaspoon full. Space tastings far apart - poisoning from the highly deadly destroying angel doesn't even produce symptoms until 6 to 24 hours after consumption and can take over a week to kill its victim. You should never "taste" an unidentified mushroom; mushrooms such as the deadly webcap, commonly found throughout Europe, are so poisonous that even putting a small piece in the mouth and spitting it out can cause a severe poisoning.^{[citation needed]}
14. Do not mix known edibles with other species while gathering. Keep them in separate containers. A single poisonous mushroom can poison a whole basket; if this occurs, throw them all away.^{[citation needed]}
15. Do not allow young children to gather mushrooms for consumption. If they hunt with you, keep any mushrooms they find separate and identify them yourself. As always, if in doubt, throw it out.
16. Be aware of pollution; mushrooms heavily concentrate pollutants like heavy metals or radioactive isotopes [1][2]. More specifically, radioactive fallout spreads unevenly and can be very concentrated in certain areas, this even at great distances from the source of the pollution (see Chernobyl disaster effects).
17. If you do eat your mushrooms, remember to keep a piece or even better a mushroom for each specimen you have picked. If you have misidentified the fungus and are poisoned by it, this can help expert mycologists make a proper identification and diagnosis.
18. Only consume specimens that are freshly picked (or properly preserved) and not too old. Like all food, even a perfectly edible mushroom will eventually rot and cause stomach upsets if ingested.

The current version of the article or section is written like a magazine article instead of the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia. ... Making a spore print of the mushroom Volvariella volvacea shown in composite: (photo lower half) mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; (photo upper half) cap removed after 24 hours showing pinkish-tan spore print. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... Binomial name Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ... Binomial name Amanita virosa Lam. ... Galerina sp. ... Lepiota is a genus of gilled mushrooms, in the order Agaricales. ... Binomial name Cortinarius rubellus Cooke Cortinarius orellanus Fries The lethal webcaps, two species in the genus Cortinarius, are probably the worlds most poisonous mushrooms. ... Families    Boletaceae    Coniophoraceae    Gomphidiaceae    Melanogastraceae    Gomphidiaceae    Gyroporaceae    Paxillaceae    Sclerodermataceae    Strobilomycetaceae Boletes, the best known members of the order Boletales are mushrooms characterized by holding their spores in a spongy mass of vertical tubes (pores) on the underside of the mushroom, instead of on gills (as are found in agarics). ... Binomial name Boletus satanas Lenz The devils bolete (Boletus satanas; also known as Satans mushroom) is a fungus of the bolete family. ... A bracket fungus(Pycnoporus Bracket fungi, or shelf fungus, are fungi notable for bearing fruiting bodies (conk) as or in a bracket: a grouping of individual mushroom caps that lie in a close planar grouping of separate or interconnected horizontal rows. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Species Laetiporus sulphureus Laetiporus cincinnatus Old sulphur shelf mushrooms Young Chicken of the Woods Mushroom Sulphur shelf (Laetiporous sulphureous) is a very easily distinguishable mushroom that grows throughout most of the world. ... Binomial name Amanita virosa Lam. ... Binomial name Cortinarius rubellus Cooke Cortinarius orellanus Fries The lethal webcaps, two species in the genus Cortinarius, are probably the worlds most poisonous mushrooms. ... The nuclear power plant at Chernobyl prior to the completion of the sarcophagus. ...

Guidelines

Hunting mushrooms is a fascinating pastime, requiring sharp eyes and a keen mind. There are many thousands of species, each beautiful in its own way. It is usual for a particular fungus to produce a visible fruiting body only under a precise combination of conditions, including geographic location, elevation, temperature, humidity, light level, and surrounding flora, so you may only see a particular species very rarely -- similar to bird-watching. Unlike bird-watching, however, when you find a choice edible you can gather it and make dinner with it, knowing that its mycelium lives on and will produce another crop next season. Gathering wild mushrooms is similar to berry-picking in this way. Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. ... Several types of berries from the market. ...

If at all feasible, your first few forays into the forest should be with a knowledgeable and experienced mushroom hunter. Check for a mycological society in your area; while its members may not be generous with information about their favorite spots, they commonly offer classes and field trips with trained mycologists on hand who can identify the fungi you collect. There is no substitute for examining many different types of fungi and observing their differences, in order to develop your own skills in identification. Also, acquire a mushroom identification book with color pictures and a key to identifying specific species, and take it with you to the field.

When collecting a species for identification, gather more than one specimen and take the entire fruiting body, including the base and even some of the surrounding material or substrate. This will enhance your ability to make a positive identification. Some things to note: shape, color, size, odor, presence and layout of gills or tubes under the cap; differences between immature vs. mature specimens, surface features, interior features when cut, and changes in response to cutting or bruising. Some species can only be positively identified with a spore print, chemical tests, and/or microscopic examination of the spores.

Learn to recognize one or a few species that are common in your area, and be absolutely certain of your identification. The first few times you collect a species that is new to you, resist the urge to collect and eat it in quantity. Instead, gather a few representative specimens, carry out as many field tests as possible (such as dividing lengthwise with a knife to observe interior features and color changes), then preserve everything carefully in a separate paper bag or aluminum foil wrap. Repeated examination will help you mentally categorize the identifiable features and help you distinguish it again in the future.

When to hunt: just after a period of rain in the spring or fall is usually best, but mushrooms can be found almost any time in some locations. Try to go when the light is good, because mushrooms tend to blend with their surroundings and are usually hard to spot.

Where to hunt: almost anywhere, but avoid private property and places where chemicals are used to control plants and pests, or where pollution is evident. Wilderness trails are far better than golf courses, private yards, and busy roadsides.

What to do:

• Know what species are protected. In many countries several (or even most) species of wild mushrooms are protected and removing them a criminal offense. People end up with hefty fines and/or jailtime every year because of mushroom poaching.
• Take a sturdy knife.
• Take a paper bag or wicker basket that will allow air to circulate; plastic bags tend to make mushrooms soggy and warm, which is never good for them. You may get them home only to find that you have to throw most of them away.
• Some interesting and edible species grow on trees, but identifying them is a completely separate process from identifying ground mushrooms. If you know what to look for, keep your eyes out for mushrooms both on the ground and on trees and logs.
• Bring your collection home and process as soon as possible. You will find organisms such as fly larvae, slugs, etc. fairly often in some climates. Section the mushrooms and throw out any parts containing undesirable denizens before you poach/fry/dry/freeze the rest. If you wait a day before doing this, you may find your entire collection deteriorated and useless.

Additionally, some other things that you should generally keep in mind:

1. Try to harvest only young mushrooms (but not immature ones!). Older mushrooms are generally associated with an increase in allergic reactions, worse taste, worse texture, and increased incidence of insect infestations. Immature mushrooms can resemble edible puffballs while actually being deadly Amanita mushrooms in a stage before the universal veil ruptures.
2. If you find a single mushroom, take a closer look around. Where there is one there is probably another. If you find two, there are probably five.
3. If you want a more "mushroomy" taste, dry mushrooms before use. This is also the best long-term storage option for most mushrooms.
4. Some mushrooms must be used quickly after harvest, such as the inky cap which rapidly decomposes into a soggy mess even under the most favorable conditions.

An agaricoid puffball, Podaxis pistillaris, the False Shaggy Mane Puffball emitting spores A puffball is a member of any of a number of groups of fungus in the division Basidiomycota. ... The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics and contains some of the most toxic known mushrooms, found worldwide. ... The Universal veil is a mycological term to describe a cup like structure that appears in some gilled mushrooms. ... Species atramentarius comatus micaceus picaceus The genus Coprinus (commonly known as Ink caps) is a group of basidiomycete fungi, having the principal characteristic that the gills deliquesce (turn to ink) at maturity. ...

Poisonous mushrooms commonly confused for edible ones

• See Listing of poisonous species

Any good mushroom guidebook will call attention to similarities between species, especially if an edible species is similar to or commonly confused with one that is potentially harmful. The current version of the article or section is written like a magazine article instead of the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia. ...

Examples:

1. False chanterelles (Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca) can look like real chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius) to the inexperienced eye. The latter do not have sharp gills, but rather blunt veins on the underside. A mistake here would, however, not be very serious, since false chanterelles are also edible, just not tasty.
2. True morels are distinguished from false morels (Gyromitra esculenta and Verpa bohemica). The impostors have caps attached at the top of the stalk, while true morels have a honeycombed cap structure attached along the stalk.
3. Immature Chlorophyllum molybdites can be confused with edibile Agaricus mushrooms.
4. Immature puffballs are generally edible, but care must be taken to avoid species such as Scleroderma citrinum and immature Amanitas. These can be identified by cutting a puffball in half and looking for a dark reticulated gleba or outline of a toadstool respectively.
5. Conocybe filaris, and some Galerina species can look like, and grow next to, Psilocybe which while neither deadly nor even poisonous is psychoactive and is consumed as a psychedelic drug.

Binomial name (Wulfen) Maire Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, commonly known as the False Chanterelle, is an orange funnel-shaped mushroom which has been confused at times with the true chanterelles, however recent work shows its affinity lies with the Boletes in the order Boletales. ... Species Cantharellus is a genus with many delicious and popular edible mushrooms. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Gyromitra. ... Binomial name (G. Mey. ... Agaricus is a large and important genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide[1][2]. The genus includes the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), and the Field mushroom (Agaricus campestris) the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West. ... An agaricoid puffball, Podaxis pistillaris, the False Shaggy Mane Puffball emitting spores A puffball is a member of any of a number of groups of fungus in the division Basidiomycota. ... Binomial name Scleroderma citrinum Pers. ... The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics and contains some of the most toxic known mushrooms, found worldwide. ... Gleba is the fleshy spore-bearing inner mass of fungi such as the puffball or stinkhorn. ... This article or section is missing citation of sources. ...

Eating poisonous species

There are treatments to reduce or eliminate the toxicity of certain (but not all) poisonous species to the point where they may be edible.[3]

"Little brown mushrooms"

A "little brown mushroom" or LBM refers to any of a large number of small, dull-colored agaric species, with few macromorphological characters that readily distinguish one species from another. As a result, LBMs are typically difficult to impossible for mushroom hunters to identify. Experienced mushroomers may discern more subtle identifying traits that will help narrow the mushroom down to a particular genus or group of species, but exact identification of LBMs often requires close examination of microscopic characteristics plus a certain degree of familiarity or specialization in that particular group. The agaric Amanita muscaria, late August, Norway Agaric meaning ‘tree-fungus: from Latin agaricum. ...

For mycologists, LBMs are the equivalent of LGBs ("little gray birds") and DYCs ("damn yellow composites") that are the bane of ornithologists and botanists, respectively.

The acronym BWM, "big white mushroom" is also sometimes used to describe groups of difficult to identify larger and paler agarics, many of which are in the genus Clitocybe. Hundreds of species of mushrooms compose the genus Clitocybe. ...

References

1. ^ Gange, A.C., E.G. Gange, T.H. Sparks & L. Boddy. (2007) "Rapid and recent changes in fungal fruiting patterns" Science 317: 71.

• IMA Glossary: LBM

A science magazine is a periodical publication with news, opinions and reports about science for a non-expert audience. ...

See also

• Mushroom picking in Slavic culture
• Edible mushroom
• Mushroom poisoning

The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... It has been suggested that Mycophagy be merged into this article or section. ... The current version of the article or section is written like a magazine article instead of the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia. ...

External links

• Mushroom descriptive fields
• List of North American Mycological Societies
• Fungi of Kaluga region — Site of Russian mushroom hunter with a lot of photos (with titles in English)
• Mushroom-collecting.com — A Maine and New England Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Resource
• A finnish amateur site with photos (partly in English)