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Music drama is the term ascribed to the revolutionary medium of artistic expression created by the German composer Richard Wagner. It was in large part through this novel form that Wagner had a major effect on the course of European classical music. The creation of this art form was borne of Wagner's thorough dissatisfaction with the prevailing trends and strictures in the operatic presentation of his time. A composer is a person who writes music. ...
Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813 – February 13, 1883) was a German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or music dramas as he later came to call them). ...
Classical music is a broad, somewhat imprecise term, referring to music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of, European art, ecclesiastical and concert music, encompassing a broad period from roughly 1000 to the present day. ...
The New Opera in Oslo, Norway The Teatro alla Scala in Milan, Italy. ...
Wagner and the opera
Richard Wagner viewed the opera as potentially the most powerful form of artistic expression available to man. He saw in its form the capacity to revive the art of the Classical Greek drama in the modern Western world. His was a quasi-religious fascination with the ability of art to compound existence with a depth and feeling that many intellectuals felt was entirely absent in 19th Century Europe (most notably the German philosopher and aesthete Friedrich Nietzsche). The respected tradition of composing operas allowed in the views of these thinkers only for facile and shallow thematic material, thereby restricting the genre to 'mere' entertainment. Together with this view came therefore a certain moral disapprobation of art-forms which did not achieve the standards of those who set themselves up as arbiters. The Temple to Athena, the Parthenon Ancient Greece is a period in Greek history that lasted for around three thousand years. ...
An intellectual is a person who uses his or her intellect to study, reflect, and speculate on a variety of different ideas. ...
Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ...
Aesthetics (or esthetics) (from the Greek word αισθητική meaning a perceiver or sensitive) is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty. ...
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 to August 25, 1900) (IPA: ) was a German philosopher. ...
The standards of opera A full comprehension of the extent and depth of Wagner's revolution can come only with an understanding of the de facto standards of opera throughout Europe at the time when Wagner first approached the subject.
The Italian School As fathers of the operatic genre, the undisputed masters of 18th and 19th Century opera were the Italians. Having pioneered the form several hundred years prior to Wagner's life, Italian composers, in Wagner's estimation, had failed to seize upon the true strength of the opera; they had perverted the form with the cold and unwieldy segments and divisions of the drama into arias, recitatives, and choruses. However, after Wagner died, his style of nonstop music was attempted by some Italian composers, most notably, Giacomo Puccini. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...
Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini (December 22, 1858 – November 29, 1924) was an Italian composer whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, and Madama Butterfly, are among the most frequently performed in the standard repertoire. ...
Carl Maria von Weber Weber is today virtually the only remembered practitioner of German romantic opera of the early 19th century, a style which influenced Wagner considerably in his early period, as evidenced in his operas at least up to Lohengrin. Weber introduced more 'dramatic' use of modulation and instrumental colour, breaking away from the formulaic styles of classical Italian opera. Carl Maria von Weber Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst, Freiherr von Weber (November 18, 1786 in Eutin, Holstein – June 5, 1826 in London, England) was a German composer, conductor, pianist and critic, one of the first significant composers of the Romantic school. ...
Lohengrin is a romantic opera (or music drama) in three acts by Richard Wagner. ...
Grand opera The Parisian style of Grand opera as exemplified by the works of Giacomo Meyerbeer and Fromental Halévy dominated Europe of the 1830s and 1840s. Meyerbeer, who had been a fellow-student of Weber with Georg Joseph Vogler, in many ways carried Weber's innovations onwards, linking them with the Parisan developments of theatrical technology to produce powerful and spectacular stage-works which seized the imagination of his audiences. Wagner was to be more indebted in his innovations to 'grand opera' than he cared to admit. Grand Opera is a style of opera mainly characterized by many features on a grandiose scale. ...
Giacomo Meyerbeer Giacomo Meyerbeer (September 5, 1791 – May 2, 1864) was a noted German-born opera composer, and the first great exponent of Grand Opera. ...
Jacques Fromental Halévy Jacques-François-Fromental-Élie Halévy (May 27, 1799 - March 17, 1862) was a French composer. ...
Georg Joseph Vogler, also known as Abbé Vogler (June 15, 1749 – May 6, 1814), German composer, organist, teacher and theorist, was born at Pleichach in Würzburg. ...
The Influence of Greek Drama Wagner strove for an aesthetic texture and artistic synthesis that was prefigured by the dramas of the Greek dramatists and tragedians Sophocles, Euripedes, Aristophanes, and Aeschylus. His aim was not only a revival of the role of drama, but a reworking of the intensity and complexity of the drama while integrating music. Wagner wished to differentiate his music dramas from operas in part by enhancing the quality of the story and theme, seeking to use the orchestra as the Greeks used the chorus. However, for him, the music was the unifying medium and certainly the occupant of the deepest level of the drama. For Wagner, it was in the music that the deepest aspects of the dramatic conflicts were personified and experienced. A dramatist is an author of dramatic compositions, usually plays. ...
In general usage a tragedy is a play, movie or sometimes a real world event with a sad outcome. ...
Sophocles (ancient Greek: ; 495 BC - 406 BC) was the second of three great ancient Greek tragedians. ...
Euripides (c. ...
Sketch of Aristophanes Aristophanes (Greek: , ca. ...
This article is about the ancient Greek playwright. ...
In early tragedy, no parts were played by a single actor; because the actor left the stage often to change roles, the chorus was especially dominant. ...
The Essence of the Music Drama The true essence of the music drama is inextricably linked with Wagner's idea of a Gesamtkunstwerk (a total art-work and literally meaning a synthesis of art-work). He firmly believed that each breed of art, including visual, dramatic, and, most fundamental, musical, working cooperatively would result in the most powerful transcendence and reckoning of the human condition. However, Wagner sought not merely to revive the Greek tragedy, but to surpass it by drawing on resources that they didn't have, such as Shakespeare, Beethoven and Goethe. Wagner's reverence of William Shakespeare was evident in his statement that Shakespeare was "a genius the like of which was never heard of" to the Greeks. Look up Gesamtkunstwerk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Shakespeare redirects here. ...
Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized December 17, 1770 – March 26, 1827) was a German composer of Classical music, the predominant musical figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras. ...
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (pronounced [gø tə]) (August 28, 1749–March 22, 1832) was a German writer, politician, humanist, scientist, and philosopher. ...
Whereas Shakespeare had surpassed the Greeks in poetic drama, Beethoven had done so in musical expression, and it was simply the artist's duty to fuse these two most powerful artistic legacies into one. Thus Wagner, by analogy to Shakespearian poetic drama, named his art-form "music drama". In so doing, it is perhaps not surprising that Wagner, by both incidence and intention, managed to insult and condescend many other composers of his time.
One of the most penetrating distinctions between Wagnerian music drama and continental opera is the focus of thematic substance. In opera, the attention lies at the activity between characters and outside of characters, and the probing questions focus primarily on the motivations behind characters' actions. The interplay between motive and decision often leads to a dramatic sequence of events that results in changes of situations and thoughts. Thus, imposed upon traditional opera is the limitation of language and its communicative shortcomings at expressing the deepest glare of human reality. Additionally, the task of establishing a historical, social, and political context is indispensable when composing an opera, and therewith comes a large restriction. Music drama, conversely, focuses on the internal aspects of the characters, with emphasis on emotion, not motive. This means that music becomes a complement to the drama, not (as with the Italians) the ends to which drama was the means. Additionally, Wagner wished to disabuse his art of the limitations of social and historical context, and thus he turned to the myth, in its universality in time and place. For other uses, see Myth. ...
See also Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813 – February 13, 1883) was a German composer, conductor, music theorist, and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or music dramas as he later came to call them). ...
Look up Gesamtkunstwerk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
A world view, also spelled as worldview is a term calqued from the German word Weltanschauung (look onto the world). The German word is also in wide use in English, as well as the translated form world outlook. ...
The New Opera in Oslo, Norway The Teatro alla Scala in Milan, Italy. ...
Bibliography - Aspects of Wagner (ISBN 0-19-217768-0)
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