Middle Ages

Little is known about Hungarian music prior to the 11th century, when the first Kings of Hungary were Christianized and Gregorian chant was introduced. During this period a bishop from Venice wrote the first surviving remark about Hungarian folk song when he commented on the peculiar singing style of a maid ^[1]. Church schools in Hungary taught Western Christian chanting, especially in places like Esztergom, Nyitra, Nagyvárad, Pannonhalma, Veszprém, Vác and Csanád ^[2]; and later schools began focusing on singing, spreading Latin hymns across the country. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... This is a list of all rulers of Hungary since Árpád. ... St Francis Xavier converting the Paravas: a 19th-century image of the docile heathen The historical phenomenon of Christianization, the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire peoples at once (a political shift as much as a spontaneous mass shift in individual consciences), also includes the practice... Gregorian chant is also known as plainchant or plainsong, and is a form of monophonic, unaccompanied singing, which was developed in the Catholic church, mainly during the period 800-1000. ... A bishop is an ordained member of the Christian clergy who, in certain Christian churches, holds a position of authority. ... Location within Italy Venice (Italian: Venezia), the city of canals, is the capital of the region of Veneto and of the province of Venice, 45°26′ N 12°19′ E, population 271,663 (census estimate 2004-01-01). ... Basilica in Esztergom Esztergom (German: Gran, Slovak: Ostrihom) is a small city in northern Hungary, about 60 km north-west of the capital Budapest. ... Nitra (in German: Neutra, in Hungarian: Nyitra [in the past frequently Nyitria]) is a city in western Slovakia (and fourth largest urban settlement in Slovakia) situated at the foot of Zobor Mountain in Nitra river valley (see below). ... Oradea (-Romanian, Hungarian: Nagyvárad, sometimes Várad; German: Großwardein) is a city located in the county of Bihor (BH), in Transylvania, Romania. ... Pannonhalma is a small town in western Hungary, in Győr-Moson-Sopron county with approx. ... Veszprém (in Slovak Vesprím) is a city with county rights in western Hungary. ... Vác (pronounced: ) (Slovak: Vacov, German: Waitzen) is a city in Pest county in Hungary with approximately 35,000 inhabitants. ... Csanád is the name of a historic administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. ...

Information about music education during this period is known thanks to manuscripts such as the Notebook of László Szalkai, Jacobus de Liège's Speculum musicae (circa 1330-1340, which mentions the use of solmization ^[3]), the Hahót Codex, the Codex Albensis and the Sacramentarium of Zagreb. The Pray Codex is a collection of "liturgical melodies ... in neumatic notation ... containing among other things the earliest written record extant of the Hungarian language, the Funeral Oration, ... independent forms of notation and even independent melodies (Hymn to Mary)" ^[4]. Events The Bulgars under Michael III are beaten by the Serbs at Velbuzhd, and large parts of Bulgaria fall to Serbia. ... Events January 26 - King France June 24 - The Battle of Sluys is fought between the naval fleets of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France. ... In music and sight singing solfege or solmization is a way of assigning syllables to degrees or steps of the diatonic scale. ... The Hungarian language is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Hungary and in adjacent areas of Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, and Slovenia (all territories lost after World War I). ...

The first known example of exchange between Hungarian and Western European music is from the 13th century, the "first encounter with the more secular melodic world of the Western world" ^[5]. (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ...

The earliest documented instrumentation in Hungarian music dates back to the whistle in 1222, followed by the kobzos in 1326, the bugle in 1355, the fiddle in 1358, the bagpipe in 1402, the lute in 1427 and the trumpet in 1428 ^[6]. Thereafter the organ came to play a major role. Instrumentation is the study and practice of writing music for a musical instrument. ... A whistle is a one-note woodwind instrument which produces sound from a stream of forced air. ... Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1170s 1180s 1190s 1200s 1210s - 1220s - 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s Years: 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 See also: 1222 state leaders Events Foundation of the University of Padua Completion of the Cistercian convent in Alcobaca... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman I (1299-1326) to Orhan I (1326-1359) Aradia de Toscano, is initiated into a Dianic cult of Italian Witchcraft (Stregheria), and discovers through a vision that she is the human incarnation of the goddess Aradia. ... The word bugle has two different meanings: A brass musical instrument, seeBugle (instrument) An often cultivated lamiaceae, Bugle (plant) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Events January 7 - Portuguese king Afonso IV sends three men to kill Ines de Castro, beloved of his son prince Pedro - Pedro revolts and incites a civil war April - Philip of Anjou marries Mary of Naples, daughter of Charles of Valois, duke of Calabria, and Mary of Valois Scots defeat... The violin is a stringed musical instrument that has four strings tuned a fifth apart. ... Events Jacquerie. ... A bagpipe performer in Amsterdam. ... Events September 14 - Battle of Homildon Hill. ... The lute is a plucked string instrument with a fretted neck and a deep round back. ... Events Lincoln College in Oxford is founded. ... The trumpet is the highest brass instrument in register, above the tuba, euphonium, trombone, sousaphone, and french horn. ... // Events October 12 - English forces under Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury besiege Orléans. ... This article or section should be merged with Pipe organ The Casavant pipe organ at Notre-Dame de Montréal Basilica, Montreal The organ is a type of keyboard musical instrument, distinctive because the sound is not produced by a percussion action, as on a piano or celesta, or by...

Though virtually nothing is known about them, Hungarian minstrels existed throughout the Middle Ages and may have kept ancient pagan religious practices alive ^[7]. At the Synod of Buda in 1279 the church banned their congregation from listening to them, despite their having come to be employed by noblemen in courts. By the 14th century instrumental music had become their most important repertoire and minstrel singers had become known as igriceks ^[8]. The golden age of courtly music (which had followed French models for most of the early Middle Ages before musicians from Flanders, Italy and Germany arrived) was during the reign of Matthias Corvinus and Beatrice ^[9]. A minstrel was a bard who played songs to tell stories about other places or about historical events of the Middle Ages. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Pagan may refer to: A believer in Paganism or Neopaganism. ... Events Battle of Yamen. ... (13th century - 14th century - 15th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was that century which lasted from 1301 to 1400. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Flanders (Flemish, Fleming) (Dutch: Vlaanderen (Vlaams, Vlaming), French: Flandre(s), (flamand, flamand), German: Flandern, (flämisch, Flame) has two main designations: a constituent community of the federal Belgian state through its social and political organisations, and through the institutions of the Flemish Community (with its own Flemish government and Flemish... Matthias Corvinus as depicted in Chronica Hungarorum by Ján z Turca Matthias Corvinus (Hungarian: Corvinus Mátyás and Hunyadi Mátyás, Romanian: Matei Corvin) (February 23, 1443 (?) - April 6, 1490) was one of the greatest Kings of Hungary, ruling between 1458 and 1490. ...

16th century

The Nádor Codex of 1508 presents the first use of Gregorian melodies with Hungarian texts ^[10]. The same period saw the local folk styles grow more diverse, while political authorities railed against secular music. Szavolcsi notes the author of the Sándor Codex (early 16th century), who described secular music as accompanied by "fiddle, lute, drums and cimbalom... and used tenor, discant and contratenor" singers, meaning it was in the style of the motet ^[11]. Events February - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor attacks Venice June 6 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three year truce and cede several territories to Venice December 10 - League of Cambrai formed as an alliance against Venice between... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... The violin is a stringed musical instrument that has four strings tuned a fifth apart. ... The lute is a plucked string instrument with a fretted neck and a deep round back. ... For other kinds of drums, see drum (disambiguation). ... It is also possible that you want to know about the Cymbal instrument. ... In music, a tenor is a male singer with a high voice (although not as high as a countertenor). ... Descant or discant can refer to different things in music; A form of medieval music where one person sang a fixed melody, and others accompanied with improvisations. ... The countertenor is a unique and somewhat controversial vocal class for men, being the highest voice class for them. ... In Western music, motet is a word that is applied to a number of highly varied choral musical compositions. ...

Song by András Farkas from the 1533 Hofgreff Songbook

The 16th century saw the rise of Transylvania, a region the Turks never occupied, as a center for Hungarian music ^[12], as well as the first Hungarian publications of music, both published in Kraków. István Gálszécsi's songbook was the "first Hungarian gradual to the Gregorian hymn-melodies and German choral music of which we can see new Hungarian translations", while the Cronica of András Farkas includes the first surviving historical song ^[13]. About forty melodies are known from this era, and are already in a distinctively Hungarian style which took influences from across much of Europe in several dozen distinct forms that were "mostly notated in a rigid and clumsy way" but were "undoubtedly much more colourful and flexible in living performance" and were in reality "little masterpices of melodic structure" ^[14]. The most significant musician of this period was Sebestyén Tinódi, the "greatest stylist and master of expression of ancient Hungarian epic poetry... whose heritage the people’s music of two centuries was unconsciously nourished" ^[15]. Image File history File links Summary Song by András Farkas from the 1533 Hofgreff Songbook Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Summary Song by András Farkas from the 1533 Hofgreff Songbook Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Motto: none Voivodship Lesser Poland Municipal government Rada miasta Kraków Mayor Jacek Majchrowski Area 326,8 km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 757,500 (2004 est. ...

Accentuated declamation was fashionable in music education during the early 16th century; a more rigid choir style is represnted by a collection called the Melopoeiae, from 1507 ^[16]. A collecton by Johannes Honterus was the first Hungarian printed work with music, dating from 1548. These collections were enriched by "melodic configurations" that, according to Bence Szabolcsi, could be explained by the arrival of the "song material of the Czech Reformation, the melodic treasure of the German Reformation and the psalter of French Huguenots" ^[17]. The poet Bálint Balassi remains well-regarded for his poems from this period, which were based on Polish, Turkish, Italian and German melodies, and may have also been influenced by the villanella ^[18]. Some songs from this period, influenced by the music of the nobles and their minstrels from as far away as Italy, remained a part of the Hungarian folk tradition at least until modern song collection began. Religious and secular music were closely connected at this time, and documentation of the former grew with the publication of many songbooks filled with free psalm paraphrases called lauds, facilitating the practice of communal singing among the nascent Protestant churches ^[19]. This conflation of religious and secular song was much criticized from the pulpit, from the both the Protestant and Catholic churches. The latter allowed popular songs after a 1564 edict from Ferdinand I, which allowed the bishops to use them only after close scrutiny ^[20]. They were again banned in 1611, however, and a Catholic collection of Hungarian church songs was not agreed upon until 1629, at the Synod of Nagyszombat. The collection, Benedek Szőlősy's Cantus Catholici, was published in 1651, and wasn't followed by a Protestant version for about 90 years ^[21]. // Events The western continent is named America on the maps of Martin Waldseemüller. ... Events Mary I of Scotland sent to France Births September 2 - Vincenzo Scamozzi, Italian architect (died 1616) September 29 - William V, Duke of Bavaria (died 1626) Francesco Andreini, Italian actor (died 1624) Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, astronomer, and occultist (burned at the stake) 1600 (died 1600) Honda Tadakatsu, Japanese general... Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... In the 16th and 17th centuries, the name of Huguenots came to apply to members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, or historically as the French Calvinists. ... In music, a villanella (pl. ... The name laud means the The Lute. ... Events March 8 — Naples bans kissing in public under the penalty of death June 22 — Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World September 10 — The Battle of Kawanakajima Ottoman Turks invade Malta Modern pencil becomes common in England Conquistadors crossed the Pacific Spanish founded a colony... Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (March 10, 1503 - July 27, 1564) was one of the Habsburg emperors that at various periods during his life ruled over Austria, Germany, Bohemia, and Hungary. ... Events November 1 - At Whitehall Palace in London, William Shakespeares romantic comedy The Tempest is presented for the first time. ... Events March 4 - Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a Royal charter. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ...

Hungarian instrumental music was well-known in Europe in the 16th century. The lutenist and composer Bálint Bakfark was especially famous, known as a virtuoso player of the lute ^[22]; his works were collected and published as Intavolatura and Harmoniae musicae (published in 1553 and 1565 respectively) ^[23]. He was one of the pioneers of a style based on vocal polyphony. Also important were the lutenist brothers, the Neusiedlers, and the author of an important work of music theory, Epithoma utriusque musices, Stephan Monetarius ^[24]. Bálint Bakfark (1507–August 15 or August 22, 1576) (His name is variously spelled as Bachfarrt, Backvart, Bekwark, and occasionally his first name is rendered as Valentin) was a Hungarian composer and lutenist of the Renaissance. ... // Events June 26 - Christs Hospital in London gets a Royal Charter July 6 - Edward VI of England dies July 10 - Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England - for the next nine days July 18 - Lord Mayor of London proclaims Queen Mary as the rightful Queen - Lady Jane Grey... Events March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded April 27 - Cebu City is established becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines. ... Polyphony is a musical texture consisting of several independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony). ...

17th century

During the 17th century, Hungary was divided into three parts, one the region of Transylvania, one controlled by the Turks, and another by the Hapsburg. Historic songs declined in popularity, replaced by lyrical poetry ^[25]. Minstrels were replaced by courtly musicians, who played the trumpet and whistle, or cimbalom, violin or bagpipes; many courts and households had large groups of instrumentals ^[26]. Some of these musicians were German, Polish, French or Italian, and even included a Spanish guitarist at the court of Gábor Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania. Little is known about the actual music of this time, however. Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. ... Gabriel Bethlen (de Iktár) (-English, German, Romanian; Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor, Slovak: Gabriel Betlen; 1580-1629) was a prince of Transylvania (1613-1629) and leader of an anti-Habsburg insurrection in the Habsburg Royal Hungary, on the territory of present-day Slovakia. ...

Instrumental music from the 17th century is known from the collections of various Upper Hungarian and Transylvanian collectors, such as János Kájoni, who collected the Cantionale Catholicum, Kájoni Codex, Organo Missale and Sacri Concentus ^[27]. The collectors of the Vietórisz Codex, whose identities are unknown, and another anonymous collector from Lőcse, also published "the first examples of autonomous, developed virginal music, equally accomplished in style, melodic texture and technique of adaptation" ^[28]. These songs were characterized by "flexible, finely shaded melodies, a tendency to create wider and looser forms, and a gradual independence of the forma (sic) principles of song melodies toward a clearly instrumental conception" ^[29]. At the same time, rhythm became more compliction and notation more general. The Lőcse manuscript also notably presents an arrangement of dances, the first example of the Hungarian cyclic form ^[30]; this music and dance had similarities both to the Polish music of the time as well as the subsequent development of the verbunkos style. Levoča (Hungarian: LÅ‘cse, German: Leutschau) is a town in the SpiÅ¡ region of eastern Slovakia with a population of 14,000. ... Poland has a lively and diverse music scene and even its own music genres like the sung poetry and disco polo. ...

17th century Hungarian church music was revolutionized ater the 1651 publication of the Cantus Catholici, in which genuine Hungarian motives played a major part. By 1674, the Hungarian Mass was also part of the Cantus Catholici, followed by the adoption of Calvinist psalm tunes in 1693 and Hungarian choral music in 1695 ^[31]. János Kájoni Organo Missale of 1667 was the first experiment in the creation of a new kind of Hungarian church music, a style that strung together short motives that were shortened, extended or syncopated in a complex rhythmic structure ^[32]. Italian religious music played an important role in this development, which was documented in an "unparalleled example of ancient Hungarian music", the Harmonia Caelestis of Prince Pál Eszterházy ^[33], who tried to create a distinctively Hungarian style of church music using influences from opera, oratio literature, the German music of Johann Kaspar von Kerll and Johann Schmeltzer, and the oratorio and cantata styles ^[34]. Eszterházy's efforts did not last, as the following century saw an influx of muic from Western Europe under the Hapsburgs. // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... Events February 19 - England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster. ... Events January 11 - Eruption of Mt. ... Events January 27 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed II to Mustafa II (1695-1703) July 17 - The Bank of Scotland is founded by an Act of Parliament of the old Scottish Parliament. ... // Events January 20 - Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power. ... The foyer of Charles Garniers Opéra, Paris, opened 1875 Opera is an art form consisting of a dramatic stage performance set to music. ... An oratorio is a large musical composition for orchestra, vocal soloists and chorus. ... Cantata (Italian for a song or story set to music), a vocal composition accompanied by instruments and generally containing more than one movement. ...

Around the turn of the 18th century, however, the last national uprising of the period occurred, leading the spread of "Kuruc songs". These songs were authentically Hungarian and hold a "central position between the style of the ancient and the new folk music" ^[35]. Their influences include elements of Polish, Romanian, Slovak and Ukrainian music in addition to Hungarian melodies. (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

18th century

During the 18th century, students at Hungary's Calvinist colleges, some of whom, being minor nobles, lived in small rural villages, brought with them to their schools their regional styles of music. Colleges like Sárospatak and Székelyudvarhely developed choirs that adopted new elements like polyphony. György Maróthi of Debrecen published several influential works, and his French psalm book became very popular ^[36]. By around 1790, the four voice choirs were expanded to eight using accessory voices like accantus, subcantus and concantus, and the discant voice was systematically transpoed into a lower pitch, producing a new form of choral design with similarities to midieval organum and fauxbordon ^[37]. The same period saw the popularity of homophoning songs which are recorded in the students' song books; notation, however, was crude, and no extensive collection appeared until 1853, with the publication of Ádám Pálóczi Horváth’s Ötödfélszáz Énekek ^[38]. These songs show that the mid to late 18th century was a period when the old Hungarian styles died out, and a new style appeared ^[39]. Sárospatak is a town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Northern Hungary. ... Odorheiu Secuiesc (Hungarian: Székelyudvarhely, also known as Udvarhely; German: Oderhellen) is the second-largest city in the Harghita county (judeÅ£) in Transylvania, Romania. ... Debrecen   listen? (approximate pronunciation: deh-breh-tsen, DebreÅ£in in Romanian, Debrecín in Slovak, Debreczyn in Polish) is the second largest city in Hungary after Budapest. ... 1790 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about a style of music. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Many Hungarian musicians and composers of the 18th century preached closer cultural ties with Europe, not believing that Hungarian music could reach the levels of development in Italy and Germany ^[40]. The aristocracy were interested in the court music of Louis XIV, like the minuet and rondeaux ^[41]. Many of these people tried to popularize Viennese-style songs with Hungarian texts, or to use German and Italian forms; these people included the poet László Amadé, novelist Ignác Mészáros and the author and linguist Ferenc Verseghy ^[42]. Hungarian music did, however, have an effect on composers from elsewhere in Europe. Joseph Haydn's Rondo all' Ongarese (from the Trio in G major (No. 1), is an example, as is the finale of Beethoven's Symphony No. 3 (Eroica), which uses a Magyar march, and Symphony No. 7, which is a 2/4 tempo with a syncopated rhythm. Beethoven also used Hungarian idioms in the prologue of King Stephen and the epiloque for Ruins of Athens ^[43]. Louis XIV King of France and Navarre By Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701) Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné) (September 5, 1638–September 1, 1715) reigned as King of France and King of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his death. ... A minuet, sometimes spelled menuet, is a social dance of French origin for two persons, usually in 3/4 time. ... Rondeau has numerous uses: The arts A Rondeau is a form of French poetry with 13 lines written on two rhymes, as well as a corresponding musical form developed to set this characteristic verse structure. ... Franz Joseph Haydn, (March 31 or April 1, 1732 – May 31, 1809) was a leading composer of the Classical period, called the Father of the Symphony and Father of the String Quartet. Although he has come to be popularly known as Franz Joseph Haydn (with many published scores and recordings... Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized December 17, 1770 – March 26, 1827) was a German composer of Classical music, the predominant musical figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras. ... The Symphony No. ... Ludwig van Beethoven began substantial work on his Symphony No. ...

The 18th century also saw the rise of verbunkos, a form of music that was used by army recruiters. Like much of Hungarian music at the time, it was focused on the melody, with a subordinate text; in spite of this, the vocals became a major part of verbunkos ^[44]. Verbunkos (Hungarian s is pronounced as English sh) (other spellings are Verbounko, Verbunko, Verbunkas, Werbunkos, Werbunkosch, Verbunkoche) is an 18th-century Hungarian dance and music genre. ...

19th century

By the middle of the 19th century, verbunkos was a major symbol of Hungarian culture, and numerous people published groundbreaking studies and collections of the field. The Musicians' Society National School of Music in Pest, headed after 1840 by Gábor Mátray, one of the "leading personalities of Hungarian musical life", did much to encourage this study ^[45]. András Bartay's 1835 study of Hungarian harmonics, Magyar Apollo and his 1833-34 Eredeti Népdalok, were poneering works in the field ^[46]. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up Pest on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Pest may refer to: A pest, an animal (usually an insect), or sometimes a plant (weed) with characteristics that are injurious or harmful to humans. ... 1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1838, a young Franz Liszt was inspired to travel Hungary, studying the music of the country; he would go on to incorporate what he learned in many of his world-famous compositions ^[47]. Other composers from this period included Béni Egressy, who used 18th century secular songs in his compositions, Kálmán Simonffy, who was the "most original and most inventive" songwriter of the era, whose works "most nearly approached the ideal of 'popular melodic culture', as well as lesser-known figures like Gusztáv Szénfy, Gusztáv Nyizsnyai and Ignác Bognár ^[48]. In spite of their desires to glorify Hungarian folk culture, the music these composers used remained primarily the music of the middle and upper classes ^[49]. It was not until the very end of the century and into the 20th that the authentic music of ethnic Hungarians became a major part of compositions. Other Hungarian composers did not attempt to use verbunkos or other Hungarian styles in their music. German music was a much stronger influence on the music of the Catholic Church and in the songbooks of Mihály Bozóky ^[50]. 1838 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Franz Liszt (Hungarian: Liszt Ferenc) (October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886) was a Hungarian virtuoso pianist and composer. ... Forms of German music include Neue Deutsche Welle (NDW), krautrock, hamburger schule, volksmusic, German hip hop, Schlager and multiple varieties of folk music. ...

The playright Elemér Szentirmay (also known as János Németh) was very popular in his time, known for his "form of expression and scale of popular character" whose "works surpassed in popularity everything written by his contemporaries" ^[51]. The Hungarian operetta first appeared in the 1860s, popularized by Ignác Bognár, Geza Allaga and Jeno Huber, followed by Elek Erkel and György Bánffy; in the early 20th century, the Viennese style predominated in the work of Huszka, Kacsóh, Buttykay, Jacobi, Kálmán and Lehár ^[52]. Aside from the popular operetta, the field of Hungarian opera reached fruition in the 19th century. Ferenc Enkel was of greated importance in his field, creating the first opera in the Hungarian language using music from popular songs, the verbunkos tradition as well as the singing forms of Italian and French opera ^[53]. There were other opera composers as well, though the most important was Mihály Mosonyi, who did much to use Hungarian themes in his work ^[54]. Operetta (literally, little opera) is a performance art-form similar to opera, though it generally deals with less serious topics. ... Events and trends Italian unification under King Victor Emmanuel II. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the Papal States (March 17, 1861 - September 20, 1870). ... There are several people with the surname Jacobi: Mathematician Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi American author Carl Richard Jacobi Danish author Carl Jacobi British actor Derek Jacobi Philosopher Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi German engineer Moritz von Jacobi Operetta composer Victor Jacobi German poet Johann Georg Jacobi This is a disambiguation page — a... Franz Lehár (30 April 1870 - 24 October 1948) was an Austro-Hungarian composer, mainly known for his operettas. ... The Hungarian language is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Hungary and in adjacent areas of Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, and Slovenia (all territories lost after World War I). ...

The late 19th century saw a decline in the nationalistic tendencies of Hungarian music, which deteriorated "into the works of salon composers, into the trashy genre of stylish 'Hungarian fantasies', 'Gipsy arrangements'" and other styles more influenced by foreign countries than Hungarian traditions ^[55]. The result was increased antagonism between those enamoured of foreign music and the cultivators of Hungarian (and Roma-Hungarian) music, a dichotomy that "could only result in deceiving the country with the opium of semi-education on the one hand and superficial nationalism on the other" ^[56]. Hans Koessler, a teacher with the Academy of Music, did more than anyone to accentuate the German classical elements in Hungarian music ^[57], though some of his students, like Ernst von Dohnányi, placed prominent Hungarian themes in their own works ^[58]. ErnÅ‘ Dohnányi, also known as Ernst von Dohnányi or Dohnányi ErnÅ‘ (July 27, 1877 – February 9, 1960) was a Hungarian conductor, composer, and pianist. ...

References

• ^  "Hungarian Music". Stephen Sisa: The Spirit of Hungary. URL accessed on September 3, 2005.
• ^  "A Concise History of Hungarian music". Bence Szabolcsi. URL accessed on September 2, 2005.

September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). ... 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (246th in leap years). ... 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Notes

1. ^  Szabolcsi, The Middle Ages: Church Music and Minstrel Music
2. ^  Szabolcsi, The Middle Ages: Church Music and Minstrel Music
3. ^  Szabolcsi, The Middle Ages: Church Music and Minstrel Music
4. ^  Szabolcsi, The Middle Ages: Church Music and Minstrel Music
5. ^  Szabolcsi, The Middle Ages: Church Music and Minstrel Music
6. ^  Szabolcsi, The Middle Ages: Church Music and Minstrel Music
7. ^  Szabolcsi, The Middle Ages: Church Music and Minstrel Music
8. ^  Sisa, The Spirit of Hungary
9. ^  Szabolcsi, The Middle Ages: Church Music and Minstrel Music
10. ^  Szabolcsi, The Middle Ages: Church Music and Minstrel Music
11. ^  Szabolcsi, The Middle Ages: Church Music and Minstrel Music
12. ^  Sisa, The Spirit of Hungary
13. ^  Szabolcsi, The Sixteenth Century: Historic Song and Chorals
14. ^  Szabolcsi, The Sixteenth Century: Historic Song and Chorals
15. ^  Szabolcsi, The Sixteenth Century: Historic Song and Chorals
16. ^  Szabolcsi, The Sixteenth Century: Historic Song and Chorals
17. ^  Szabolcsi, The Sixteenth Century: Historic Song and Chorals
18. ^  Szabolcsi, The Sixteenth Century: Historic Song and Chorals
19. ^  Szabolcsi, The Sixteenth Century: Historic Song and Chorals
20. ^  Szabolcsi, The Sixteenth Century: Historic Song and Chorals
21. ^  Szabolcsi, The Sixteenth Century: Historic Song and Chorals
22. ^  Sisa, The Spirit of Hungary
23. ^  Szabolcsi, The Sixteenth Century: Historic Song and Chorals
24. ^  Szabolcsi, The Sixteenth Century: Historic Song and Chorals
25. ^  Szabolcsi, The Seventeenth Century: Virginal Literature and Church Music
26. ^  Szabolcsi, The Seventeenth Century: Virginal Literature and Church Music
27. ^  Szabolcsi, The Seventeenth Century: Virginal Literature and Church Music
28. ^  Szabolcsi, The Seventeenth Century: Virginal Literature and Church Music
29. ^  Szabolcsi, The Seventeenth Century: Virginal Literature and Church Music
30. ^  Szabolcsi, The Seventeenth Century: Virginal Literature and Church Music
31. ^  Szabolcsi, The Seventeenth Century: Virginal Literature and Church Music
32. ^  Szabolcsi, The Seventeenth Century: Virginal Literature and Church Music
33. ^  Szabolcsi, The Seventeenth Century: Virginal Literature and Church Music
34. ^  Szabolcsi, The Seventeenth Century: Virginal Literature and Church Music
35. ^  Szabolcsi, The Seventeenth Century: Virginal Literature and Church Music
36. ^  Szabolcsi, The Eighteenth Century: Song and Choir Literature
37. ^  Szabolcsi, The Eighteenth Century: Song and Choir Literature
38. ^  Szabolcsi, The Eighteenth Century: Song and Choir Literature
39. ^  Szabolcsi, The Eighteenth Century: Song and Choir Literature
40. ^  Szabolcsi, The Eighteenth Century: Song and Choir Literature
41. ^  Sisa, The Spirit of Hungary
42. ^  Szabolcsi, The Eighteenth Century: Song and Choir Literature
43. ^  Sisa, The Spirit of Hungary
44. ^  Szabolcsi, The Eighteenth Century: Song and Choir Literature
45. ^  Szabolcsi, Popular Song-writers: Erkel and the Romantic National Opera
46. ^  Szabolcsi, Popular Song-writers: Erkel and the Romantic National Opera
47. ^  Szabolcsi, Popular Song-writers: Erkel and the Romantic National Opera
48. ^  Szabolcsi, Popular Song-writers: Erkel and the Romantic National Opera
49. ^  Szabolcsi, Popular Song-writers: Erkel and the Romantic National Opera
50. ^  Szabolcsi, Popular Song-writers: Erkel and the Romantic National Opera
51. ^  Szabolcsi, Popular Song-writers: Erkel and the Romantic National Opera
52. ^  Szabolcsi, Popular Song-writers: Erkel and the Romantic National Opera
53. ^  Szabolcsi, Popular Song-writers: Erkel and the Romantic National Opera
54. ^  Szabolcsi, Popular Song-writers: Erkel and the Romantic National Opera
55. ^  Szabolcsi, Late Romanticism: The Transition Period: Western Reaction at the Turn of the Century
56. ^  Szabolcsi, Late Romanticism: The Transition Period: Western Reaction at the Turn of the Century
57. ^  Szabolcsi, Late Romanticism: The Transition Period: Western Reaction at the Turn of the Century