The music of Barbados includes distinctive national styles of folk and popular music, as well as elements of Western classical and religious music. The culture of Barbados is a syncretic mix of African and British elements, and the island's music reflects this mix through song types and styles, instrumentation, dances and aesthetic principles. Image File history File links Mighty_Gabby-Government_Boo. ... Software development stages In computer programming, development stage terminology expresses how the development of a piece of software has progressed and how much further development it may require. ... Mighty Gabby (real name Anthony Nicholas Carter, born March 30, 1948) is a Barbadian calypsonian and a Cultural Ambassador for the island of Barbados. ... Image File history File links Merrymen_-_the_big_bamboo. ... Software development stages In computer programming, development stage terminology expresses how the development of a piece of software has progressed and how much further development it may require. ... The Merrymen are a popular calypso band from Barbados. ... Image File history File links Rupee_-_Jump. ... Software development stages In computer programming, development stage terminology expresses how the development of a piece of software has progressed and how much further development it may require. ... Rupert Clarke (born September 10, 1975), best known by his stage name Rupee, is a soca musician from Barbados. ... Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and for the common people. ... Popular music is music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more of the mass media. ... This article is about the genre of classical music in the Western musical tradition. ... Religious music (also sacred music) is music performed or composed for religious use or through religious influence. ... Categories: Possible copyright violations ...

Barbadian folk traditions include the Landship movement, which is a satirical, informal organization based on the British navy, tea meetings, tuk bands and numerous traditional songs and dances. In modern Barbados, popular styles include calypso, spouge and other styles, most of them imported from Trinidad and Tobago, the United States or elsewhere. Barbados is, along with Trinidad, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, one of the few centers for Caribbean jazz.^[1] The Barbadian Landship movement is an informal organization that mimics the British navy. ... The tea meeting tradition is a part of the culture of Saint Kitts and Nevis and Barbados. ... Tuk can be defined in the following dutch words/sentences: - Ik Tuk - Jij Tukt - Wij Tukken - Ik doe een Tukje - Geef mij die zak Tucjes eens! - Tukbal - Tukkis - Tukstetbal - Tukkerpolo - Tuklopen - TukPulse (©) - TukPen - Zwaaituk - Knuffeltuk - Schoptuk - Progratuk - Tuk Hypertext Preprocessor - Microsoft Tuk - Tux - Tukprika - FC Tuk - Tukchips - Tukputers - Tuktido - Tuk... Calypso is a style of Afro-Caribbean music which originated in the British and French colonial islands of the Caribbean at about the start of the 20th century. ... Spouge is a musical genre from the Caribbean nation of Barbados. ...

Characteristics and musical identity

Barbadian culture is syncretic, and the island's musical culture is perceived as a mixture of African and British musics, with certain unique elements that may derive from indigenous sources. Tension between African and British culture has long been a major element of Barbadian history, and has included the banning of certain African-derived practices and black Barbadian parodies of British tradtions.^[2] Simple entertainment is the basis for most Barbadians' participation in music and dance activities, though religious and other functional musics also occur. Barbadian folk culture declined in importance in the 20th century, but then rekindled in the 1970s, when many Barbadians became interested in their national culture and history.^[3] This change was heralded by the arrival of spouge, a popular national genre that reflects Barbadian heritage and African origins; spouge helped kindle a resurgence in national pride, and became viewed as Barbados' answer to the popular Caribbean genres reggae and calypso from Jamaica and Trinidad, respectively.^[4] Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile disparate, even opposing, beliefs and to meld practices of various schools of thought. ... Spouge is a musical genre from the Caribbean nation of Barbados. ... { Reggae is a music genre developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. ... Calypso is a style of Afro-Caribbean music which originated in the British and French colonial islands of the Caribbean at about the start of the 20th century. ...

The religious music of the Barbadian Christian churches plays an important role in Barbadian musical identity, especially in urban areas. Many distinctive Barbadian musical and other cultural traditions derive from parodies of Anglican church hymns and British military drills. The British military performed drills to both provide security for the island's population, as well as intimidate slaves.^[5] Modern Barbadian tea meetings, tuk bands, the Landship tradition and many folk songs come from slaves parodying the practices of white authorities. British-Barbadians used music for cultural and intellectual enrichment and to feel a sense of kinship and connection with the British Isles through the maintenance of British musical forms. Plantation houses featured music as entertainment at balls, dances and other gatherings. For Afro-Barbadians, drum, vocal and dance music was an integral part of everyday life, and songs and performance practices were created for normal, everyday events, as well as special celebratons like Whitsuntide, Christmas, Easter, Landship and Crop Over. These songs remain a part of Barbadian culture and form a rich folk repertoire.^[3] The tea meeting tradition is a part of the culture of Saint Kitts and Nevis and Barbados. ... Tuk can be defined in the following dutch words/sentences: - Ik Tuk - Jij Tukt - Wij Tukken - Ik doe een Tukje - Geef mij die zak Tucjes eens! - Tukbal - Tukkis - Tukstetbal - Tukkerpolo - Tuklopen - TukPulse (©) - TukPen - Zwaaituk - Knuffeltuk - Schoptuk - Progratuk - Tuk Hypertext Preprocessor - Microsoft Tuk - Tux - Tukprika - FC Tuk - Tukchips - Tukputers - Tuktido - Tuk... 3 types of landships (top-bottom): sail, wheeled and caterpillar. ... Note: This article is mostly about the Christian holiday of Pentecost. ... Christmas or Christmas Day is an annual holiday that marks the traditional birthdate of Jesus of Nazareth. ... Easter, also known as Pascha (Greek Πάσχα: Passover), the Feast of the Resurrection, the Sunday of the Resurrection, or Resurrection Day, is the most important religious feast of the Christian liturgical year, observed between late March and late April (early April to early May in Eastern Christianity). ... 3 types of landships (top-bottom): sail, wheeled and caterpillar. ... Crop over is Barbados biggest festival, having had its early beginnings on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period. ...

Western classical music is the most socially accepted form of musical expression for Barbadians in Bridgetown, including a variety of vocal music, chamber and orchestral music, and piano and violin. Along with hymns, oratorios, cantatas and other religious music, chamber music of the Western tradition remains an important part of Barbadian musical through an integral role in the services of the Anglican church.^[3] This article is about the genre of classical music in the Western musical tradition. ... The City of Bridgetown, population 5,928 (1990) metropolitan area 110,000 (2000), formerly the Town of Saint Michael, is the Capital city of the island nation of Barbados. ... For other uses, see Chamber music (disambiguation). ... A philharmonic orchestra An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually a fairly large instrumental ensemble with string, brass, woodwind sections, and possibly a percussion section as well. ... A grand piano, with the lid up. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... A hymn is a type of song, usually religious, specifically written for the purpose of praise, adoration or prayer, and typically addressed to a god or other religiously significant figure. ... An oratorio is a large musical composition for orchestra, vocal soloists and chorus. ... Cantata (Italian for a song or story set to music), a vocal composition accompanied by instruments and generally containing more than one movement. ...

History

Main article: music history of Barbados

Though inhabited prior to the 16th century, little is known about Barbadian music before the arrival of the Portuguese in 1536 and then the English in 1627. The Portuguese left little influence, but English culture and music helped shape the island's heritage. Irish and Scottish settlers emigrated in the 17th century, working in the tobacco industry, bringing still more new music to the island. The middle of the 1700s saw the decline of the tobacco industry and the rise of sugarcane, as well as the introduction of large numbers of African slaves.Brazilian exiles however, along with sugarcane introduced Samba to the island which featured a mixture of Latin music with African influences which soon developed into Soca-Samba which is indigenous to Barbados. Modern Barbadian music is thus largely a combination of English and African elements, with Irish, Scottish, and modern American and Caribbean (especially Jamaican) influences as well.^[3] The music of Barbados draws on the islands cultural heritage, and the music history of Barbados reflects the islands diverse cultures. ... Species Nicotiana acuminata Nicotiana alata Nicotiana attenuata Nicotiana benthamiana Nicotiana clevelandii Nicotiana excelsior Nicotiana forgetiana Nicotiana glauca Nicotiana glutinosa Nicotiana langsdorffii Nicotiana longiflora Nicotiana obtusifolia Nicotiana paniculata Nicotiana plumbagifolia Nicotiana quadrivalvis Nicotiana repanda Nicotiana rustica Nicotianasuaveolens Nicotiana sylvestris Nicotiana tabacum Nicotiana tomentosa Ref: ITIS 30562 as of August 26, 2005... Species Saccharum arundinaceum Saccharum bengalense Saccharum edule Saccharum officinarum Saccharum procerum Saccharum ravennae Saccharum robustum Saccharum sinense Saccharum spontaneum Sugarcane or Sugar cane (Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of tall grasses (family Poaceae, tribe Andropogoneae), native to warm temperate to tropical regions...

By the 19th century, the Barbadian colonialists grew to fear slave revolts, and specifically, the use of music as a tool of communication and planning for revolution. As a result, the government passed laws to restrict musical activities among slaves. At the same time, American and other forms of imported music were brought to Barbados, while many important elements of modern Barbadian music, like tuk bands, also emerged. In the 20th century, many new styles were imported to Barbados, most influentially including jazz, ska, reggae, calypso and soca. Barbados became home to many performers of these new genres, especially soca and calypso, while the island also produced an indigenous style called spouge, which became an important symbol of Barbadian identity.^{[3] [4]} A tuk band is a kind of Barbadian musical ensemble, which plays tuk music. ... Jazz is a musical art form that originated in New Orleans at around the start of the 20th century. ... Ska is a type of Jamaican music combining elements of traditional mento and calypso with an American jazz and rhythm and blues sound. ... { Reggae is a music genre developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. ... Calypso is a style of Afro-Caribbean music which originated in the British and French colonial islands of the Caribbean at about the start of the 20th century. ... Soca is a dance music which is claimed to have originated [in Trinidad] from calypso. ... Spouge is a musical genre from the Caribbean nation of Barbados. ...

Folk music

Barbadian culture and music are mixtures of European and African elements, with minimal influence from the indigenous peoples of the island, about whom little is known. Significant numbers of Asian, specifically Chinese and Japanese, people have moved to Barbados, but their music is unstudied and has had little impact on Barbadian music.^[3]

The earliest reference to Afro-Barbadian music may come from a description of a slave rebellion, in which the rebels were inspired to fight by music played on skin drums, conch trumpets and animal horns.^[5] Slavery continued, however, and the colonial and slaveowning authorities eventually outlawed musical instruments among slaves. By the end of the 17th century, a distinctly Barbadian folk culture developed, based around influences and instruments from Africa, Britain and other Caribbean islands.^[3]

Early Barbadian folk music, despite legal restrictions, was a major part of life among the island's slave population. For the slaves, music was "essential for recreation and dancing and as a part of the life cycle for communication and religious meaning". African musicians also provided the music for the white landowners' private parties, while the slaves developed their own party music, culminating in the crop over festival, which began in 1688. The earliest crop over festivals featured dancing and call-and-response singing accompanied by shak-shak, banjo, bones and bottles containing varying amounts of water.^[3] Crop over is Barbados biggest festival, having had its early beginnings on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period. ... Call and response is a form of spontaneous verbal and non-verbal interaction between speaker and listener in which all of the statements (calls) are punctuated by expressions (responses) from the listener, as stated by Smitherman [1]. In West African cultures, call and response is a pervasive pattern of democratic... The shak-shak (or chak-chak) is a kind of Antillean musical instrument, similar to maracas. ... A four-string banjo For other uses, see Banjo (disambiguation) The banjo is a stringed instrument of African origin, early or original examples sometimes being called the gourd banjo. One predecessor to the banjo is called the Akonting. ... Grays Anatomy illustration of a human femur. ...

Song

Barbadian folk songs are heavily influenced by the music of England. Many traditional songs concern events current at the time of their composition, such as the emancipation of the slaves of Barbados, and the coronations of Victoria I, George V, and Elizabeth 1; this song tradition dates back to 1650. The most influential Barbadian folk songs are associated with the island's lower-class laborers, who have held on to it their folk heritage. The Music of England has a long history. ... Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India from 1 May 1876, until her death on 22 January 1901. ... King George V King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Emperor of India His Majesty King George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert) (3 June 1865–20 January 1936) was the last British monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, changing the name to the... Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England, Queen of France (in name only), and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. ...

Some Barbadian songs and stories made their way back to England, most famously "Inckle the English Sailor" and "Yarico the Indian Maid", which became English plays and an opera by George Coleman with music by Samuel Arnold, and first performed in London in 1787.^{[6] [7]} George Coleman (born March 8, 1935 in Memphis, Tennessee) is an American jazz saxophonist, known chiefly for his work with Miles Davis and Herbie Hancock in the 1960s. ... Samuel Arnold (1740 - October 22, 1802) was a British composer. ...

Dance

Barbadian folk dances include a wide variety of styles, performed at Landship, holidays and other occasions. Dancers and other performers at the crop over festivals, for example, are popular and an iconic part of Barbadian culture, known for dancing in the costumes of sugarcane-cutters. The Landship movement features song and dance meant to imitate the passage of a British navy ship through rough seas; Landship and other occasions also feature African-derived improvised and complexly-rhythmic dances, and British hornpipes, jigs, maypole dances and Marches.^[3] 3 types of landships (top-bottom): sail, wheeled and caterpillar. ... Crop over is Barbados biggest festival, having had its early beginnings on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period. ... The term hornpipe refers to one of several dance forms played and danced in Britain and elsewhere from the late 17th century until the present day. ... The jig (sometimes seen in its French language or Italian language forms gigue or giga) is a folk dance type as well as the accompanying dance tune type, popular in Ireland and Scotland. ... Dancing around the maypole, in Ã…mmeberg, Sweden The maypole is a tall wooden pole (traditionally of hawthorn or birch), sometimes erected with several long coloured ribbons suspended from the top, festooned with flowers, draped in greenery and strapped with large circular wreaths, depending on local and regional variances. ...

The Jean and Johnnie dance was an important part of Barbadian culture until it was banned in the 19th century. This was a popular fertility dance performed outdoors at plantation fairs and other festivals, and was functional in that it allowed women to show off to men, and more rarely, vice versa. The dance was eventually banned because the dance was associated with non-Christian African traditions.^[3]

Instrumentation

The Barbadian folk tradition is home to a great variety of musical instruments, imported from Africa, Great Britain or other Caribbean islands. The most central instrument group in Barbadian culture is the percussion instruments. These include numerous drums, among them the pump and the tum tum, made from a hollowed-out tree trunk, the side snare drum and a double-headed bass drum of tuk bands. Folk musicians also use gongs made from tree trunks, bones, rook jaw, triangle, cymbals, bottles filled with water, xylophones. Rattles are also widespread, and include the pan-Antillean shak-shak and the calabash, de shot and rattle. More recently imported folk percussion instruments include the conga and bongo from Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic and Cuba, and the tambourine.^[3] A percussion instrument can be any object which produces a sound by being struck with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration. ... The snare drum or side drum is a tubular drum made of wood or metal with skins, or heads, stretched over the top and bottom openings, and with a set of snares (cords) strethced across the bottom head. ... A bass drum is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. ... A gong is any one of a wide variety of metal percussion instruments. ... The triangle is an idiophonic musical instrument of the percussion family. ... Sabian Paragon cymbals 10-Inch (25 cm) AA Splash Cymbals (Fr. ... Xylophone in Bali 1937 The xylophone (from the Greek meaning wooden sound) is a musical instrument in the percussion family which probably originated in Indonesia (Nettl 1956, p. ... A rattle may be: bird-scaring rattle, a Slovene device used to drive birds off vineyards and a folk instrument football rattle, a noisy ratchet device for showing approval, used by sports fans. ... The shak-shak (or chak-chak) is a kind of Antillean musical instrument, similar to maracas. ... Binomial name Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. ... A pair of congas The conga is a tall, narrow, single-headed Cuban drum of African origin, probably derived from the Congolese Makuta drums. ... Bongo can refer to: Um Bongo, a British fruit drink marketed at children. ... Köçek with tambourine c. ...

String and wind instruments play an important role in Barbadian folk culture, especially the bow-fiddle, banjo and acoustic guitar; more modern groups also use an electric and bass guitar. The shukster is a distinctive instrument, made by stretching a guitar string between two sides of a house. Traditional Barbadian wind instruments are largely metal, but in their folk origins, were made out of locally found materials. Barbadian villagers burned fingerholes, for example, on bamboo tubes, made trumpets out of conch shells and pipes from pumpkin vines. Many modern groups use harmonica, accordion, alto and tenor saxophone, trumpet and trombone.^[3] The term fiddle refers to a violin when used in folk music. ... A four-string banjo For other uses, see Banjo (disambiguation) The banjo is a stringed instrument of African origin, early or original examples sometimes being called the gourd banjo. One predecessor to the banjo is called the Akonting. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Species Strombus gigas Strombus pugilis A conch (pronounced konk (IPA: ) or konch (IPA: )) is a sea-dwelling mollusk, and more specifically, a marine gastropod. ... Pumpkins Pumpkin attached to a stalk A pumpkin is a squash fruit, usually orange in colour when ripe. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Accordion (disambiguation) This article is about the instrument as a whole. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A Yanagisawa tenor sax. ... Trumpeter redirects to here. ... The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. ...

Religious music

Though Western classical and other musics play an important role in Anglican church services on Barbados, religion and folk music are closely intertwined in the everyday lives of most Barbadians. The basis for religious folk music is the Anglican hymn, a kind of praise song mostly sung on Sundays, a day when Christian Barbadians come together with family members to sing and praise God to ask for strength for the next week's work.^[8] A hymn is a type of song, usually religious, specifically written for the purpose of praise, adoration or prayer, and typically addressed to a god or other religiously significant figure. ...

Pentecostal music has become a part of Barbadian religious and musical traditions since the 1920s. Music plays a role in Pentecostal ceremonies, and is provided by emotional and improvised performances accompanied tambourines. In addition to the Anglican and Pentecostal traditions, Rastafarian music has spread to the island in more recent years, along with African American musical forms, especially gospel, and the Spiritual Baptist religion, which derives from the Trinidadian Shango cult that spread to Barbados in the 1960s.^[3] One of the more Internationally known religious music groups from Barbados are the Nazarene Silvertones. Köçek with tambourine c. ... Rastafarianism is a religion from Jamaica that has since spread throughout the world. ... African American music (also called black music, formerly known as race music) is an umbrella term given to a range of musical genres emerging from or influenced by the culture of African Americans, who have long constituted a large ethnic minority of the population of the United States. ... Gospel music may refer to the religious music that first came out of African-American churches in the first quarter of the twentieth century or, more loosely, to both black gospel music and to the religious music composed and sung by predominately white Southern Gospel artists. ... No one across the vast world, truly knows from where the Spiritual/Shouter Baptists of Trinidad and Tobago originated from. ... In Yorùbá mythology, Shango (Xango, Shango), or Changó in Latin America, is perhaps the most popular Orisha; he is a Sky Father, god of thunder and the ancestor of the Yoruba. ... The Silvertones of Barbados, (formerly known as the Nazarene Silvertones) are a recording choral group based in the country of Barbados. ...

Holidays, festivals and other celebrations

A number of holidays, festivals and other celebrations play an integral role in Barbadian folk, and popular, music. Whitsuntide, Christmas, Easter are important, each associated with their own musical traditions, as are distinctly Barbadian festivities like the crop over festival and the Landship movement. Crop over is Barbados biggest festival, having had its early beginnings on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period. ... The Barbadian Landship movement is an informal organization that mimics the British navy. ...

The original crop over festival celebrated the end of the sugarcane harvest. These festivals were held in the great house of the plantations, and included both slaves and plantation managers. Celebrations included drinking competitions, feasting, song and dance, and climbing a greased pole. Musical accompaniment was provided by triangle, fiddle, drums and a guitar, played by slave entertainers. Crop over festivals continue to play a part of Barbadian culture, and always feature music by performers in sugarcane-cutting costumes, even though many modern performers are not themselves sugarcane-cutters.^[9]

The Barbadian Landship movement is an informal entertainment organization which mocks, through mimicry and satire, the British navy. Landship began in 1837, founded by an individual known variously as Moses Ward and Moses Wood, in Britton's Hall in Seamen's Village. The structure of the Landship organization mirrors the structure of the British navy, with a "ship" which is connected to a "dock" (a wooden house similar to a chattel house), and leaders known as Lord High Admiral, Captain, Boatswain and other navy ranks. Each unit is named like a typical navy ship and may include actual names of British ships or places. Landship performances symbolize and reflect the passage of ships through rough seas. Parades, jigs, hornpipes, maypole dances and other music and dance types are a part of the Landship Society's celebrations. The Council of the Barbados Landship Association regulates the movement.^{[10] [11]}

Barbadian Christmas music is mostly based on church and concert hall performances, where typical North American Christmas carols are performed, such as "White Christmas" and "Silver Bells", alongside works by English composers like William Byrd, Henry Walford Davies and Thomas Tallis. In more recent years, calypso, reggae and other new elements have become a part of local Christmas traditions. As recently as the 1960s, Barbados was home to a distinctive practice, in which scrubbers traveled from house to house singing hymns and receiving rewards from households.^[3] Singing carols: John Denver and the Muppets: A Christmas Together A Christmas carol (also called a noël) is a carol (song or hymn) whose lyrics are on the theme of Christmas, or the winter season in general. ... White Christmas A white Christmas, to most people in the Northern Hemisphere, refers to snowy weather at Christmas, a phenomenon which is far more common in some countries than in others. ... The 2 words combined together Silver Bells refers to: A song by V6, see Silver Bells (J-Pop Song) OR A Christmas Carol, see Silver Bells (Christmas song) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other uses, see William Byrd (disambiguation). ... Sir Henry Walford Davies (September 6, 1869 - March 11, 1941) was a British composer, who held the title Master of the Kings Music from 1934 until 1941. ... Thomas Tallis Thomas Tallis (c 1505–23 November 1585) was an English composer. ...

Tuk bands and tea meetings

Tuk bands are Barbadian musical ensembles, consisting of a bow-fiddle or pennywhistle flute, kittle triangle and a snare and double-headed bass drum. The kittle and bass drum provide the rhythm, while the flute gives the melody.^[12] The drums are light-weight so they can be carried easily, and are made by both rural villagers and drummers using cured sheepskin and goatskin. Tuk bands are based on the British military's regimental bands, which played for many years for special occasions, like visiting royalty and coronations. The tuk sound has evolved over the years, as has the instrumentation, with the bow-fiddle used before being most commonly replaced by the pennywhistle flute.^[3] Tuk bands are now most common in Landship events, but are still sometimes independent. On their own, tuk bands are generally accompanied by a range of iconic Barbadian characters, including "shaggy bears", "mother sally", "the steel donkey" and "green monkeys".^[12] The upbeat modern sound of tuk ensembles are a distinctly Barbadian blend of African and British musics.^{[13] [12]} Tuk can be defined in the following dutch words/sentences: - Ik Tuk - Jij Tukt - Wij Tukken - Ik doe een Tukje - Geef mij die zak Tucjes eens! - Tukbal - Tukkis - Tukstetbal - Tukkerpolo - Tuklopen - TukPulse (©) - TukPen - Zwaaituk - Knuffeltuk - Schoptuk - Progratuk - Tuk Hypertext Preprocessor - Microsoft Tuk - Tux - Tukprika - FC Tuk - Tukchips - Tukputers - Tuktido - Tuk... The term fiddle refers to a violin when used in folk music. ... Tin whistles in a variety of makes and keys The tin whistle, also called the flageolet, pennywhistle, Irish whistle, or simply whistle, is a simple six-holed breath instrument. ... The electoral ward of Pennard, City and county of Swansea, South Wales consists of some or all of the following areas, Dunvant, Ilston, Killay, Sketty, Upper Killay, Bishopston, Black Pill, Cheriton, Fairyhill, Horton, Kittle, Knelston, Landimore, Llanddewi, Llangennith, Llanmadoc, Llanrhidian, Middleton, Newton, Nicholaston, Oldwalls, Overton, Oxwich Green, Oxwich, Parkmill, Penmaen...

Tea meetings are celebrations held in society lodges or school halls, and feature both solo and group performance, theatrical rhetoric and oratory, and other activities. After declining following World War 1, tea meetings have recently been revived and have regained their widespread popularity. They are held at nighttime, beginning at 9:00 PM and continuing until midnight, when there is a two-hour break for food and drink before the tea meeting is resumed.^[3] The tea meeting tradition is a part of the culture of Saint Kitts and Nevis and Barbados. ... Rhetoric (from Greek , rhêtôr, orator, teacher) is the art or technique of persuasion through the use of oral language. ... Oratory is the art of eloquent speech. ...

Popular music

Barbados has produced few internationally popular musicians, but has a well-developed local scene playing imported styles like American jazz and Trinidadian calypso, as well as the indigenous spouge style. Calypso was the first popular music in Barbados, and dates back to the 1930s. Barbadian calypso is a comedic song form, accompanied by guitar and banjo. More recent styles of calypso have also kept a local scene alive, and produced a number of famous calypsonians. Spouge is a mixture of calypso and other styles, especially ska, and became very popular in the 1960s, around the same time as the Barbadian jazz scene grew in stature and became home to a number of famous performers. Modern Barbadian popular music is largely based around reggae, ragga and soca, and includes some elements of indigenous styles. Artists like Terencia Coward have used modern popular music with instrumentation borrowed from folk tuk bands. The giants of recent Barbadian popular music were Krosfyah and Square One, both no longer active; the new wave of singers, largely soca, include Rupee, Lil' Rick and Flames, all recent winners at crop over.^[14] Jazz is a musical art form that originated in New Orleans at around the start of the 20th century. ... Calypso is a style of Afro-Caribbean music which originated in the British and French colonial islands of the Caribbean at about the start of the 20th century. ... Spouge is a musical genre from the Caribbean nation of Barbados. ... Ska is a type of Jamaican music combining elements of traditional mento and calypso with an American jazz and rhythm and blues sound. ... { Reggae is a music genre developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Soca is a dance music which is claimed to have originated [in Trinidad] from calypso. ... Tuk can be defined in the following dutch words/sentences: - Ik Tuk - Jij Tukt - Wij Tukken - Ik doe een Tukje - Geef mij die zak Tucjes eens! - Tukbal - Tukkis - Tukstetbal - Tukkerpolo - Tuklopen - TukPulse (©) - TukPen - Zwaaituk - Knuffeltuk - Schoptuk - Progratuk - Tuk Hypertext Preprocessor - Microsoft Tuk - Tux - Tukprika - FC Tuk - Tukchips - Tukputers - Tuktido - Tuk... Square One, also known as Square One Television, was a childrens television show produced by the Childrens Television Workshop to teach mathematics and abstract mathematical concepts to young viewers. ... Rupert Clarke (born September 10, 1975), best known by his stage name Rupee, is a soca musician from Barbados. ... Crop over is Barbados biggest festival, having had its early beginnings on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period. ...

Calypso

Prior to the 1930s, Barbadian calypso was called banja, and was performed by laborers in village-tenantry areas. Itinerant minstrels like Mighty Jerry, Shilling Agard and Slammer were well-known forerunners of modern Barbadian calypso. Their song tradition embraced sentimentality, humor, and opinionated lyrics that continued to the 1960s, often by then accompanied by guitar or banjo.^[3] Calypso is a style of Afro-Caribbean music which originated in the British and French colonial islands of the Caribbean at about the start of the 20th century. ...

The mid-20th century brought new forms of music from Trinidad, Brazil, the United States, Cuba and the Dominican Republic to Barbados, and the Barbadian calypso style came to be viewed as lowbrow or inferior. Promoters like Lord Silvers and Mighty Dragon, however, kept the popular tradition alive through shows at the Globe Theatre, featuring pioneers Mighty Romeo, Sir Don Marshall, Lord Radio and the Bimshire Boys and Mike Wilkinson. These performers set the stage for the development of popular Barbadian calypso in the 1960s.^[3] Look up Trinidad in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the Globe Theatre of Shakespeare, both the original and its modern reconstruction. ... Lord Radio & the Bimshire Boys were a Barbadian calypso band who helped to pioneer the Barbadian calypso scene in the 1950s and 60s. ... Mike Wilkinson (born October 1, 1981 in Blue Mounds, Wisconsin), is an American professional basketball player who is currently playing for Aris FC in Greece. ...

In the early 1960s, Barbadian calypso grew in popularity and stature, led by Viper, Mighty Gabby and the Merrymen. The first calypso competitions were held in 1960, and they quickly grew larger and more prominent. The Merrymen became the island's most prominent contribution to calypso by the 1970s and into the 80s. Their style, known as blue beat, incorporated Barbadian folk songs and ballads, as well as American blues, country music, and a distinctive sound created by harmonica, guitar and banjo.^[3] Mighty Gabby (real name Anthony Nicholas Carter, born March 30, 1948) is a Barbadian calypsonian and a Cultural Ambassador for the island of Barbados. ... The Merrymen are a popular soca/calypso band from Barbados. ... Blue beat was a name given to Jamaican Rhythm & Blues and Ska music in the United Kingdom in the early and mid 1960s. ... The blues is a vocal and instrumental form of music based on the use of the blue notes and a repetitive pattern that typically follows a twelve-bar structure. ... country music, see Country music (disambiguation) Country music, the first half of Billboards country and western music category, is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States. ...

By the beginning of the 1980s, kaiso, a form of stage-presented calypso pionerred in Trinidad, was widespread at crop over and other celebrations.^[15] The foundation of the National Cultural Foundation in 1984 helped to promote and administer calypso festivals, which attracted tourists, stimulating the calypso industry. As a result, calypso has become a very visible and iconic part of Barbadian culture, and some calypsonians have become internationally renowned, including Mighty Gabby and Red Plastic Bag.^[3] Kaiso is the term commonly used to refer to calypso music of the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. ... The National Cultural Foundation (NCF) is a Statutory Corporation in Barbados, created by an Act of Parliament in March of 1983. ... Mighty Gabby (real name Anthony Nicholas Carter, born March 30, 1948) is a Barbadian calypsonian and a Cultural Ambassador for the island of Barbados. ... Red Plastic Bag (real name Stedson Wiltshire) is a calypsonian from Barbados. ...

Spouge

Main article: Spouge

Spouge is a style of Barbadian popular music created by Jackie Opel in the 1960s. It is primarily a fusion of Jamaican ska with Trinidadian calypso, but is also influenced by a wide variety of musics from the British Isles and United States, include sea shanties, hymns and spirituals. Spouge instrumentation originally consisted of cowbell, bass guitar, trap set and various other electronic and percussion instruments, later augmented by saxophone, trombone and trumpets.^[16] Of these, the cowbell and the guitar are widely seen as the most integral part of the instrumentation, and are said to reflect the African origin of much of Barbadian music.^[4] Spouge is a musical genre from the Caribbean nation of Barbados. ... Born Dalton Bishop in 1938 in Barbados, Jackie Opel was gifted with a rich, deep, powerful voice only surpassed by his astounding voice range, impeccable diction and smooth dance moves. ... Ska is a type of Jamaican music combining elements of traditional mento and calypso with an American jazz and rhythm and blues sound. ... Calypso might refer to one of several things: Calypso is the name of a sea nymph in Greek mythology; Calypso music is a style of Caribbean folk music; Calypso is the name of an album sung by Harry Belafonte; Calypso is the name of a moon of Saturn; 53 Kalypso... Sea shanties (singular shanty, also spelled chantey; derived from the French word chanter, to sing) were shipboard working songs. ... == Historical background on spiritual music Spirituals were often expressions of religious faith, although they may also have served as socio-political protests veiled as assimilation to white, American culture. ... The cowbell is a percussion instrument. ... Saxophones of different sizes play in different registers. ... The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. ... Trumpeter redirects to here. ...

Two different kinds of spouge were popular in the 1960s, raw spouge (Draytons Two style) and dragon spouge (Cassius Clay style). The spouge industry grew immensely by the end of the 1970s, and produced popular stars like Blue Rhythm Combo, the Draytons Two and The Troubadours.^[3] Recent years has seen a resurgence of interest in spouge among some quarters, with people like Desmond Weekes of the Draytons Two indicating that spouge should be encouraged because it is a national form that can reach international audiences and inspire the nation's pride in their cultural heritage.^[4] The Draytons Two were a popular Barbadian spouge band of the 1970s, and were known for their own unique style of syncretic style, spouge, known as raw spouge. ...

Jazz

Jazz is a genre of music from the United States which reached Barbados by the end of the 1920s. The first major performer from the island was Lionel Gittens, who was followed by Percy Green, Maggie Goodridge and Clevie Gittens. These bandleaders played a variety of music, including swing, a kind of pop-jazz, Barbadian calypso and waltzes. With little recorded music on the island, radio broadcasts such as Willis Conover's Voice of America had a major influence. In 1937, riots over poverty and disenfranchisement occurred, and people like Clement Payne had risen to fame advocating reform. In that year, Payne was deported and riots broke out in Bridgetown, spreading throughout the island. The following year, the Barbados Labour Party was formed by C. A. Braithwaite and Grantley Adams.^[17] Jazz is a musical art form that originated in New Orleans at around the start of the 20th century. ... Musically, swing can be either: (written with small s), refers to swung notes, the rhythmic feeling evoked by swinging music, esp. ... The waltz (G.: Walzer, It. ... Willis Conover (1920-May 17, 1996) was a jazz producer and broadcaster on the Voice of America for over forty years. ... The Voice of America (VOA) is the official international broadcasting service of the Government of the United States. ... Clement Osbourne Payne was a Barbadian pioneer in the Caribbean trade union movement. ... The Barbados Labour Party is the current governing party of Barbados. ... Grantley Herbert Adams (April 28, 1898 - November 28, 1971) was a Barbados politician. ...

As political awareness among the black majority on the island spread, so did bebop, a kind of jazz which was associated, in the United States, with social activism and Afrocentrism. The first Barbadian bebop musician from the island was Keith Campbell, a pianist who had learned to play many styles while living in Trinidad during a time when American soldiers were stationed there, providing a ready market for bands that could play American music. Other musicians of this period included Ernie Small, a trumpeter and pianist, and bandleader St. Clare Jackman.^[17] Bebop or bop is a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos and improvisation based on harmonic structure rather than melody. ... Afrocentrism is an academic, historical approach to the study of world history introduced by Dr. Molefi Kete Asante. ... Professor Keith Campbell is an English biologist best known for being credited with the main role in the team that in 1996 first cloned a mammal, a Finn Dorset lamb named Dolly, from fully differentiated adult mammary cells. ...

In the 1950s, R&B and rock and roll became popular on the island, and many jazz bands found themselves pushed aside. A wave of Guyanese musicians also appeared on the island, including Colin Dyall, a saxophonist who later joined the Police Band, and the Ebe Gilkes. Though mainstream audiences were still listening to R&B and rock, modern jazz retained a small core of followers into the 1960s. The foundation of the Belair Jazz Club in Bridgetown in 1961 helped to keep this scene alive. With independence in 1966 came a focus on black Barbadian culture, and music like calypso, reggae and spouge, rather than the preoccupation with British standards of musical development. Calypso jazz arose during this period, pioneered by groups like the Schofield Pilgrim. The genre had developed by 1965, when original works like "Jouvert Morning" and "Calypso Lament" were composed. Artists like the pianist Adrian Clarke became popular during the 60s as well.^[17] Rhythm and blues (or R & B) is a musical marketing term introduced in the United States in the late 1940s by Billboard magazine. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... Calypso jazz is a style of music and improvisation that combines elements of calypso music with elements of traditional jazz. ... Schofield Pilgrim was a Barbadian jazz group of the late 20th century, most notable for helping to pioneer the calypso jazz genre. ...

In the early 1970s, jazz fan and critic Carl Moore launched a project to keep jazz alive on the island, while Zanda Alexander's performance in Bridgetown in 1972 is said to be the first Caribbean jazz festival. Oscar Peterson's 1976 performance in Trinidad also inspired Barbadian musicians, as did the radio program Jazz Jam, which was broadcast starting in the mid-70s on the Caribbean Broadcast Corporation. In 1983, however, the Belair Jazz Club closed, and was not replaced by any long-term clubs. Later in the 1980s, jazz declined greatly in popularity, though saxophonist Arturo Tappin organized the International Barbados/Caribbean Jazz Festival, while other performances were organized by a group called the Friends of Jazz. More jazz calypso fusion musicians appeared on the scene during this period, including Janice Robertson and her Trinidadian husband Raf.^[17] Carl Moore is a Barbadian jazz critic, journalist, radio broadcaster and former head of the Barbados Broadcasting Association. ... Oscar Emmanuel Peterson, CC, CQ, O.Ont. ... The Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) is the government-owned media corporation located in Barbados. ... This Barbadian musical genius has been described as a cross between Teddy Pendergrass and Kenny G. Arturo Tappin is definitely the smoothest, saxiest horn man the Caribbean has to offer. ...

Academia and musicology

Academic study of Barbadian music remains limited. Some song collections and other activities have been conducted, but there remain significant holes in scholarship, such as the musics of recent immigrants from China and India, who presumably have brought with them styles of Indian and Chinese musics. Due to a lack of archaeological and historical records, the island's indigenous music is unknown. Since the 1970s, an increase in general interest in Barbadian culture has spurred greater study of music, and given an incentive to radio and television stations to create and maintain archives of cultural practices.^[18] Music of China appears to date back to the dawn of Chinese civilization, and documents and artifacts provide evidence of a well-developed musical culture as early as the Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC - 256 BC). ...

On modern Barbados, oral transmission remains the primary mode of music education, and there are few opportunities for most people to become formally educated in music of any kind. The elders of the island, who are the most educated in oral traditions, are held in high esteem due to their knowledge of folk culture.^[19] Modern Barbados is home to several institutions of musical education. There are dedicated schools for ballet: Dance Place and the Liz Mahon Dancers. A number of schools sponsor orchestras, steelbands and tuk bands, including the St. Lucy Secondary School Steel Orchestra.^[20] Music education comprises the application of education methods in teaching music. ... For other uses, see Ballet (disambiguation). ... Dance Place is a studio-theater and educational center located in Northeast Washington, DC. Co-directors director Carla Perlo and Deborah Riley lead the organization which presents original dance performances every weekend during the season, holds dance classes for adults and children and runs educational programs for neighborhood youth including...

Music institutions and festivals

The main music festival in Barbados is crop over, which is celebrated with song, dance, calypso tent competitions and parades, especially leading up to the first Monday in August, Kadooment Day. The crop over festival celebrates the end of the sugarcane harvest, and is inaugurated by the ritual delivery of the last of the harvest on a cart pulled by mules. The champion sugarcane workers are crowned King and Queen for the event.^[21] In addition to crop over, music plays an important role in many other Barbadian holidays and festivals. The Easter Oistins Fish Festival, for example features a street party with music^[20][21] to celebrate the signing of the Charter of Barbados^[21] and the fishing industry of the island,^[20] and the Holetown Festival, which commemorates the arrival of the first settlers in 1627. Opera, cabaret and sports are a major part of the Easter Holders Season.^[21] On November 30, the Barbadian Independence Day, military bands in parades play marches, calypsos and other popular songs. This is preceded for several weeks by the National Independence Festival of Creative Arts.^{[21] [22]} The National Independence Festival of Creative Arts and Crop Over are two of the festivals sponsored by the National Cultural Foundation (NCF); the other is Congaline, a recently-organized street party that begins in April and ends on May Day. NCF also assists with the Holers Opera Season, Oistins Fish Festival, Holetown Festival and the B'dos Jazz Festival.^[20] A music festival is a festival that presents a number of musical performances usually tied together through a theme or genre. ... Crop over is Barbados biggest festival, having had its early beginnings on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period. ... Calypso tents are venues in which calypsonians perform during the Carnival season. ... Species Saccharum arundinaceum Saccharum bengalense Saccharum edule Saccharum officinarum Saccharum procerum Saccharum ravennae Saccharum robustum Saccharum sinense Saccharum spontaneum Sugarcane or Sugar cane (Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation) of tall grasses (family Poaceae, tribe Andropogoneae), native to warm temperate to tropical regions... The Oistins Fish Festival is a folk festival organized by the National Cultural Foundation of Barbados. ... The Teatro alla Scala in Milan. ... Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring comedy, song, dance, and theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue — a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting around the tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. ... November 30 is the 334th day (335th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 31 days remaining. ... The National Independence Festival of Creative Arts (NIFCA) is a festival organized by the National Cultural Foundation, held annually to commemorate the independence of Barbados. ... The National Cultural Foundation (NCF) is a Statutory Corporation in Barbados, created by an Act of Parliament in March of 1983. ... Congaline is a large village on the Caribbean island of Barbados where the annual Congaline Carnival is held. ... May Day is May 1, and refers to any of several holidays celebrated on this day. ...

Other major musical institutions in Barbados include the Barbados Chamber Music Ensemble, Barbados Symphonia, Barbados Festival Choir, Ellerslie Folk Chorale, Cavite Choral and Sing Out Barbados. There are also dance and ballet groups, Dance National Afrique, Barbados Dance Theatre Company, Dance Strides, Liz Mahon Dances, Dance Place and Dancing Africa.^[20] The island's music industry is home to several recording studios, the largest being Blue Wave, a 48-track system, and Paradise Alley, a 24-track system. Others include Chambers' Studio, Gray Lizard Productions and Ocean Lab Studios.^[20] For other uses, see Ballet (disambiguation). ... Dance Place is a studio-theater and educational center located in Northeast Washington, DC. Co-directors director Carla Perlo and Deborah Riley lead the organization which presents original dance performances every weekend during the season, holds dance classes for adults and children and runs educational programs for neighborhood youth including...

Trivia

• The only women ever to win the Pic-O-De-Crop finals and become "Calypso Queen of Barbados" was Rita Sealy (as then Rita Forrester) in 1988 with the songs "I Can't Party" and "Women, Respect Yourself".[1]

References

• Independence Day Military Parades. All Info About Barbados. Retrieved on June 6, 2006.
• Tuk band. All Info About Barbados. Retrieved on June 6, 2006.
• The Barbados Landship. All Info About Barbados. Retrieved on June 6, 2006.
• Cameron, Sarah (1996). Caribbean Islands Handbook with the Bahamas. Passport Books. ISBN 0-8442-4907-6.
• De Ledesma, Charles; Georgia Popplewell (2000). “Put Water in the Brandy?”, Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.): Rough Guide to World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific. Rough Guides, pp 507-526. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
• Calypso. Barbados Music. Barbados.org. Retrieved on December 3, 2005.
• Culture. Government of Barbados. Retrieved on October 22, 2006.
• David, Hinkson. "Does spouge have a future? Part two", The Barbados Advocate, 2004-03-26.
• Inkle and Yarico. Holders Barbados. Retrieved on June 4, 2006.
• Pinckney, Warren R. Jr (Spring 1994). "Jazz in Barbados". American Music 12 (1): 58-88.
• Millington, Janice (1999). “Barbados”, Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Vol. 2. Routledge, pp 813 - 821. ISBN 0-8153-1865-0.
• Barbados Cropover Road March Winners. Toronto-Lime. Retrieved on October 22, 2006.

June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining // 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining // 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining // 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 3 is the 337th (in leap years the 338th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 22 is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 70 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Advocate (Barbados Advocate) is the second most dominant daily newspaper in the country of Barbados. ... June 4 is the 155th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (156th in leap years), with 210 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 22 is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 70 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Notes

October 22 is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 70 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• Marshall, Trevor; Peggy McGeary, and Grace Thompson (1981). Folk Songs of Barbados. Bridgetown: Macmarson Associates.
• Carrington, Sean; Addington Forde, Henry Frasier, and John Gilmore (2004). A-Z Barbadian Heritage, 2nd ed, Oxford: Macmillan Caribbean.
• Best, Curwen. Barbadian Popular Music and the Politics of Caribbean Culture. ISBN 0-87047-111-2.