The music of Turkey includes diverse elements ranging from Central Asian folk music and music from Ottoman Empire dominions such as Persian music, Balkan music and ancient Byzantine music, as well as more modern European and American popular music influences. In turn, it has influenced these cultures through the Ottoman Empire.^[1] Turkey is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, and is a crossroad of cultures from across Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus and South and Central Asia. Ottoman classical music (Türk Sanat Müziği) is a kind of music that developed parallel with the Ottoman Empire. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Raqs Sharqi dancer Chryssanthi Sahar Scharf, Heidelberg. ... History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Opera - Pop - Religious - Rock Music awards Kral - MÃœ-YAP - MGD Charts Powerturk 40 - Kral 20 Annual festivals Istanbul International Music Festival - Istanbul International Jazz Festival - Ankara IMF - Izmir European Jazz Festival - Aspendos International Opera and Ballet... Whirling Dervishes perform near the Mevlevi Museum in Konya, Turkey. ... History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Pop - Religious - Rock Music awards Kral - MÃœ-YAP - MGD Charts Powerturk 40 - Kral 20 Annual festivals Istanbul International Music Festival - Istanbul International Jazz Festival - Ankara IMF - Izmir European Jazz Festival Media Bant magazine - Mix! - Adante - BlueJean... Rebetiko, plural rebetika, (Greek ρεμπέτικο and ρεμπέτικα respectively) is the name for a type of urban Greek music. ... History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Pop - Religious - Rock Music awards Kral - MÃœ-YAP - MGD Charts Powerturk 40 - Kral 20 Annual festivals Istanbul International Music Festival - Istanbul International Jazz Festival - Ankara IMF - Izmir European Jazz Festival Media Bant magazine - Mix! - Adante - BlueJean... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Arabesk. ... History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Pop - Religious - Rock Music awards Kral - MÃœ-YAP - MGD Charts Powerturk 40 - Kral 20 Annual festivals Istanbul International Music Festival - Istanbul International Jazz Festival - Ankara IMF - Izmir European Jazz Festival Media Bant magazine - Mix! - Adante - BlueJean... Belly dancers Belly dance is a Western name coined for a style of female dance developed in the Middle East and other Arabic_influenced areas. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Turkish hip hop started in Germany with groups such as Islamic Force and Cartel. ... Ottoman classical music (Türk Sanat Müziği) is a kind of music that developed parallel with the Ottoman Empire. ... Ankara Opera House (Opera Sahnesi) is the first among three opera and ballet venues in Ankara The State Opera and Ballet (Turkish: Devlet Opera ve Balesi) is the national directorate of opera and ballet companies of Turkey, with venues in Ankara, Ä°stanbul, Ä°zmir, Mersin, and Antalya. ... History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Opera - Pop - Religious - Rock Music awards Kral - MÃœ-YAP - MGD Charts Powerturk 40 - Kral 20 Annual festivals Istanbul International Music Festival - Istanbul International Jazz Festival - Ankara IMF - Izmir European Jazz Festival - Aspendos International Opera and Ballet... Whirling Dervishes perform near the Mevlevi Museum in Konya, Turkey. ... History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Pop - Religious - Rock Music awards Kral - MÃœ-YAP - MGD Charts Powerturk 40 - Kral 20 Annual festivals Istanbul International Music Festival - Istanbul International Jazz Festival - Ankara IMF - Izmir European Jazz Festival Media Bant magazine - Mix! - Adante - BlueJean... On January 4, 1936, Billboard magazine published its first music hit parade and on July 20, 1940 the first Music Popularity Chart was calculated. ... More than 100 festivals are held in Turkey every year. ... The Istanbul International Music Festival, formerly Istanbul Festival, (Turkish: Uluslararası Ä°stanbul Müzik Festivali) is a cultural event held every June and July in Istanbul, Turkey. ... The Istanbul International Jazz Festival, formerly Istanbul Festival, (Turkish: Uluslararası Ä°stanbul Caz Festivali) is a cultural event held every July in Istanbul, Turkey. ... The Izmir European Jazz Festival, (Turkish: Izmir Avrupa Caz Festivali) is a cultural event held in the first half of every March in Izmir, Turkey. ... The Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival has been organized by the Turkish State Opera and Ballet directorate since 1994 with international participation by opera and ballet companies from several different countries. ... This article is about the magazine. ... MTV (Music Television) Türkiye is the Turkish subsidiary of MTV, officially launched on October 23, 2006. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogizing the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nations government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... The Ä°stiklâl Marşı (i. ... The Ottoman Empire, since its beginning in 13th century predates the use of anthems, did not use a specific royal or national anthem until late in its history. ... Turkish March by Mozart: Piano Sonata No. ... Azerbaijan is in Caucasus but, musically, it is more closely linked to Persian culture. ... Jewish music, the music of Jews, is quite diverse and dates back thousands of years. ... Kurdish Music (Kurdish: Muzîk û strana kurdî) referes to music performed in Kurdish language. ... Pontus was a name applied in ancient times to extensive tracts of country in the northeast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) bordering on the Euxine (Black Sea), which was often called simply Pontos (the Main), by the Greeks. ... 19th century print of Romani musicians Typically nomadic, the Roma have long acted as wandering entertainers and tradesmen. ... Zaza may refer to: The Zaza people, an ethnic group in Eastern Anatolia (Southeastern Turkey). ... The Aegean Islands (Greek: Αιγαίον Πέλαγος, Aigaíon Pélagos; Turkish: Ege Adaları) are a group of islands in the Aegean Sea, with mainland Greece to the west and north and Turkey to the east; the island of Crete delimits the sea to the south. ... Map of Rumelia as of 1801 Rumelia (turkish: Rum: Roman El: Land Rumeli: Lands of Rome), the area that was the East Roman or Byzantine Empire, a name commonly used, from the 15th century onwards, to denote the part of the Balkan Peninsula subject to the Ottoman Empire. ... NASA satellite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy [[Category:Former monarchies}}|Ottoman Empire, 1299]] Sultans  - 1281–1326... Arabic music includes several genres and styles of music ranging from Arab classical to Arabic pop music and from secular to sacred music. ... The music of Southeastern Europe, sometimes characterised by complex rhythm, is a type of music distinct from others in Europe. ... Kurdish Music (Kurdish: Muzîk û strana kurdî) referes to music performed in Kurdish language. ... Moosiqi Asil or Persian music is the traditional and indigenous music of Persia and Persian-speaking countries: musiqi, the science and art of music, and moosiqi, the sound and performance of music (Sakata 1983). ... Pontus was a name applied in ancient times to extensive tracts of country in the northeast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) bordering on the Euxine (Black Sea), which was often called simply Pontos (the Main), by the Greeks. ... History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Classical music -Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Rock Regional styles Aegean Islands - Arcadia - Argos - Athens - Crete - Cyclades - Dodecanese Islands - Epirus - Ionian Islands - Lesbos - Macedonia - Peloponnesos - Thessaloniki - Thessaly - Thrace - Cyprus Thrace is a historical region of Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. ... The music of Central Asia is as vast and unique as the many cultures and peoples who inhabit the region (that is, not particularly vast or unique). ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy [[Category:Former monarchies}}|Ottoman Empire, 1299]] Sultans  - 1281–1326... Moosiqi Asil or Persian music is the traditional and indigenous music of Persia and Persian-speaking countries: musiqi, the science and art of music, and moosiqi, the sound and performance of music (Sakata 1983). ... The music of Southeastern Europe, sometimes characterised by complex rhythm, is a type of music distinct from others in Europe. ... Byzantine music is the music of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) and by extension the music of its culture(s) as they continued in the Orthodox Christian parts of the population after the fall of the empire to the rule of the Ottoman Empire. ... Popular music is music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more of the mass media. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy [[Category:Former monarchies}}|Ottoman Empire, 1299]] Sultans  - 1281–1326... World map showing the location of Europe. ... North Africa is the Mediterranean, northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir). ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...

The roots of traditional music in Turkey spans across centuries to a time when the Seljuk Turks colonized Anatolia and Persia in the 11th century and contains elements of both Turkic and pre-Turkic influences. Much of its modern popular music can trace its roots to the emergence in the early 1930s drive for Westernization.^[2] The Seljuk coat of arms was a double headed eagle The Seljuk Turks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq; in modern Turkish Selçuklular; in Persian سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān; in Arabic سلجوق Saljūq, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that ruled parts of... Anatolia and Europe Anatolia (Turkish: from Greek: Ανατολία - Anatolia) is a peninsula of Western Asia which forms the greater part of the Asian portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion (Thrace, or traditionally Rumelia). ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ...

With the absorbance of immigrants from various regions the diversity of musical genres and musical instrumentation also expanded. Turkey has also seen documented folk music and recorded popular music produced in the ethnic styles of Armenian, Greek, Polish, Azeri and Jewish communities, among others.^[1] Many Turkish cities and towns have vibrant local music scenes which, in turn, support a number of regional musical styles. The Azeri, also referred to as Azerbaijanian Turks, are a Turkic-Muslim people. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination...

Historical background

Ottoman military band

Traditional music in Turkey falls into two main genres, classical art music and folk music. Turkish classical music is characterized by an Ottoman elite culture and influenced lyrically by neighbouring regions and Ottoman provinces, such as Persian and Byzantine vocal traditions and South European cultures.^[3] Earlier forms are sometimes termed as saray music in Turkish, meaning royal court music, indicating the source of the genre comes from Ottoman royalty as patronage and composer.^[4] Neo-classical or postmodern versions of this traditional genre are termed as art music or sanat musikisi, though often it is unofficially termed as alla turca. In addition, from the saray or royal courts came the Ottoman military band, Mehter takımı in Turkish, considered to be the oldest type of military marching band in the world. It was also the forefather of modern Western percussion bands and has been described as the father of Western military music.^[5] Ottoman classical music (Türk Sanat Müziği) is a kind of music that developed parallel with the Ottoman Empire. ... Moosiqi Asil or Persian music is the traditional and indigenous music of Persia and Persian-speaking countries: musiqi, the science and art of music, and moosiqi, the sound and performance of music (Sakata 1983). ... Byzantine music is the music of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) and by extension the music of its culture(s) as they continued in the Orthodox Christian parts of the population after the fall of the empire to the rule of the Ottoman Empire. ... The music of Southeastern Europe, sometimes characterised by complex rhythm, is a type of music distinct from others in Europe. ... A modern mehter marching band Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military marching band in the world. ...

Turkish folk music is the music of Turkish-speaking rural communities of Anatolia, the Balkans, and Middle East. While Turkish folk music contains definitive traces of the Central Asian Turkic cultures, it has also strongly influenced and been influenced by many other indigenous cultures. Religious music in Turkey is sometimes grouped with folk music due to the tradition of the wandering minstrel or aşık (pronounced ashuk), but its influences on Sufism due to the spritiual Mevlevi sect arguably grants it special status.^[6] Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... Religious music (also sacred music) is music performed or composed for religious use or through religious influence. ... Ashik (Turkish:aşık, Azeri:aşıq) is a mistic troubadour or travelling bard, in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Iran who sings and plays the saz, a form of lute. ... Sufism is a mystic tradition within Islam and encompasses a diverse range of beliefs and practices dedicated to divine love and the cultivation of the heart. ... Whirling Dervishes perform near the Mevlevi Museum in Konya, Turkey. ...

It has been suggested the distinction between the two major genres comes during the Tanzîmat period of Ottoman era, when Turkish classical music was the music played in the Ottoman palaces and folk music was played in the villages.^[7][3] However, with the type of cultural cross-breeding the empire allowed, both genres relate to the multitudes of ethnic groups to be found in the make-up of the Ottoman Empire. In that sense they are the first examples of their kind in world music.^[7][3] Although Turkish classical and folk music have generally enjoyed a broad popularity regardless of subcultures, regional classical music has had lapses in prominence. The Tanzimat (Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات), meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. ... An ethnic group is a group of people who identify with one another, or are so identified by others, on the basis of a boundary that distinguishes them from other groups. ... World music is, most generally, all the music in the world. ...

When the modern Turkish state was proclaimed in 1923, the new republic aimed at creating a nation with a distinct and unified culture. This included replacing the culture of Istanbul, which was perceived as the Ottoman elite, by the culture of rural Anatolia, which was considered Turkish. Hence, folk music was promoted, while classical music became less popular.^[2] Moreover, western classical music was introduced and encouraged in accordance with one of the most important policies of the new state, westernization of the society.^[2] By the 1960s, western popular music had been introduced to Turkey, with the name hafif-batı müziği (light-western music). At the same time, socialist movements were getting popular in accordance with the world. Musicians who were inspired by these movements started adapting folk music with contemporary sounds and arrangements, giving rise to Anatolian rock and protest music or özgün muzik (authentic music). Increasing immigration in the 1970s from southeastern rural areas to big cities in the west, and particularly to Istanbul, gave rise to a new cultural synthesis, which was regarded as a degeneration of Istanbul music by some musicologists whom favoured Ottoman classical music. Paradoxically things had come full circle; a genre that had once been thought as foreign was now viewed as Turkish or alla turca, as it was reminiscent of a time when Turks were at the height of their power in world events.^[2] Year 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Pop - Religious - Rock Music awards Kral - MÃœ-YAP - MGD Charts Powerturk 40 - Kral 20 Annual festivals Istanbul International Music Festival - Istanbul International Jazz Festival - Ankara IMF - Izmir European Jazz Festival Media Bant magazine - Mix! - Adante - BlueJean... A protest song is a song which protests problems in society such as injustice, racial discrimination, war, globalization, inflation, social inequalities, incarceration, the Greenhouse effect, the global warming. ...

The new residents of metropolitan areas suffered from hard economical conditions and had difficulties in adapting to the big city from rural life. This newly constructed culture proceeded to generate its own music, derogatively termed by Istanbul musicologists as arabesque or arabesk, due to its high pitched wailing and exaggerated symbolisms of suffering. Arabesque was a synthesis of Turkish folk and middle-eastern music, similar to the growing left-wing subculture's own "arabesque", which was a new version of protest music fused in folk traditions. In the era influenced by the military government, arabesque and özgün genres were labeled "degenerate" and discouraged by the government, while Turkish classical music and contemporary music were promoted.^[2] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Arabesk. ...

Despite this however, western-style pop music lost popularity to arabesque in the late 70s and 80s, with even its greatest proponents Ajda Pekkan and Sezen Aksu falling in status. It became popular again by the beginning of the 1990s, as a result of an opening economy and society. With the support of Aksu, the resurging popularity of pop music gave rise to several international Turkish pop stars such as Tarkan and Sertab Erener. The late 1990s also saw an emergence of underground music producing alternative Turkish rock, electronica, hip-hop, rap and dance music in opposition to the mainstream corporate pop and arabesque genres, which many believe have become too commercial.^[8] AyÅŸe Ajda Pekkan (born February 12, 1946 in Istanbul) is a very popular Turkish actress and pop music singer. ... The quality of this article or section may be compromised by peacock terms. You can help Wikipedia by removing peacock terms. ... Tarkan TevetoÄŸlu (born October 17, 1972), popularly known as Tarkan, is a successful World Music award-winning pop music singer in Turkey. ... Sertab Erener (born December 4, 1964) is a Turkish pop star. ... The Turkish rock scene began in the mid- to late 1960s, when popular United States and United Kingdom bands became well-known. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Electronic music. ... Turkish hip hop started in Germany with groups such as Islamic Force and Cartel. ... Hip hop music is a style of music which came into existence in the United States during the mid-1970s, and became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s. ... Dance (from French danser, perhaps from Frankish) generally refers to movement used as a form of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. ... For popular forms of music in general, see Popular music. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Arabesk. ...

Classical music

Main article: Turkish classical music

Ottoman court music has a large and varied system of modes or scales known as makams, and other rules of composition. A number of notation systems were used for transcribing classical music, the most dominant being the Hamparsum notation in use until the gradual introduction of western notation. Turkish classical music is taught in conservatories and social clubs, the most respected of which is Istanbul's Üsküdar Musiki Cemiyeti. Ottoman classical music (Türk Sanat Müziği) is a kind of music that developed parallel with the Ottoman Empire. ... Image File history File links Turkish_art_music_telgrafin_telleri. ... Software development stages In computer programming, development stage terminology expresses how the development of a piece of software has progressed and how much further development it may require. ... Image File history File links Romany_fasil_MASTIKA.ogg Summary Romany music from the Ottoman music halls. ... Software development stages In computer programming, development stage terminology expresses how the development of a piece of software has progressed and how much further development it may require. ... Image File history File links Janissary_March_-_Ceddin_Deden_by_ismail_hakki_bey. ... Software development stages In computer programming, development stage terminology expresses how the development of a piece of software has progressed and how much further development it may require. ... ‹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ... Hamparsum Limonciyan (1768-29. ...

Different pieces of music can be arranged in certain ways to create a fasıl, which is a suite of music consisting of a prelude, postlude and a primary section which begins with and is punctuated by improvisatory pieces called taksim.^[7] However shorter şarkı compositions, precursors to modern day songs, are a part of this tradition, many of them extremely old, dating back to the 14th century; many are newer, with late 19th century songwriter Haci Arif Bey being especially popular. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Haci Arif Bey (1831-1885) was a Turkish composer from Istanbul, most known for his compositions in the Åžarkı form, the most common secular form in Turkish classical music. ...

Composers and Performers

Other famous proponents of this genre include Sufi Dede Efendi, Prince Cantemir, Baba Hamparsum, Kemani Tatyos Efendi, Sultan Selim III and Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent. The most popular modern Turkish classical singer is Münir Nurettin Selçuk, who was the first to establish a lead singer position. Other performers include Bülent Ersoy, Zeki Müren, Müzeyyen Senar and Zekai Tunca. Hammamizade Ä°smail Dede Efendi (1778-1846) was a composer of Turkish classical music. ... Dimitrie Cantemir (-Romanian, Дмитрий Кантемир in Russian, KantemiroÄŸlu in Turkish, Kantymir in Polish), (October 26, 1673 - 1723) was a Moldavian Voivode (Prince; March-April 1693 and 1710-1711), philosopher, historian, composer, linguist and scholar. ... Hamparsum Limonciyan (1768-29. ... Tatyos Efendi Tatyos Ekserciyan (1858-March 13, 1913) or Tatyos Efendi was a famous composer of classical Turkish music, and his works continue to be among the best-remembered and often played pieces of the genre. ... Sultan Selim III Selim III (December 24, 1761 – July 28/29, 1808) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1789–1807). ... Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566); in Turkish Süleyman , (nicknamed the Magnificent in Europe and the Lawgiver in the Islamic World, in Turkish Kanuni) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 and successor to Selim I. He was... Münir Nurettin Selçuk (1900-1981) was a Turkish classical musician and tenor vocalist, one of the most revered names in Turkish music. ... Bülent Ersoy is a Turkish celebrity, born in 1952. ... Zeki Müren (1931-1996) was a prominent Turkish actor, singer, and composer, by many regarded as even the best ever. ...

Musical instruments

Main article: Turkish musical instruments

Commonly used instruments in Turkish classical music are the oud, tanbur, ney, kanun, and darbuka.^[7] Turkish musical instruments can be broadly classified into five categories, namely Ottoman classical, Western influenced modern, Ottoman Harem Music, Folk music and Roman. ... Front and rear views of an oud. ... Tanbur The tanbur (var. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The qanún or kanun is a musical string instrument used in Middle-Eastern music. ... The Goblet drum is a goblet or hour-glass shaped hand drum used in Arab music, Persian music, Balkan music and Turkish music. ...

Ottoman harem music: belly dancing

Further information: Belly dancing

A Preziosi depiction of a Turkish harem

From the makams of the royal courts to the melodies of the royal harems, a type of dance music emerged that was different from the oyun havası of fasıl music. In the Ottoman Empire, the harem was that part of a house set apart for the women of the family. It was a place in which non-family males were not allowed. Eunuchs guarded the sultan's harems, which were quite large, including several hundred women who were wives and concubines. There, female dancers and musicians entertained the women living in the harem. Belly dance was performed by women for women. This female dancer, known as a rakkase, hardly ever appeared in public.^[9] Belly dancers Belly dance is a Western name coined for a style of female dance developed in the Middle East and other Arabic_influenced areas. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Coming from the Arab tradition, the harîm حريم (compare haram) is the part of the household forbidden to male strangers. ... A eunuch is a castrated human male. ... Belly dancers Belly dance is a Western name coined for a style of female dance developed in the Middle East and other Arabic_influenced areas. ...

This type of harem music was taken out of the sultan's private living quarters and to the public by male street entertainers and hired dancers of the Ottoman Empire, the male rakkas. These dancers performed publicly for wedding celebrations, feasts, festivals, and in the presence of the sultans.^[9]

Modern oriental dance in Turkey is derived from this tradition of the Ottoman rakkas. Some mistakenly believe that Turkish oriental dancing is known as Çiftetelli due to the fact that this style of music has been incorporated into oriental dancing by Greeks and Romany people, illustrated by the fact that the Greek belly dance is sometimes mistakenly called Tsifteteli. However, Çiftetelli is a form of folk music of local origin, whereas rakkas, as the name suggests, is possibly of a more mideastern origin.^[9] Dancers are also known for their adept use of finger cymbals as instruments, also known as zils. Tsifteteli (τσιφτετέλι, Tsifte-teli) is a Greek traditional dance, derivied from the Çiftetelli, a Turkish traditional dance. ... Languages Romani, languages of native region Religions Christianity, Islam Related ethnic groups South Asians (Desi) The Roma (singular Rom; sometimes Rroma, Rrom) or Romanies are an ethnic group living in many communities all over the world. ... Tsifteteli (τσιφτετέλι, Tsifte-teli) is a Greek traditional dance, derived from the çiftetelli, a Turkish traditional dance. ... A pair of zils from the Khan el Khalili market in Cairo Zils or finger cymbals are tiny cymbals used in belly dancing and similar performances. ...

Romani influences

19th century print of Romani musicians

Further information: Romani music

Roma are known throughout Turkey for their musicianship. Their music brought Turkish classical motifs to the public, when it began to play in meyhanes or tavernas. This type of fasıl music with food and alcoholic beverages is often associated with the underclass of Turkish society, though it also can be found in more respectable establishments in modern times.^[2] This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... 19th century print of Romani musicians Typically nomadic, the Roma have long acted as wandering entertainers and tradesmen. ... The Roma people (pronounced rahma, singular Rom, sometimes Rroma, and Rrom) along with the closely related Sinti people are commonly known as Gypsies in English, and as Tsigany in most of Europe. ... A social class is, at its most basic, a group of people that have similar social status. ...

Another Roma influence has been on the fasıl itself. Played in the music halls, the dance music or oyun havası as required at the end of each particular fasıl has been incorporated with Ottoman rakkas or belly dancing motifs. Popular musical instruments utilised here are the clarinet, violin and darbuka. Mustafa Kandıralı is a well known fasil musician. Two soprano clarinets: a Bâ™­ clarinet (left, with capped mouthpiece) and an A clarinet (right, with no mouthpiece). ... The violin is a bowed string instrument with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. ... The Goblet drum is a goblet or hour-glass shaped hand drum used in Arab music, Persian music, Balkan music and Turkish music. ...

Military music

Main article: Ottoman military band

The Janissary bands or Mehter Takımı is considered to be the oldest type of military marching band in the world.^[5] Individual instrumentalists were mentioned in the Orhun inscriptions, which are believed to be the oldest written sources of Turkish history, dating from the 8th century. However, they were not definitively mentioned as bands until the 13th century. The rest of Europe borrowed the notion of military marching bands from Turkey from the 16th century onwards. A modern mehter marching band Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military marching band in the world. ... Orhon (or Orkhon) inscriptions are the oldest known Turkic writings, which were erected near the Orhon River between 732 and 735 in honour of two Kokturk princes named Kul and Bilge. ... (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

Turkish influence on Western classical music

Main article: Turkish music (style)

Musical relations between the Turks and the rest of Europe can be traced back many centuries,^[10] and the first type of musical Orientalism was the Turkish Style.^[11] European classical composers in the 18th century were fascinated by Turkish music, particularly the strong role given to the brass and percussion instruments in Janissary bands. History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Pop - Religious - Rock Music awards Kral - MÜ-YAP - MGD Charts Powerturk 40 - Kral 20 Annual festivals Istanbul International Music Festival - Istanbul International Jazz Festival - Ankara IMF - Izmir European Jazz Festival Media Bant magazine - Mix! - Adante - BlueJean... History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Pop - Religious - Rock Music awards Kral - MÜ-YAP - MGD Charts Powerturk 40 - Kral 20 Annual festivals Istanbul International Music Festival - Istanbul International Jazz Festival - Ankara IMF - Izmir European Jazz Festival Media Bant magazine - Mix! - Adante - BlueJean... The Classical period in Western music occurred from about 1730 through 1820, despite considerable overlap at both ends with preceding and following periods, as is true for all musical eras. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Image of a trumpet, foreground, a piccolo trumpet behind, and a flugelhorn in background. ... A percussion instrument is any object which produces a sound by being struck with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration. ... The Janissaries comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultans household troops and bodyguard. ...

Joseph Haydn wrote his Military Symphony to include Turkish instruments, as well as some of his operas. Turkish instruments were also included in Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony Number 9. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote the "Ronda alla turca" in his Sonata in A major and also used Turkish themes in his operas, such as the Chorus of Janissaries from his Die Entführung aus dem Serail (1782). This Turkish influence introduced the cymbals, bass drum, and bells into the symphony orchestra, where they remain. Jazz musician Dave Brubeck wrote his "Blue Rondo á la Turk" as a tribute to Mozart and Turkish music. Portrait by Thomas Hardy, 1792 Franz Joseph Haydn[1] (March 31, 1732 – May 31, 1809) was one of the most prominent composers of the Classical period, and is called by some the Father of the Symphony and Father of the String Quartet. A life-long resident of Austria, Haydn spent... A portrait by Joseph Karl Stieler, 1820 Ludwig van Beethoven (IPA: ), (baptized December 17, 1770[1] – March 26, 1827) was a German composer. ... Composer Ludwig van Beethoven The Symphony No. ... Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (IPA: , baptized Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart) (January 27, 1756 – December 5, 1791) was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. ... Wolfgang Amadeus Mozarts Piano Sonata No. ... Die Entführung aus dem Serail (K. 384; in English The Abduction from the Seraglio; also known as Il Seraglio) is a opera Singspiel in three acts by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. ... For the Japanese rock band, see Cymbals (band). ... A bass drum is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. ... A bell is a simple sound-making device. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Dave Brubeck in 1954 David Warren Brubeck (born December 6, 1920 in Concord, California[1]), better known as Dave Brubeck, is a U.S. jazz pianist. ...

Western influence on Turkish classical music

While the European military bands of the 18th century introduced the percussion instruments of the Ottoman janissary bands, a similar development was emerging in the opposite direction, that is the Europeanisation of the Ottoman army band, in the 19th century. It was also during this period that the famous opera composer Gaetano Donizetti's brother, Giuseppe Donizetti, was invited to become Master of Music to Sultan Mahmud II in 1827.^[12] (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Categories: People stubs | 1797 births | 1848 deaths | Opera composers | Romantic composers | Italian composers | People born in Bergamo, Italy ... Giuseppe Donizetti Giuseppe, who had become, in 1828, Instructor General of the Imperial Ottoman Music at the court of Sultan Mahmud II (1808—39). ... The stylized signature of Mahmud II was written in an expressive calligraphy. ...

After the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of a Turkish republic, the transfer of the former Imperial Orchestra or Mızıka-ı Hümayun from Istanbul to the new capital of the state Ankara, and renaming it as the Orchestra of the Presidency of the Republic, Riyaset-i Cumhur Orkestrası, signalled a Westernization of Turkish music. The name would later be changed to the Presidential Symphony Orchestra or Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası.^[2] Graphical timeline Decline of the Ottoman Empire covers the military and political events between 1828 to 1908. ... Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Ä°stanbul. ... Cumhurbaskanligi Senfoni Orkestrasi (in Turkish) is the presidential symphony orchestra of Turkey located in capital Ankara. ...

Further inroads came with the founding of a new school for the training of Western style music instructors in 1924, renaming the Istanbul Oriental Music School as the Istanbul Conservatory in 1926, and sending talented young musicians abroad for further music education. These students include well-known Turkish composers such as Cemal Reşit Rey, Ulvi Cemal Erkin, Ahmet Adnan Saygun, Necil Kazım Akses and Hasan Ferit Alnar, who became known as the Turkish Five.^[7] The founding of the Ankara State Conservatory with the aid of the German composer and music theorist Paul Hindemith in 1936 showed that Turkey in terms of music wanted to be like the West.^[2] Cemal ReÅŸit Rey (October 25th 1904, Jerusalem - October 7th 1985, Ä°stanbul) is a famous Turkish composer, pianist, script writer and conductor. ... Ulvi Cemal Erkin (March 14, 1906–September 15, 1972) was a Turkish composer. ... Ahmet Adnan Saygun (born in Izmir on September 7, 1907 - Died in Istanbul on January 6, 1991) was a Turkish composer, musicologist and writer on music. ... The Turkish Five is a term used to describe the five pioneers of (western) classical music in Turkey. ... Paul Hindemith aged 28. ...

However, on the order of the founder of the republic, Atatürk, following his philosophy to take from the West but to remain Turkish in essence, a wide-scale classification and archiving of samples of Turkish folk music from around Anatolia was launched in 1924 and continued until 1953 to collect around 10,000 folk songs. Hungarian composer Béla Bartók visited Ankara and the south-eastern Turkey in 1936 within the context of these works.^[13] Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–November 10, 1938), Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and anti-imperialist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. ... Anatolia and Europe Anatolia (Turkish: from Greek: Ανατολία - Anatolia) is a peninsula of Western Asia which forms the greater part of the Asian portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion (Thrace, or traditionally Rumelia). ... Béla Bartók in 1927 Béla Viktor János Bartók (March 25, 1881 – September 26, 1945) was a Hungarian composer, pianist and collector of Eastern European and Middle Eastern folk music. ...

By 1976, Turkish classical music had undergone a renaissance and a state musical conservatory in Istanbul was founded to give classical musicians the same support as folk musicians. Modern day advocates of Western classical music in Turkey include Fazıl Say, İdil Biret, Suna Kan and the Pekinel sisters. Year 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Fazil Say (born 1970) is a Turkish pianist and composer. ... Ä°dil Biret Ä°dil Biret (born 21 November 1941 in Ankara, Turkey) is a Turkish concert pianist, renowned for her outstanding interpretations of the Romantic repertoire. ... Suna Kan Sun Kan, born 1936 in Adana, Turkey is a Turkish violinist of classical music. ... Pekinel sisters Güher Pekinel and Süher Pekinel, identical twins born on March 29, 1953 in Istanbul, Turkey, are world-renowned Turkish pianists performing mostly in duet. ...

Folk music

Main article: Turkish folk music

Folk music or Türkü generally deals with subjects surrounding daily life in less grandiose terms than the love and emotion usually contained in its traditional counterpart, Ottoman court music.^[7] Most songs recount stories of real life events and Turkish folklore, or have developed through song contests between troubadour poets.^[14] Corresponding to their origins, folk songs are usually played at weddings, funerals and special festivals. Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Image File history File links Nida_Tufekci_-_Anakara_folk_dance_-_The_Misket. ... Software development stages In computer programming, development stage terminology expresses how the development of a piece of software has progressed and how much further development it may require. ... Image File history File links Aegean_folk_music_agir_zeybek. ... Software development stages In computer programming, development stage terminology expresses how the development of a piece of software has progressed and how much further development it may require. ... Image File history File links Canim_memleket_-_black_sea_region_folk. ... Software development stages In computer programming, development stage terminology expresses how the development of a piece of software has progressed and how much further development it may require. ... Image File history File links Istanbul_ciftetelli. ... Software development stages In computer programming, development stage terminology expresses how the development of a piece of software has progressed and how much further development it may require. ... Image File history File links Mevlevi_music. ... Software development stages In computer programming, development stage terminology expresses how the development of a piece of software has progressed and how much further development it may require. ... Ahi Evren Ahriyan Al Basti Alaturbi Ancomah Bardi Cazi Germakoçi Karakoncolos Karakura Kolot Tavara // Breaking vine In Trabzon region folklore (ÇarşıbaÅŸi town) For testing whether the new bride is propitious, when she comes to the house, she is asked to break a vine from three points and...

Regional folk music generally accompanies folk dances, which vary significantly across regions. For example, at marriage ceremonies in the Aegean guests will dance the Zeybek, while in other Rumeli regions the upbeat dance music Çiftetelli is usually played, and in the southeastern regions of Turkey the Halay is the customary form of local wedding music and dance.^[2] Greeks from Thrace and Cyprus that have adopted çiftetelli music sometimes use it synonymously to mean oriental dance, which indicates a misunderstanding of its roots. Çiftetelli is a folk dance, differing from a solo performance dance of a hired entertainer. The zeybek or zeybeÄŸi is a Turkish folk dance. ... Map of Rumelia as of 1801 Rumelia (turkish: Rum: Roman El: Land Rumeli: Lands of Rome), the area that was the East Roman or Byzantine Empire, a name commonly used, from the 15th century onwards, to denote the part of the Balkan Peninsula subject to the Ottoman Empire. ... Tsifteteli (τσιφτετέλι, Tsifte-teli) is a Greek traditional dance, derived from the çiftetelli, a Turkish traditional dance. ... Examples of Turkish folklore dances include Halay, Zeybek, Horon, and Karsilama. ... Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak  Thrace (Bulgarian: , Greek: , Attic Greek: ThrāíkÄ“ or ThrēíkÄ“, Latin: , Turkish: ) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ... Belly dancers Belly dance is a Western name coined for a style of female dance developed in the Middle East and other Arabic_influenced areas. ...

The regional mood also affects the subject of the folk songs, e.g. folk songs from the Black Sea are lively in general and express the customs of the region. Songs about betrayal have an air of defiance about them instead of sadness, whereas the further south travelled in Turkey the more the melodies resemble a lament.^[15] NASA satellite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ... A lament or lamentation is a song or poem expressing grief, regret or mourning. ...

As this genre is viewed as a music of the people, musicians in socialist movements began to adapt folk music with contemporary sounds and arrangements in the form of protest music. In the 70s and 80s, modern bards following the aşık tradition such as Aşik Veysel and Mahsuni Şerif moved away from spiritual invocations to socio-politically active lyrics. Other contemporary progenitors took their lead such as Zülfü Livaneli, known for his mid-80s innovation of combining poet Nazim Hikmet's radical poems with folk music and rural melodies, and is well-regarded by left-wing supporters in politics.^[2] In more recent times, saz orchestras, accompanied with many other traditional instruments and a merger with arabesque melodies have kept modern folk songs popular in Turkey.^[2] A protest song is a song which protests problems in society such as injustice, racial discrimination, war, globalization, inflation, social inequalities, incarceration, the Greenhouse effect, the global warming. ... Aşık Veysel ÅžatıroÄŸlu (1894-1973), also known as just Aşık Veysel, is a Turkish minstrel who was born in Sivas in 1894, and due to an illness he became blind at the age of 7. ... Aşık Mahzuni Åžerif (b. ... Zulfü Livaneli Zülfü Livaneli is a popular Turkish folk musician who was politically involved for the last several decades of the 20th century for left-wing causes. ... Portrait of Nazim Hikmet Nazım Hikmet Ran (November 20, 1902 – June 3, 1963) was a Turkish poet and dramatist, who is widely regarded as the best-known Turkish poet in the West and his works have been translated into several languages. ...

Folk instruments

Turkish bağlama

Folk instruments range from string groups as bağlama, bow instruments such as the kemenche (a type of stave fiddle), and percussion and wind, including the zurna, ney and davul. Regional variations place importance on different instruments, e.g. the darbuka in Rumeli and the kemenche around the Black Sea region. Image File history File linksMetadata Turkish_baglama. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Turkish_baglama. ... The baÄŸlama is a stringed musical instrument shared by various cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean. ... 1 Tepe - Top : Same as the body To Kifal - Head : Same as the body 2 Otia - Pegs (Ears): Same as the body 3 Goula - Neck : Same as the body 4 Spaler - Fingerboard (Slabbering bib) : Same as the body 5 Kapak - Soundboard 6 Rothounia - Soundholes (Nostrals) 7 Gaidaron - Bridge (Rider): Made... Turkish Zurna in Ottoman band For other meanings, see Zurna (disambiguation) and Surna (disambiguation) The Zurna (also called Surnay, birbynÄ—, lettish horn, surla, sornai, zournas, zurma) is an Anatolian woodwind instrument. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Tapan. ... The Goblet drum is a goblet or hour-glass shaped hand drum used in Arab music, Persian music, Balkan music and Turkish music. ... Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak  Thrace (Bulgarian: , Greek: , Attic Greek: ThrāíkÄ“ or ThrēíkÄ“, Latin: , Turkish: ) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ... 1 Tepe - Top : Same as the body To Kifal - Head : Same as the body 2 Otia - Pegs (Ears): Same as the body 3 Goula - Neck : Same as the body 4 Spaler - Fingerboard (Slabbering bib) : Same as the body 5 Kapak - Soundboard 6 Rothounia - Soundholes (Nostrals) 7 Gaidaron - Bridge (Rider): Made... NASA satellite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ...

The folklore of Turkey is extremely diverse. Nevertheless, Turkish folk music is dominantly marked by a single musical instrument called saz or bağlama, a type of long-necked lute. Traditionally, saz is played solely by traveling musicians known as ozan or religious Alevi troubadours called aşık.^[6] The Saz (from Persian: ‎ , music) is a plucked stringed instrument, popular in Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and the Balkan countries. ... BA or Ba may stand for: ba an archaic two-letter English word meaning to kiss. in Egyptian mythology: One part of the Egyptian soul (which was imagined as a bird body with a human head). ... A medieval era lute. ... Alevis or Alevi-Bektashis (Kurdish: Alevi, Turkish: Aleviler or Alevilik) are a religious community in Turkey, and they make up some 20% of the population of the country. ...

Due to the cultural crossbreeding prevalent during the Ottoman Empire, the bağlama has influenced various cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, e.g. the Greek baglamas. In Turkish baglamak means 'to tie' as a reference to the strings of the instrument. Like most stringed instruments, it can either be played with a plectrum (i.e., pick), or with a fingerpicking style. The zurna and davul duo is also popular in rural areas, and are played at weddings and other local celebrations. The baÄŸlama is a stringed musical instrument shared by various cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean. ... Turkish Zurna in Ottoman band For other meanings, see Zurna (disambiguation) and Surna (disambiguation) The Zurna (also called Surnay, birbynÄ—, lettish horn, surla, sornai, zournas, zurma) is an Anatolian woodwind instrument. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Tapan. ... Nuptial is the adjective of wedding. It is used for example in zoology to denote plumage, coloration, behavior, etc related to or occurring in the mating season. ...

Folk Literature

Further information: Turkish folk literature

A large body of folk songs are derived from minstrels or bard-poets called ozan in Turkish. They have been developing Turkish folk literature since the beginning of 11th century. The musical instrument used by these bard-poets is the saz or baglama. They are often taught by other senior mistrels, learning expert idioms and procedure and methods about the performance of the art.^[16] These lessons often take place at minstrel meetings and coffeehouses frequented by them. Those bard-poets who become experts or alaylı then take apprentices for themselves and continue the tradition.^[16] ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... The Saz (from Persian: ‎ , music) is a plucked stringed instrument, popular in Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and the Balkan countries. ... The baÄŸlama is a stringed musical instrument shared by various cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean. ... Coffeehouse in Damascus // A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or cafe (also spelled as café from the French, Spanish, and Portuguese or caffè from the Italian) shares some of the characteristics of a bar, and some of the characteristics of a restaurant. ...

A minstrel's creative output usually takes two major forms. One, in musical rhyming contests with other bards, where the quarrel ends with the defeat of the minstrel who cannot find an appropriate quatrain to the rhyme and two, story telling.^[14] These folk stories are extracted from real life, fokelore, dreams and legends.^[16] One of the most well-known followings are those bards that put the title aşık in front of their names.

Religious music

Alevi influences: The Aşık traditions Alevis are adherents of a branch of Islam, related to Shia Islam and practised mainly in (majority Sunni) Turkey, among both Turks, Zazas, and Kurds. ... Ashik (Turkish:aşık, Azeri:aşıq) is a mistic troubadour or travelling bard, in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Iran who sings and plays the saz, a form of lute. ...

It is suggested that about a third of the Turkish population are Alevis, whose folk music is performed by a type of travelling bard or ozan called aşık, who travels with the saz or baglama, an iconic image of Turkish folk music.^[6] These songs, which hail from the central northeastern area, are about mystical revelations, invocations to Alevi saints and Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, whom they hold in high esteem. In Turkish aşık literally means 'in love'. Whoever follows this tradition has the Aşık assignation put before their names, because it is suggested that music becomes an essential facet of their being, for example as in Aşık Veysel. The Saz (from Persian: ‎ , music) is a plucked stringed instrument, popular in Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and the Balkan countries. ... The baÄŸlama is a stringed musical instrument shared by various cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean. ... In traditional Christian iconography, Saints are often depicted as having halos. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: علي بن أبي طالب translit: ‘AlÄ« ibn Abu Ṭālib Persian: علی پسر ابو طالب) ‎ (599 – 661) is an early Islamic leader. ...

Middle Anatolia is home to the bozlak, a type of declamatory, partially improvised music by the bards. Neşet Ertaş has so far been the most prominent contemporary voice of Middle Anatolian music, singing songs of a large spectrum, including works of premodern Turkoman aşıks like Karacaoğlan and Dadaloğlu and the modern aşıks like his father, the late Muharrem Ertaş. Around the city of Sivas, aşık music has a more spiritual bent, afeaturing ritualized song contests, although modern bards have brought it into the political arena.^[14] Bozlak is a from of Turkish folk song from central Anatolia accompanied by the long-necked saz (bozuk saz) and nay or kaval. ... Image:Neset Ertas. ... There are several meanings to Turkmen: Related to the country Turkmenistan Turkmen language Turkmen people A breed of horse called the Turkoman This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... KaracaoÄŸlan is a 17th century Turkish folk poet. ... Sivas is the provincial capital of Sivas Province in Turkey. ...

Sufi influences: The Mevlevi traditions Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is a system of esoteric philosophy commonly associated with Islam. ...

Followers of the Mevlevi Order or whirling dervishes are a religious sufi sect unique to Turkey but well-known outside of its boundaries. They are not to be confused with other dervish sects that carry out self-mutilation in certain areas of Iran and Pakistan. Whirling Dervishes perform near the Mevlevi Museum in Konya, Turkey. ...

Dervishes of the Mevlevi sect simply dance a sema by turning continuously to music that consists of long, complex compositions called ayin. These pieces are both preceded and followed by songs using lyrics by the founder and poet Mevlana Jelaleddin Rumi.^[17] With the musical instrument known as the ney at the forefront of this music, internationally well-known musicians include Necdet Yasar, Niyazi Sayin, Kudsi Ergüner and Ömer Faruk Tekbilek. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi or Jalal al-Din Muhammad Balkhi Rumi (also known as Mowlavi or Moulana, meaning my guide in Iran, Central and South Asia or Mevlana meaning our guide in Turkey) (September 30, 1207 - December 17, 1273 CE) was a Persian poet and Sufi mystic, who was... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Kudsi Erguner, born in the fifties in Istanbul, is considered a master of traditional Mevlevi Sufi and is one of the best-known players of the Turkish ney flute. ... Ömer Faruk Tekbilek, also called Omar Faruk Tekbilek, is a Turkish musician. ...

Regional folk styles

Minorities and indigenous peoples have added and enhanced Turkish folk styles, while they have adopted Turkish folk traditions and instruments. Folk songs are identifable and distinguished by regions.

Aegean and Rumeli regions

The region of Rumeli or Roumelia is used to indicate the part of Turkey which is in Europe, namely provinces of Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ and the western part of Istanbul Province. Folk songs from this region share similarities with Balkan and Greek folk music, especially from the ethnic minorities and natives of Thrace. Cypriot folk music also shares folk tunes with this region, e.g. the Çiftetelli dance. These type of folk songs also share close similarities with Ottoman court music, strengthening the suggestion by some that the distinction between court and folk music wasn't always so clear.^[1][7] However, it could arguably be that folk songs from Istanbul were closely influenced by its locality, which would include Ottoman rakkas and court music. Map of Rumelia as of 1801 Rumelia (turkish: Rum: Roman El: Land Rumeli: Lands of Rome), the area that was the East Roman or Byzantine Empire, a name commonly used, from the 15th century onwards, to denote the part of the Balkan Peninsula subject to the Ottoman Empire. ... Selimiye Mosque, built by Sinan in 1575 Edirne (Greek: Αδριανούπολη, Bulgarian: Одрин) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. ... Kırklareli (in Ottoman times Kırkkimesne (the forties) or Kırkkilise (forty churches), Greek: Σαράντα Εκκλησιές, Saranta Ekklisyes; Bulgarian: Лозенград, Lozengrad) is the capital of Kırklareli Province in the European part of Turkey, known as Eastern Thrace. ... Rákóczi’s Museum in TekirdaÄŸ The house where the Hungarian national hero Francis II Rákóczi spent his last 15 years, today property of the Hungarian State (Source & permission: Governorate of TekirdaÄŸ). The replica of Rákóczi’s house in TekirdaÄŸ is placed in KoÅ¡ice... Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak  Thrace (Bulgarian: , Greek: , Attic Greek: ThrāíkÄ“ or ThrēíkÄ“, Latin: , Turkish: ) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ...

The Turkish islands in the Aegean and cities like İzmir share similar motifs, such as the Zeybek dance. The Aegean Islands (Greek: Αιγαίον Πέλαγος, Aigaíon Pélagos; Turkish: Ege Adaları) are a group of islands in the Aegean Sea, with mainland Greece to the west and north and Turkey to the east; the island of Crete delimits the sea to the south. ... Ä°zmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the countrys largest port after Ä°stanbul. ... The zeybek or zeybeÄŸi is a Turkish folk dance. ...

Black Sea and Caspian Sea regions

Central Asian Turkic peoples from the Caspian Sea and areas have had a huge influence in the purest forms of Turkish folk music, most notably from the Azeris and Turkmen. The Caspian Sea (Russian: Каспийское море; Kazakh: Каспий теңізі; Turkmen: Hazar deňizi; Azeri: XÉ™zÉ™r dÉ™nizi; Persian: دریای خزر Daryā-ye Khazar) is the largest lake on Earth by area[2], with a surface area of 371,000 square kilometers (143,244 sq mi) and a volume of 78,200 cubic kilometers (18... Azerbaijanis or Azerbaijani Turks, are a Muslim people who number more than 25 million worldwide. ...

Pontic Greeks on the eastern shore of the Black Sea or Karadeniz regions have their own distinct style of folk music, motifs from which were used with great success by Helena Paparizou.^[18] The diaspora of Greek speaking Pontic people from that region introduced Pontic music to Greece after 1924 population exchange between Turkey and Greece. The region's dance style uses unique techniques like odd shoulder tremors and knee bends. Folk dances include the gerasari, trgona, kots, omal, serra, kotsari and tik.^[18] The term Pontic Greeks, Pontian Greeks, Pontians or Greeks of Pontus (Greek: Πόντιοι, Ποντιακός Ελληνισμός or Έλληνες του Πόντου, Turkish: Pontus Rumları) can refer to Greeks specifically from the area of Pontus in the region of the former Empire of Trebizond on the Black Sea coast of Eastern Turkey, or in other cases more generally all... NASA satellite image of the Black Sea Map of the Black Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Mediterranean Sea. ... Elena Paparizou (Greek: ; born January 31, 1982) is a Greek singer, born and raised in Sweden. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Omal was one of the first dances to be developed from the region of Pontos. ... There are places that have the name Serra (Portuguese meaning a mountain range): // In Brazil, South America Serra (Brazil) , Espírito Santo, Brazil Related Amparo do Serra, Minas Gerais Araçoiaba da Serra, São Paulo Bom Jardim da Serra, Santa Catarina Bom Jesus da Serra, Bahia Campestre da Serra... Kotsari (Greek), Kochari (Armenian), Köçeri (Turkish), Köçəri (Azeri) is a dance from the Kars, Artvin region of Pontos (Black Sea), an ancient kingdom in the area of modern Turkey. ... Tik, is the street name of methamphetamine used by a sharply increasing number of addicts in the Western Cape province of South Africa. ...

Southeastern regions

Southeastern regions carry influences from Turkmen music, Kurdish music, Zaza motifs and Armenian music. These usually include epic laments. The Turkmen (Türkmen or Түркмен, plural Türkmenler or Түркменлер) are a Turkic people found primarily in the Central Asian states of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan and in northeastern Iran. ... Kurdish Music (Kurdish: Muzîk û strana kurdî) referes to music performed in Kurdish language. ... Zaza may refer to: The Zaza people, an ethnic group in Eastern Anatolia (Southeastern Turkey). ... Armenia is in the Caucasus Mountains, and its music is a mix of indigenous folk music, perhaps best_represented by Djivan Gasparyans well-known duduk music, as well as light pop similar to nearby Middle-Eastern countries, and extensive Christian music, due to Armenias status as the oldest Christian...

Popular music

Popular music is distinguished from the traditional genres as those styles that entered the Turkish musicality after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, either due to attempts of national modernization from 1924 onwards, the opening of the republic to Western musical influences or modern fusions and innovations from artists themselves.^[2]

Mainstream pop

Main article: Turkish pop music

Tarkan in Vienna with fans from Hungary

Turkish pop music had its humble beginnings in the late 1950s with Turkish cover versions of a wide range of imported popular styles, including rock and roll, tango, and jazz. As more styles emerged, they were also adopted, such as hip hop, heavy metal and reggae. History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Opera - Pop - Religious - Rock Music awards Kral - MÜ-YAP - MGD Charts Powerturk 40 - Kral 20 Annual festivals Istanbul International Music Festival - Istanbul International Jazz Festival - Ankara IMF - Izmir European Jazz Festival - Aspendos International Opera and Ballet... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 375 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Tarkan Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 375 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Tarkan Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... “Wien” redirects here. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... Tango music is traditionally played by an orquesta típica, a sextet which includes two violins, piano, doublebass, and two bandoneons. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Hip hop music is a style of music which came into existence in the United States during the mid-1970s, and became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s. ... Heavy metal (sometimes referred to simply as metal) is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

The self named "superstar" of the "arrangement" (aranjman) era of the 70s was Ajda Pekkan who also debuted, along with Enrico Macias, at Olympia, Paris, while MFÖ (Mazhar, Fuat, Özkan) was the celebrated group of the pop scene with an outstanding dexterity in their use of Turkish prosody and their success of amalgamating Western and Turkish cultural ingredients and perspectives. Also one of the most renowned Turkish pop stars of the last decades is probably Sezen Aksu. She contributed considerably to the unique Turkish pop sound of this period, allowing it gain ground from its humble beginnings in the early 50s and 60s to the popular genre it is today. She was also one of the strongest advocates for Turkey to enter the Eurovision Song Contest. Her one-time vocalist and later protegé Sertab Erener won the contest in 2003. AyÅŸe Ajda Pekkan (born February 12, 1946 in Istanbul) is a very popular Turkish actress and pop music singer. ... Enrico Macias (born Gaston Ghrenassia December 11, 1938) is an Algerian-born Jewish singer, who sings primarily in French. ... The Olympias entrance and billboard Paris Olympia is a music hall at 28, Blvd. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... Mazhar-Fuat-Özkan (commonly referred to as MFÖ) is a famous Turkish band. ... The quality of this article or section may be compromised by peacock terms. You can help Wikipedia by removing peacock terms. ... The modern logo was introduced for the 2004 Contest to create a consistent visual identity. ... Sertab Erener (born December 4, 1964) is a Turkish pop star. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The biggest male pop stars in Turkey are arguably Tarkan and Mustafa Sandal. Tarkan achieved chart success in Europe and Latin America with his single "Şımarık", also composed by Sezen Aksu, which has been covered by numerous artists.^[19] Mustafa Sandal has also enjoyed chart success in Europe with his 2005 single "İsyankar", which peaked at number 4 and went gold.^[20] Tarkan TevetoÄŸlu (born October 17, 1972), popularly known as Tarkan, is a successful World Music award-winning pop music singer in Turkey. ... Mustafa Sandal is a famous Turkish pop star, born on January 11, 1970 in Istanbul. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Şımarık (Spoilt) was a 1997 song. ... Ä°syankar (Rebellious) was Mustafa Sandals fourth CD single and third CD single to be internationally released. ... Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has sold a certain number of copies. ...

Turkish hip hop

Main article: Turkish hip hop

Turkish hip hop or oriental hip hop is a creation of the Turkish migrant worker community in Germany, which some suggest was a suitable outlet for a young generation disillusioned with Germany's treatment of its migrant class.^[21] In 1995, the Turkish-German community produced a major hip hop crew named Cartel which caused controversy in Turkey and Germany for its revolutionary lyrics. Hip hop now enjoys wide popularity among the younger generation in Turkey. Ceza (formerly "Nefret") and Sagopa Kajmer are popular figures of contemporary rap music in Turkey. Turkish hip hop started in Germany with groups such as Islamic Force and Cartel. ... Turkish hip hop started in Germany with groups such as Islamic Force and Cartel. ... The term the Orient - literally meaning sunrise, east - is traditionally used to refer to Near, Middle, and Far Eastern countries. ... Hip hop is a cultural movement that began amongst urban African American youth in New York and has since spread around the world. ... Migrant farm worker, New York 2003 USPS stamp featuring Chávez and the fields that were so important to him A migrant worker is someone working on a regular basis away from their home, if indeed they have a home. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... Hip hop music is a style of music which came into existence in the United States during the mid-1970s, and became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s. ... The first Turkish rap group. ... Ceza (real name Bilgin Özçalkan) (pronounced jeh-ZAH, meaning punishment in Turkish) is the most commercially famous and influencial Turkish rapper. ... Sagopa Kajmer also known as DJ Mic Check (real name Yunus Özyavuz) is a Turkish hip-hop artist born in Samsun in 1978. ...

Arabesque

Main article: Arabesque music

Starting in the 1970s, immigration from predominantly southeastern rural areas to big cities and particularly to Istanbul gave rise to a new cultural synthesis. This changed the musical makeup of Istanbul. The old tavernas and music halls of fasıl music were to shut down in place of a new type of music.^[2] These new urban residents brought their own taste of music, which due to their locality was largely middle eastern. Musicologists derogatively termed this genre as arabesque due to the high pitched wailing that is synonymous with Arabic singing. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Arabesk. ...

Its mainstream popularity rose so much in the 1980s that it even threatened the existence of Turkish pop, with rising stars such as Muslum Gurses.^[2] The genre has underbeat forms that include Ottoman forms of belly-dancing music known as fantazi from singers like Ebru Gündeş and with performers like Orhan Gencebay who added Anglo-American rock and roll to arabesque music. Müslüm Gürses (real name Müslüm AkbaÅŸ) is a Turkish folk singer born in 7th May, 1953. ... Raqs Sharqi dancer Chryssanthi Sahar Scharf, Heidelberg. ... Ebru GündeÅŸ(born 12 October 1974 in Ä°stanbul) is a Turkish singer. ... Orhan Gencebay (August 4, 1944–) is a well-known Turkish Arabesque musician and actor. ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ...

Anatolian rock

Main article: Anatolian rock

The Turkish rock scene began in the mid- to late 1960s, when popular United States and United Kingdom bands became well-known. Soon, a distinctively Turkish fusion of rock and folk emerged; this was called Anatolian rock, a term which nowadays may be generically ascribed to most of Turkish rock.^[2] Cem Karaca and Barış Manço are the best known performers and Moğollar is the best known group of older classical Anatolian rock music. History (Timeline and Samples) Genres: Alternative - Classical - Dance - Folk - Hip hop - Jazz - Military - Ottoman - Pop - Religious - Rock Music awards Kral - MÃœ-YAP - MGD Charts Powerturk 40 - Kral 20 Annual festivals Istanbul International Music Festival - Istanbul International Jazz Festival - Ankara IMF - Izmir European Jazz Festival Media Bant magazine - Mix! - Adante - BlueJean... The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... Cem Karaca (March 19, 1945 - February 8, 2004) was a prominent Turkish rock musician and one of the important figures in the Anatolian rock movement. ... Barış Manço (also spelt Baris Mancho in some European album releases) (January 2, 1943 - February 1, 1999) was a Turkish singer, composer, television producer and celebrity. ... Current Mogollar line-up (from left to right): Cahit Berkay, Taner Özgür, Serhat Ersöz, Engin Yörükoglu MoÄŸollar is one of the pioneer bands in Turkish rock music for about 30 years and one of the founders of Turkish ethno rock music (or Anatolian rock music). ...

Pop-rock, Rock

As a singular phenomenon amidst popular currents since the mid-70s, Bülent Ortaçgil appeared as the urban songwriter/musician with a distinct musical quality, and became a role model for inspiring young musicians. He was the only Turkish musician for whom a tribute album was compiled that included several prominent performers from a wide gamut of different genres.^[22] Bülent Ortaçgil (born 1950) is a Turkish composer and singer. ...

Other recent rock bands with a more western sound include maNga, Duman and Mor ve Ötesi who enjoy large mainstream success. Şebnem Ferah and Teoman are two examples of individual rock artists with substantial fan-bases. Turkey also boasts numerous large-scale rock festivals and events. Annually held rock festivals include Barışarock, H2000 Music Festival, Rock'n Coke, and RockIstanbul. maNga is a popular Turkish rock band. ... Duman is a Turkish rock band. ... Mor ve Ötesi (literally meaning purple and beyond, making a pun with ultra-violet) is the name of a Turkish Alternative rock band hailing from the city of Istanbul. ... Åžebnem Ferah (born April 12, 1972 in Yalova) is a Turkish singer and song-writer. ... Teoman YakupoÄŸlu (born on November 20, 1967), using the stage name Teoman, is a popular Turkish rock singer and song-writer. ... A rock festival, or a rock fest, is a large-scale outdoor rock music concert, featuring multiple acts, often spread out over several days. ... Poster of Barışarock 2006. ... The H2000 Music Festival is the name of a large scale open air rock and alternative music festival series annually held in Turkey. ... The Rockn Coke logo. ... RockIstanbul is the name of a large scale open air rock festival series annually organized in Istanbul, Turkey. ...

Underground and Clubs

There are many clubs across Turkey, especially across its Aegean region. The alternative music scene however is derived mostly from Istanbul's thriving underground club scene that sees Djs merging the past with the present, utilising traditional motifs with new age sounds and electronic music. Mercan Dede is one of Turkey's most successful Dj's, mixing trance with historical and mystic Sufi songs, while world wide recognized Mert Yucel is producing and releasing chart topper house music records via various record labels from UK and USA. DJ or dj may stand for Disc jockey, dinner jacket The DeadJournal website, or Djibouti. ... Arkin Allen, known as Mercan Dede Arkın Ilıcalı ( better known by his stage name, Mercan Dede ) was born in 1966, in Turkey. ... Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is a system of esoteric philosophy commonly associated with Islam. ... Mert Yücel is an electronic music producer from Istanbul. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

Music industry

Further information: Music industry

The Turkish music industry includes a number of fields, ranging from record companies to radio stations and community and state orchestras. Most of the major record companies are based in Istanbul's region of Unkapanı and they are represented by the Turkish Phonographic Industry Society (MÜ-YAP).^[23] The major record companies produce material by artists that have signed to one of their record labels, a brand name often associated with a particular genre or record producer. Record companies may also promote and market their artists, through advertising, public performances and concerts, and television appearances. The music industry is the industry that creates, performs, promotes, and preserves music. ... The following is a partial list of record labels, both past and present. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article is about brands in marketing. ... In the music industry, a record producer (or music producer) has many roles, among them controlling the recording sessions, coaching and guiding the musicians, organizing and scheduling production budget and resources, and supervising the recording, mixing and mastering processes. ...

In recent years, the music industry has been embroiled in turmoil over the rise of the Internet downloading of copyrighted music and general piracy; many musicians and MÜ-YAP have sought to punish fans who illegally download copyrighted music.^[23] On 13 June 2006 it was reported that MÜ-YAP and The Orchard, the world's leading distributor and marketer of independent music, had reached an agreement on digital global distribution, representing approximately 80% of the Turkish music market.^[24] Copyright symbol Copyright is a set of exclusive rights regulating the use of a particular expression of an idea or information. ...

There is not a substantial singles market in Turkey.^[2] It is album orientated, although popular singers such as Tarkan have released singles with success.^[25] Most music charts not related to album sales, measure popularity by music video feedback and radio airplay.^[26] Tarkan TevetoÄŸlu (born October 17, 1972), popularly known as Tarkan, is a successful World Music award-winning pop music singer in Turkey. ...

Turkish radio stations often broadcast popular music. Each music station has a format, or a category of songs to be played; these are generally similar to but not the same as ordinary generic classification. With the introduction of commercial radio and television in the early 1990s ending the monopoly of the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT), a multitude of radio and TV stations were opened by newspaper media moguls.^[2] These media chains sponsor award ceremonies such as the Kral TV awards for music, but most accredited music awards are based on sales given out by industry societies such as MÜ-YAP and the Magazine Journalists Society (MJS).^[27][28] A radio format or programming format describes the overall content broadcast on a radio station. ... A monopoly (from the Greek language monos, one + polein, to sell) is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a product or service, in other words a firm that has no competitors in its industry. ... TRT Headquarters in Ankara TRT, the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu), was founded in 1964, it is the national public broadcaster of Turkey. ...

Though major record companies dominate the Turkish industry, an independent music industry (indie music) does exist. Indie music is mostly based around local record labels with limited, if any, retail distribution outside a small region. Artists sometimes record for an indie label and gain enough acclaim to be signed to a major label; others choose to remain at an indie label for their entire careers. Indie music may be in styles generally similar to mainstream music, but is often inaccessible, unusual or otherwise unappealing to many people. Indie musicians often release some or all of their songs over the Internet for fans and others to download and listen to.^[8] in music that is characterized by its perceived independence from mainstream or pop culture as a whole. ...

Perhaps the most successful Turkish name associated with the indie music outside of Turkey is Ahmet Ertegün of Atlantic Records. His promotion of some of the most famous R&B and soul artists in North America and his contribution to the American music industry has earned a place in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, together with his brother Nesuhi. Ahmet Ertegün (July 31, 1923 – December 14, 2006) was the Turkish-American co-founder and executive of Atlantic Records, described as one of the most significant figures in the modern recording industry [1] . He also co-founded the New York Cosmos soccer team of the North American Soccer League. ... Atlantic Records (Atlantic Recording Corporation) is an American record label, and operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music Group. ... Rhythm and blues (or R & B) is a musical marketing term introduced in the United States in the late 1940s by Billboard magazine. ... North America North America is a continent [1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... The music industry is the industry that creates, performs, promotes, and preserves music. ... The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, showing Lake Erie in the foreground The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a museum and institution in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, dedicated, as the name suggests, to recording the history of some of the best-known and most influential... Bust of Nesuhi Ertegün at the Rose Theater at Jazz at Lincoln Center Ahmet Ertegün (July 31, 1923 – December 14, 2006) and Nesuhi Ertegün (November 26, 1917 – April 15, 1989), were the Turkish-American executives of Atlantic Records. ...

Music education

Further information: Music education

Music is an important part of education in Turkey, and is a part of most or all school systems in the country. High schools generally offer classes in singing, mostly choral, and instrumentation in the form of a large school band or social clubs and communities for Turkish classical or folk music, known as cemiyets.^[2] Music may also be a part of theatrical productions put on by a school's drama department. Many public and private schools have sponsored music clubs and groups, most commonly including the marching band that performs Mehter marches at school festivals. Music education encompasses many areas of teaching, including music history, music theory, instrumental proficiency, singing skills, and general music skills. ... The Turkish Education System mandates 8 years of primary education between the ages of 6 and 14, and in 2001 the enrollment of children in this age range was nearly 100%. Three or more years of secondary education are available in public, open, and vocational high schools. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... An American college marching band on the field (University of Texas) A marching band is a group of instrumental musicians who generally perform outdoors, and who incorporate movement â€“ usually some type of marching â€“ with their musical performance. ...

Higher education in the field of music in Turkey is mostly based around large universities, connected to state music academies and conservatories. Universities may also have a musicology department, and do research on many styles of music especially the Turkish traditional genres, while also keeping a database of sounds in their sound libraries.^[2] Representation of a university class, 1350s. ... Raphaels fresco The School of Athens An academy is an institution of higher learning, research, or honorary membership. ... A music school or conservatoire (British English) — also known as a conservatory (American English) or a conservatorium (Australian English) — is an institution dedicated to teaching the art of music, including the playing of musical instruments, musical composition, musicianship, music history, and music theory. ... Musicology is reasoned discourse concerning music (Greek: μουσικη = music and λογος = word or reason). In other words: the whole body of systematized knowledge about music which results from the application of a scientific method of investigation or research, or of philosophical speculation and rational systematization to the facts, the processes and the...

Holidays and festivals

Further information: Festivals and public holidays

Music is an important part of several Turkish holidays and festivals, especially playing a major part in the springtime celebration of Newroz and religious festivities such as Ramadan.^[2] New year is a traditional time for the belly dancer and weddings are celebrated with upbeat tunes, while funerals are mourned with musical laments. Patriotic songs like the national anthem, "The Independence March", are a major part of public holiday celebrations such as National Children's Day celebrations on 23 April and the 30th of August Victory Day celebrations, a holiday that marks Turkish independence.^[2] Music also plays a role at many regional festivals that aren't celebrated nationwide, for example a music and dance parade and festival in Zonguldak. More than 100 festivals are held in Turkey every year. ... The official holidays in Turkey are established by the Act 2429 of March 19, 1981 that replaced the Act 2739 of May 27, 1935. ... Norouz (Newroz in Kurdish) (also spelled Noe-Rooz, Norouz, Norooz, Noruz, Novruz, Noh Ruz, Nauroz, Nav-roze, Navroz, Náw-Rúz or Nowrouz and in Persian نوروز) is the traditional Iranian festival of spring which starts at the exact moment of the vernal equinox, commencing the start of the spring. ... The fourth pillar of Islam, which is fasting, is practiced during the month of Ramadan. ... The Ä°stiklâl Marşı (i. ... The official holidays in Turkey are established by the Act 2429 of March 19, 1981 that replaced the Act 2739 of May 27, 1935. ... Combatants   Turkish Revolutionaries   Soviet Union[1][2][3] United Kingdom Greece France Armenia Ottoman Empire Georgia Commanders Mustafa Kemal Ä°smet Ä°nönü Kazım Karabekir Ali Fuat Cebesoy Fevzi Çakmak George Milne Henri Gouraud Papoulas Georgios Hatzianestis Drastamat Kanayan Movses Silikyan Süleyman Åžefik Pasha The Turkish War of Independence... Zonguldak is a city and the capital of Zonguldak Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. ...

Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir are also home to numerous music festivals which showcase styles ranging from the blues and jazz to indie rock and heavy metal. Some music festivals are strictly local in scope, including few or no performers with a national reputation, and are generally operated by local promoters. Recently large soft drink companies have operated their own music festivals, such as Rock'n Coke and Fanta parties, which draw huge crowds. Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after Ä°stanbul. ... Ä°zmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the countrys largest port after Ä°stanbul. ... A music festival is a festival oriented towards music that is sometimes presented with a theme such as musical genre, nationality or locality of musicians, or holiday. ... The Rockn Coke logo. ... Fanta is a brand of fruit-flavored soft drink from the Coca-Cola Company, introduced for the first time in Germany in 1940. ...

See also

• Turkish musical instruments
• Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest
• List of music festivals in Turkey
• List of Turkish musicians
• List of Turks in world culture
• Wojciech Bobowski
• Arif Mardin
• The Ertegün Brothers

Turkish musical instruments can be broadly classified into five categories, namely Ottoman classical, Western influenced modern, Ottoman Harem Music, Folk music and Roman. ... Kenan Doğulu Athena performing at the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 in Istanbul Turkey participated in the Eurovision Song Contest for the first time in 1975 by Semiha Yankıs Seninle Bir Dakika, but did not achieve any considerable success until late 1990s. ... More than 100 festivals are held in Turkey every year. ... Ömer Faruk Tekbilek Dede Efendi Ibrahim Tatlises Baris Manco Kurtalan Ekspres Kayahan Nilüfer Teoman Tarkan Sezen Aksu Sertab Erener (Eurovision winner) Sibel Tüzün Aşkın Nur Yengi Levent Yüksel Mirkelam Mustafa Sandal Cem Karaca Mogollar Alpay Kirac Kerim Tekin MFO Murat Ses Yavuz Bingol Erkan... This is a list of Turks. ... Wojciech Bobowski or Ali Ufki (also Albertus Bobovius, Ali Bey, Santurî Ali Ufki) (1610–1675), was a Polish musician and dragoman in the Ottoman Empire. ... Arif Mardin (March 15, 1932 - June 25, 2006) was a renowned Turkish-American music producer, who worked with a wide range of artists, across many different styles and genres of music. ... The Ertegun brothers, Ahmet Ertegun (born 1923) and Nesuhi Ertegun (1917–1989), were executives of Atlantic Records. ...

Notes and references

May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... Year 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar). ... May 20 is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining. ... 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Çinuçen Tanrıkorur (1938-2000) was an oud master and composer of Turkish classical music. ... May 16 is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... 3rd October Organization is also the name of a Marxist terrorist group . ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Categories: People stubs | 1797 births | 1848 deaths | Opera composers | Romantic composers | Italian composers | People born in Bergamo, Italy ... Giuseppe Donizetti Giuseppe, who had become, in 1828, Instructor General of the Imperial Ottoman Music at the court of Sultan Mahmud II (1808—39). ... The stylized signature of Mahmud II was written in an expressive calligraphy. ... July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... November 10 is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 51 days remaining. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in Leap years). ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 11 is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Holly Rachel Vukadinović (born 11 May 1983), who is better known by her stage name of Holly Valance, is a New Zealand-born actress and ARIA nominated singer. ... Kiss Kiss is the debut single of ex-Neighbours star Holly Valance (stage name of Holly Vukadinović). The single was released on 29 April 2002. ... February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 10 is the 283rd day of the year (284th in Leap years). ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 13 is the 164th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (165th in leap years), with 201 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Kuzu Kuzu (Like A Lamb) was Tarkans first ever single to be released in Turkey. ... HUP and Hup can refer to Heisenbergs uncertainty principle The HUP Retriever helicopter of the US Navy, also known as the H-25 Hup (album), a 1989 album by The Wonder Stuff Hungarian Unix Portal, a webpage for Hungarian Linux/BSD/Unix users Harvard University Press SIGHUP, a signal... December 8 is the 342nd day (343rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• Head, Matthew (2000). Orientalism, Masquerade and Mozart's Turkish Music (Royal Musical Association Monographs S.). Ashgate. ISBN 0-947854-08-8. 
• Bellman, Jonathan (1993). The Style Hongrois in the Music of Western Europe. Northeastern University Press. ISBN 1-55553-169-5. 
• Popescu-Judetz, Eugenia (1999). Prince Dimitrie Cantemir: Theorist and Composer of Turkish music. Pan Books. ISBN 975-7652-82-2. 
• Tietze, Andreas & Yahalom, Joseph (1995). Ottoman Melodies - Hebrew Hymns: A 16th Century Cross-Cultural Adventure. Akademiai Kiado, Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica. ISBN 963-05-6864-0. 
• Stokes, Martin (2000). Sounds of Anatolia. Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0. 
• Bartok, Bela & Suchoff, Benjamin (1976). Turkish Folk Music from Asia Minor (The New York Bartok Archive Studies in Musicology, No. 7). Princeton Univ Pr. ISBN 0-691-09120-X. 
• Whose Song is it?. Yildirim, Ali © Tarkan Deluxe. Retrieved on Nov 9, 2004.
• Yunus Emre: Sufi and Mystic. Yildirim, Ali © Tarkan Deluxe. Retrieved on Dec 18, 2004.
• Turkish Music. Turkish Embassy. Retrieved on Apr 16, 2006.

November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 18 is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

External links

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• Music of Turkey
• Crossing The Bridge: Sounds from Istanbul
• Turkish Music and Voice Library
• Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative
• Ney Making House Web Site
• Golden Horn Records
• Insomnia Radio: Turkiye (Turkish Indie Music Available in English & Turkish)
• Lifting the Boundaries: Muzaffer Efendi and the Transmission of Sufism to the West by Gregory Blann
• Field music of the Ottoman Court and Europe