Broughton, Simon and Sultanova, Razia. "Bards of the Golden Road". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 24-31. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
Turkmenistan is also under the rule of one of the world's most autocratic and repressive dictatorships.
By the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia and subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of the Turkmen Republic as one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union in 1924.
Although Turkmenistan has lots of natural resources, for which the country's economy could potentially benefit, all of the revenue that comes from foreign investment of these resources is wasted by Niyazov for grandiose schemes such as erecting solid gold statues of himself in the country's capital.
Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1925.
Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy.
Between 1998 and 2002, Turkmenistan has suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt.
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