The Age of the Caliphs

The Muslim conquest of Syria occured in the first half of the 7th century.^[1] and refer's the region know as the Bilad al-Sham or the Levant. The region was the Iudaea Province of Byzantine (Roman) Empire and the their Arab client state (symmachos) of the Ghassanids.^[2] Arab forces had appeared on the southern borders even before the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad in 632, but the real invasion started in 633–634 under his successors, the Rashidun Caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar ibn Khattab with Khalid ibn al-Walid as it's most important leader.^[1] The Muslim conquests represent a century of rapid Arab and Islamic expansion that took place from the death of Mohammed in 632 to the Battle of Tours in 732, during which time a vast Muslim empire and area of influence would come to stretch from India, across the Middle East... This article needs to be wikified. ... Events Oswald of Bernicia becomes Bretwalda. ... Events May 28 - Severinus becomes pope, but dies the same year. ... Byzantine Empire (native Greek name: - Basileia tōn Romaiōn) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب) are a heterogenous ethnic group who are predominantly speakers of the Arabic language, mainly found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... The Four Righteously or Rightly Guided Caliphs or Khulifa Rashidoon in Arabic refers to the first four caliphs in the Sunni tradition of Islam who are seen as being model leaders. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... Caliph is the title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Combatants Muslims Byzantine (Roman) Empire[1] and Ghassanids Commanders Zayd ibn Harithah Jafar ibn Abu Talib Abdullah ibn Rawahah[2] Khalid ibn al-Walid Theodorus Strength 3,000 [2] Unknown but in many reliable sources the count was(100,000sassinad-100,000easteren roman) Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of... According to the ,Ar-raheeq Al-makhtum( the sealed nectar) the prize winning Biography of the noble prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him), the battle of Tabouk in the 9th year of the Muslim calendar (which started when Mohammad peace be upon him , migrated from Makkah to Madinah). ... Battle of Dathin was a minor battle between the Muslims and the Byzantines in February of 634. ... Combatants Byzantine Empire Arabs Commanders Theodorus Khalid ibn al-Walid, Shurahbil, Yazid, Amr Ibn al As Strength About 10,000 15-18,000 Casualties Heavy, more so than the Arabs Heavy, less than the Byzantines The Battle of Ajnadayn, fought on July 30, 634, was the first major pitched battle... Combatants Byzantine Empire Muslim Arabs Commanders Theodore the Sacellarius Baänes Khalid ibn Walid Strength About 70, 000 About 45,000 Casualties Heavy 3000 The Battle of Yarmouk (also spelled Yarmuk, Yarmuq or Hieromyax) took place between the Muslim Arabs and the Byzantine Empire in 636. ... Battle between Arab Muslim troops under Amr ibn al-Aas, and Byzantine troops, in Egypt, in the Spring of 646. ... Combatants Roman (Byzantine) Empire Umayyad Caliphate Commanders Constantine IV Muawiyah I Strength Unknown Unknown Casualties Unknown Unknown The First Arab Siege of Constantinople in 674 was a major conflict of the Byzantine-Arab Wars, and only the second time Constantinoples defences were tested. ... The Battle of Syllaeum was a naval battle between the Arabs and the Byzantine Empire in 677, in coordination with a series of land battles in Anatolia and Syria. ... Battle of That Al-Sawari was a naval battle between the Muslims and the Byzantines in 34 AH [1]. References ^ http://www. ... Combatants Umayyad Caliphate Byzantine Empire Commanders Hassan bin al-Numan Ioannes the Patrician and Tiberius Apsimar Strength 40,000 Unknown Casualties Unknown total loss of a territory The Battle of Carthage was fought in 698 between the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa, and the armies of the Umayyad Caliphate. ... Combatants Umayyad Caliphate Byzantine Empire, First Bulgarian Empire Commanders Maslama Leo III and Khan Tervel Strength 160,000-200,000 men, 2,000 ships 30,000 Byzantines, 50,000 Bulgarians Casualties Extremely high, estimates are 130,000-170,000 men, almost 2,000 ships Unknown The Second Arab siege of... Image File history File links Age_of_Caliphs. ... Image File history File links Age_of_Caliphs. ... The traditional Arabic term Bilad al-Sham (Arabic: بلاد الشام , also transliterated bilad-ush-sham etc. ... The Levant Levant is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... Iudaea Province in the 1st century Iudaea was a Roman province that extended over Judaea (Palestine). ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... The Ghassanids were Arab Christians that emigrated in 250 CE from Yemen to the Hauran, in southern Syria. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب) are a heterogenous ethnic group who are predominantly speakers of the Arabic language, mainly found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ... In religion, a prophet is a person who has directly encountered God, of whose intentions he can then speak. ... For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (disambiguation). ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... The Four Righteously or Rightly Guided Caliphs or Khulifa Rashidoon in Arabic refers to the first four caliphs in the Sunni tradition of Islam who are seen as being model leaders. ... Caliph is the title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... For other uses, see Umar (disambiguation). ... Khalid ibn Waleed (Arabic: خالد بن الوليد) (a. ...

Byzantine Syria

Syria had been administered from Constantinople for three centuries prior to the Arab conquest and was frequently contested over by the Persians.^[3] The Persian's under Khosrow I captured Antioch in 540 and in 573 the Sassanids had resumed attacks.^[3] The invasion of Khosrow II began in 606, was had just been rolled back by the victories of Heraclius, in the peace of 628 by capturing Jerusalem in 614 and winning at Chalcedon in 617.^[4] Map of Constantinople. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... A coin of Khosrau I Silver bowl showing Khusrau I Anushirvan, of the righteous soul seated on his throne. ... Antioch on the Orontes (Greek: Αντιόχεια η επί Δάφνη, Αντιόχεια η επί Ορόντου or Αντιόχεια η Μεγάλη; Latin: Antiochia ad Orontem, also Antiochia dei Siri), the Great Antioch or Syrian Antioch was an ancient city located on the eastern side (left bank) of the Orontes River about 30 km from the sea and its port, Seleucia Pieria. ... Events Byzantine general Belisarius conquers Milan and the Ostrogoth capital Ravenna. ... Events Pope Gregory I is ordained monk. ... Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate... Khosrau II, Parvez (the Victorious), king of Persia, son of Hormizd IV, grandson of Khosrau I, 590 - 628. ... Heraclius and his sons Heraclius Constantine and Heraclonas. ... Jerusalem (Hebrew:  , Yerushaláyim or Yerushalaim; Arabic:  , al-Quds (the Holy); official Arabic in Israel: أورشليم القدس, Urshalim-al-Quds (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names) is the capital and largest city[1] of the State of Israel with a population of 724,000 (as of May 24, 2006[2... Events The Persian Empire under general Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusalem; the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is damaged by fire and the True Cross is captured. ... Chalcedon (Χαλκεδον, sometimes transliterated by purists as Chalkedon; see also list of traditional Greek place names) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Ãœsküdar). ... Events Sui Gong Di succeeds Sui Yang Di as emperor of China. ...

The Conquest under Umar

The first territorial conquests were made under Khalid ibn Walid in Umar's reign; Damascus in 635. Damascus, and Jerusalem - considered by Muslims, Christians, and Jews alike to be a holy city - in 637.^[5] In 635 Damascus surrendered, its inhabitants being promised security for their lives, property, and churches, on payment of a poll tax; the Jizya. A counterattack by the emperor Heraclius was defeated at the Battle of the Yarmuk River in 636 and by 640 the conquest was virtually complete.^[1] Jerusalem (Hebrew:  , Yerushaláyim or Yerushalaim; Arabic:  , al-Quds (the Holy); official Arabic in Israel: أورشليم القدس, Urshalim-al-Quds (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names) is the capital and largest city[1] of the State of Israel with a population of 724,000 (as of May 24, 2006[2... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus of Nazareth, referred to as Christ. ... Events Arabs take Jerusalem Arabs take Aleppo Battle of al-Qadisiyah: Arabs defeat Persian army, take Persian capital of Ctesiphon Battle of Mag Rath: Dalriada influence in Ulster greatly reduced Births Deaths Categories: 637 ... In states ruled by Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (Arabic: جزْية) is a per capita tax imposed on non-Muslim adult males. ... Heraclius and his sons Heraclius Constantine and Heraclonas. ... Combatants Byzantine Empire Muslim Arabs Commanders Theodore the Sacellarius Baänes Khalid ibn Walid Strength About 200,000 About 24,000 Casualties Very Heavy,About 50,000 Unknown,Relativly low The Battle of Yarmuk (also spelled Yarmuq or Hieromyax) took place between the Muslim Arabs and the Byzantine Empire in... Events April 20 - Battle of Yarmuk - Byzantine Empire loses Syria to the Arabs The Arabs invade Persia Rothari marries queen Gundeparga, becomes king of the Lombards city of Basra Iraq founded by caliph Omar on a canal. ... Events May 28 - Severinus becomes pope, but dies the same year. ...

Arab Administration

The new rulers divided Syria into four districts (junds): Damascus, Hims, Jordan, and Palestine (to which a fifth, Kinnasrin, was later added)^[1] and the Arab garrisons were kept apart in camps, and life went on much as before for the local population.^[1] Conversion to Islam was limited to the Arab tribes already settled in Syria; except for the tribe of Ghassan.^[1] The Muslim's adopted policy of tolerance towards other religions, resulting in a positive effect on the new subject people, especially the Christians Nestorian and Jacobite Christians and Jews (People of the Book), who had been previously persecuted under Byzantine rule.^[5][1] The loyalty of his new subjects was paramount to the success of Muslim rule in the region, therefore excessive taxation or oppression was avoided.^[5] The taxes instituted were the kharaj - a tax that landowners and peasants paid according to the productivity of their fields - as well as the jizya - paid by non-Muslims in return for the freedom to practice their own religion.^[5] The Byzantines civil service was retained until a new system could be instituted therefore Greek remained the administrative language in the new Muslim territories for over 50 years after the conquests.^[5][1] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Homs (also Himş, Arabic, حمص, population 700,000) is an ancient city in Syria, dating back to 2300 B.C.. In Roman times it was known as Emesa. ... Palestine (from Latin: ; Hebrew: Pleshet, פלשתינה Palestina; Arabic: ‎ FilastÄ«n, FalastÄ«n) is one of several names for the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the banks of the Jordan River with various adjoining lands. ... For people named Garrison, see Garrison (disambiguation) Garrison House, built by William Damm in 1675 at Dover, New Hampshire Garrison (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, to equip) is the collective term for the body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but... The term People of the Book (Hebrew עם הספר, Am HaSefer) is used in Judaism where it refers specifically to the Jewish people and the Torah. ...

Umar was also engaged upon creating a buffer zone around all of Arabian Peninsula, the birthplace of Islam, and so while Syria was being captured to the west, Muslim forces were also heading east and engaging the Sassanid Empire there.^[5] After the Islamic conquest of Persia the Muslims were able to resume the offensive against the Byzantines by pushing into Aegyptus (Roman province).^[5] The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية, or جزيرة العرب) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ... Combatants Sassanid Persia Rashidun Caliphate The Islamic conquest of Persia (637-651 CE) led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia (modern day Iran). ... The Roman Empire ca. ...

under the Umayyad dynasty that came to power following the Muslim civil war The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... The First Fitna, 656–661 CE, followed the assassination of the caliph Uthman ibn Affan, continued during the brief caliphate of Ali ibn Abu Talib, and was ended, on the whole, by Muawiyas assumption of the caliphate. ...

The Conquest under Uthman

While Uthman ibn Affan did not expand the Arab Empire to the same degree as Umar, his armies thwarted the Byzantine attempt to reconquer Byzantine North Africa. In 639 he named his cousin, Mu'awiya, the governor of Syria and commissioned the construction of a Muslim fleet to guard the Mediterranean against Byzantine naval attacks.^[5][1] These newly developed naval capabilities helped in the subsequent conquest of the island of Cyprus in 649.^[5] Leave this page if youre under 18!! - Page contains huge lies and hardly has any facts > it will surely misguide you! Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان) (c. ... The Arab Empire could refer to: The Umayyad Caliphate The Abbasid Caliphate This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Muˤāwiyya I, or Muˤāwiyya ibn Abī-Sufyān (Arabic: ). (602 - May 6, 680) was the fifth Muslim Caliph and founder of the Umayyad Dynasty of Islamic caliphs. ...

The Rise of the Umayyads

When the first civil war broke out in the Muslim empire, as a result of the murder of 'Uthman and the nomination of 'Ali as caliph, Mu'awiyah used his base in Damascus to extended his authority over neighbouring provinces and was proclaimed caliph in 660.^[1] He was the first of the Umayyad line, which ruled the empire, with Syria as its core and Damascus its capital, for the next century.^[1] The First Fitna, 656–661 CE, followed the assassination of the caliph Uthman ibn Affan, continued during the brief caliphate of Ali ibn Abu Talib, and was ended, on the whole, by Muawiyas assumption of the caliphate. ... Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: علي بن أبي طالب translit: ‘Alī ibn Abu Ṭālib Persian: علی پسر ابو طالب) ‎ (599 – 661) is an early Islamic leader. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ...

See also

• Iudaea Province
• Muslim conquests
• Byzantine-Arab Wars
• Umayyad conquest of North Africa
• Muslim conquest of Egypt
• History of Syria
• History of Jordan
• Ghassanids
• History of Palestine
• History of the Levant

Iudaea Province in the 1st century Iudaea was a Roman province that extended over Judaea (Palestine). ... The Muslim conquests represent a century of rapid Arab and Islamic expansion that took place from the death of Mohammed in 632 to the Battle of Tours in 732, during which time a vast Muslim empire and area of influence would come to stretch from India, across the Middle East... This article needs to be wikified. ... Combatants Byzantine Empire Muslim Arabs (Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates) The Umayyad conquest of North Africa continued the century of rapid Arab Muslim expansion following the death of Mohammed in 632 CE. By 640 the Arabs controlled Mesopotamia, had invaded Armenia, and were concluding their conquest of Byzantine Syria. ... Combatants Byzantine Empire Muslim Arabs (Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates) At the commencement of the Muslim conquest of Egypt, Egypt was part of the Byzantine Empire with its capital in Constantinople. ... This article deals with the History of Syria, and the nations previously occupying its territory. ... History of Jordan. ... language|Arabic]]:الغساسنة) were [[Arab Christian|Arab it is assumed that the Ghassanids adopted the religion of Christianity from the native Aramaeans and Romans. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... This article deals with the general history of the Levant, which is an antiquated geographical term that refers to a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the north, and Mesopotamia to the east. ...

Footnotes

External links

• Multimedia History Tutorials by the Applied History Group, The Islamic World to 1600 , University of Calgary. [5]
• Edward Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 51
• Bishop John NIkiou The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu Chapters CXVI-CXXI