NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Myriapoda

Myriapoda is a subphylum of arthropods containing millipedes, centipedes and others. The group contains 13,000 species, all of which are terrestrial ^[2]. Although their name suggests they have myriad (10,000) legs, myriapods range from having over 750 legs (Illacme plenipes) ^[3] to having fewer than ten legs. They have a single pair of antennae and simple eyes. In biology, a subphylum is a taxonomic rank intermediate between phylum and superclass. ... Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - spiders,scorpions, etc. ... For other uses, see Millipede (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Centipede (disambiguation). ... Terrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land, as compared with aquatic animals, which live predominantly or entirely in the water (e. ... Look up myriad in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Illacme plenipes is a species of millipede living in Central California, the only one coming even close to living up to its name -- millipede means thousand feet in Greek. ... Insects display a wide variety of antennal shapes. ...

Myriapods are most abundant in moist forests, where they fulfil an important role in breaking down decaying plant material ^[2], although a few live in grasslands, semi-arid habitats or even deserts ^[4]. The majority are herbivorous, with the exception of centipedes, which are chiefly nocturnal predators. Pauropodans and symphylans are small, sometimes microscopic animals that resemble centipedes superficially and live in soils. Millipedes differ from the other groups in having their body segments fused into pairs, giving the appearance that each segment bears two pairs of legs, while the other three groups have a single pair of legs on each body segment. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Semi-arid generally describes regions that receive low annual rainfall (25 to 50 cm /10 to 20 in) and generally have scrub or grass vegetation. ... A deer and two fawns feeding on some foliage A herbivore is often defined as any organism that eats only plants[1]. By that definition, many fungi, some bacteria, many animals, about 1% of flowering plants and some protists can be considered herbivores. ... For other uses, see Centipede (disambiguation). ... This snapping turtle is trying to make a meal of a Canada goose, but the goose is too wary. ... Families Scutigerellidae Scolopendrellidae Symphylans, also known as garden centipedes or glasshouse symphylans, are soil-dwelling arthropods of the class Symphyla in the subphylum Myriapoda. ... Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland Technically, soil forms the pedosphere: the interface between the lithosphere (rocky part of the planet) and the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. ... Segmentation in biology refers to the division of some metazoan bodies and plant body plans into a series of semi-repetitive segments, and the question of the benefits and costs of doing so. ... An insect leg The arthropod leg is a form of jointed appendage of arthropods, usually used for walking. ...

Although not generally considered dangerous to humans, many myriapods produce noxious secretions (often containing benzoquinones) which can cause temporary blistering and discolouration of the skin ^[5]. Secretion is the process of segregating, elaborating, and releasing chemicals from a cell, or a secreted chemical substance or amount of substance. ... Benzoquinones (a type of quinone with a benzene ring) can refer to: 1,2-Benzoquinone 1,4-Benzoquinone Category: ... For the packaging type, see Blister pack. ...

The fossil record of myriapods reaches back into the late Silurian, although molecular evidence suggests a diversification in the Cambrian Period ^[6], and Cambrian fossils exist which resemble myriapods ^[2]. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Fossil. ... The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Ordovician period, about 443. ... The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 542 million years before the present (BP) at the end of the Proterozoic eon_geology and ended about 490 million years BP with the beginning of the Ordovician period. ...

Classification

There has been much debate as to which arthropod group is most closely related to the Myriapoda. Under the Mandibulata hypothesis, Myriapoda is the sister taxon to Pancrustacea, a group comprising the Crustacea and Hexapoda. Under the Atelocerata hypothesis, Hexapoda is the closest, whereas under the Paradoxopoda hypothesis, Chelicerata is the closest. This last hypothesis, although supported by few, if any, morphological characters, is supported by a number of molecular studies ^[7]. In arthropods, the mandible is either of a pair of arthropod mouthparts used for biting, cutting and holding food. ... This cladogram shows the relationship among various insect groups. ... Subphyla Crustacea Hexapoda Pancrustacea is a proposed taxon, comprising all crustaceans and hexapods [1]. This grouping is contrary to the Atelocerata hypothesis, in which Myriapoda and Hexapoda are sister taxa, and Crustacea are only more distantly related. ... Classes Remipedia Cephalocarida Branchiopoda Ostracoda Maxillopoda Malacostraca The crustaceans (Crustacea) are a large group of arthropods (55,000 species), usually treated as a subphylum. ... Classes & Orders Class Insecta (insects) Class Entognatha The subphylum Hexapoda (from the Greek for six legs) constitutes the largest (in terms of number of species) grouping of arthropods and includes the insects as well as three much smaller groups of wingless arthropods: Collembola, Protura, and Diplura. ... The Atelocerata Heymons, 1901 is a monophyletic group formed by the Hexapoda + Myriapoda, and sister group of the Eucrustacea, if the Mandibulata concept is favored. ... Classes & Orders Class Insecta (insects) Class Entognatha The subphylum Hexapoda (from the Greek for six legs) constitutes the largest (in terms of number of species) grouping of arthropods and includes the insects as well as three much smaller groups of wingless arthropods: Collembola, Protura, and Diplura. ... Classes Arachnida- spiders, scorpions, etc. ... Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. ...

There are four classes of extant myriapods, Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda, Pauropoda and Symphyla, containing a total of around 12,000 species ^[8]. While each of these groups of myriapods is believed to be monophyletic, relationships among them are less certain ^[9]. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 532 pixelsFull resolution (1000 Ã— 665 pixel, file size: 901 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 532 pixelsFull resolution (1000 Ã— 665 pixel, file size: 901 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 431 pixelsFull resolution (2175 Ã— 1173 pixel, file size: 530 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 431 pixelsFull resolution (2175 Ã— 1173 pixel, file size: 530 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Binomial name (Leach, 1814) [1] Tachypodoiulus niger, known variously as the white-legged snake millipede or the black millipede, is a European species of millipede. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 309 pixelsFull resolution (1158 Ã— 447 pixel, file size: 178 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions no File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 309 pixelsFull resolution (1158 Ã— 447 pixel, file size: 178 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions no File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 358 pixelsFull resolution (823 Ã— 368 pixel, file size: 175 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions no File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 358 pixelsFull resolution (823 Ã— 368 pixel, file size: 175 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Other versions no File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... For other uses, see Centipede (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Millipede (disambiguation). ... Families Afrauropodidae Brachypauropodidae Millotauropodidae Pauropodidae Wikispecies has information related to: Pauropoda Pauropods are small, pale, centipede-like arthropods. ... Families Scutigerellidae Scolopendrellidae Symphylans, also known as Garden Centipedes or Glasshouse Symphylans, are soil-dwelling arthropods of the Class Symphyla in the Subphylum Myriapoda. ... The hierarchy of scientific classification. ... In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: of one race) if it consists of an inferred common ancestor and all its descendants. ...

Centipedes

Centipedes make up the order Chilopoda. They are fast, predatory and venomous, hunting mostly at night. There are around 3,300 species ^[8], ranging from the diminutive Nannarup hoffmani (less than half an inch in length, c. 12 mm) ^[10] to the giant Scolopendra gigantea, which may exceed 30 cm (12 in). For other uses, see Centipede (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Centipede (disambiguation). ... This snapping turtle is trying to make a meal of a Canada goose, but the goose is too wary. ... Wasp sting, with droplet of venom Venom (literally, poison of animal origin) is any of a variety of toxins used by animals, for the purpose of defense and hunting. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, â€³ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1758) Scolopendra gigantea, the Peruvian giant yellowleg centipede or Amazonian giant centipede, is the worlds largest representative of the genus Scolopendra, regularly reaching lengths of 26 cm and can exceed 30 cm [1]. It inhabits the northern and western regions of South America and the islands... A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ...

Millipedes

Most millipedes are slower than centipedes, and feed on leaf litter and detritus. They are distinguished by the fusion of each pair of body segments into a single unit, giving the appearance of having two pairs of legs per segment. Around 8,000 species have been described, which may represent less than a tenth of the true global millipede diversity ^[8]. One species, Illacme plenipes has the greatest number of legs of any animal, with 750 ^[3]. Pill millipedes are much shorter, and are capable of rolling up into a ball, like pillbugs. For other uses, see Millipede (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Millipede (disambiguation). ... Fungus growing in leaf litter Leaf litter (sometimes called leaf mold or tree litter) is the layer of leaves and other forms of decomposing matter found on the ground beneath vegetation. ... Detritus may refer to: In geology, detritus is the name for loose fragments of rock that have been worn away by erosion. ... Segmentation in biology refers to the division of some metazoan bodies and plant body plans into a series of semi-repetitive segments, and the question of the benefits and costs of doing so. ... Illacme plenipes is a species of millipede living in Central California, the only one coming even close to living up to its name -- millipede means thousand feet in Greek. ... Subclasses, orders and families See text. ... Genera Not a complete list Alloschizidium Armadillidium Ballodillium Cristarmadillidium Cyphodillidium Echinarmadillidium Eleoniscus Eluma Paraschizidium Paxodillidium Platanosphaera Schizidium Trichodillidium Troglarmadillidium Typhlarmadillidium Armadillidiidae is a terrestrial family of the order Isopoda. ...

Symphyla

About 200 species of symphylans are known worldwide ^[8]. They resemble centipedes but are smaller and translucent. Many spend their lives as soil infauna, but some live arboreally. Juveniles have six pairs of legs, but, over a lifetime of several years, add an additional pair at each moult so that the adult instar has twelve pairs of legs ^[11]. Families Scutigerellidae Scolopendrellidae Symphylans, also known as Garden Centipedes or Glasshouse Symphylans, are soil-dwelling arthropods of the Class Symphyla in the Subphylum Myriapoda. ... Families Scutigerellidae Scolopendrellidae Symphylans, also known as Garden Centipedes or Glasshouse Symphylans, are soil-dwelling arthropods of the Class Symphyla in the Subphylum Myriapoda. ... Infauna are aquatic organisms (usually animals, but sometimes algae) that live within particulate media such as sediments or soil. ... This article is about the biological organisms known as trees. ... Ecdysis is the molting of the cuticula in arthropods and related groups (Ecdysozoa). ... An instar is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each molt. ...

Pauropoda

Pauropoda is another small group of small myriapods. They are typically 0.5–2.0 mm long and live in the soil on all continents except Antarctica ^[12]. Over 700 species have been described ^[8]. They are believed to be the sister group to millipedes, and have the dorsal tergites fused across pairs of segments, similar to the more complete fusion of segments seen in millipedes ^[13]. Families Afrauropodidae Brachypauropodidae Millotauropodidae Pauropodidae Wikispecies has information related to: Pauropoda Pauropods are small, pale, centipede-like arthropods. ... Families Afrauropodidae Brachypauropodidae Millotauropodidae Pauropodidae Wikispecies has information related to: Pauropoda Pauropods are small, pale, centipede-like arthropods. ... This cladogram shows the relationship among various insect groups. ... A tergum (pl. ...

References

^ Myriapoda (TSN 563885). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ben Waggoner (1996-02-21). Introduction to the Myriapoda. University of California, Berkeley.
^ ^a ^b Paul E. Marek & Jason E. Bond (2006-06-08). Biodiversity hotspots: rediscovery of the world's leggiest animal. Nature 441: 707. doi:10.1038/441707a.
^ Myriapod. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.
^ Strange and Unusual Millipedes. herper.com. Retrieved on 2007-07-02.
^ Markus Friedrich & Diethard Tautz (2002). Ribosomal DNA phylogeny of the major extant arthropod classes and the evolution of myriapods. Nature 376: 165–167. DOI:10.1038/376165a0.
^ Alexandre Hassanin (2006). Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 100–116. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e A. D. Chapman (2005). Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World. Department of the Environment and Heritage. ISBN 0-642-56850-2.
^ Jerome C. Regiera, Heather M. Wilson & Jeffrey W. Shultz (2005). Phylogenetic analysis of Myriapoda using three nuclear protein-coding genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34: 147–158. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.09.005.
^ "Central Park survey finds new centipede", American Museum of Natural History, 2003-01-29.
^ Garden Symphylans. Integrated Pest Management on Peppermint-IPMP3.0. Oregon State University. Retrieved on 2007-07-02.
^ Pauropods: Pauropoda. Insects and Spiders Scientific Reference. Retrieved on 2007-07-02.
^ David Kendall (2005-06-06). Pauropods & Symphylids. Kendall Bioresearch.

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Contents

Centipedes

Millipedes

Symphyla

Pauropoda

References