Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) are two important coenzymes found in cells. NADH is the reduced form and NAD⁺ is the oxidized form of NAD.

NAD is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group (much as ADP forms ATP). NADP is produced in the preliminary cycles of photosynthesis, and is used in the later Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. It is used in many other anabolic reactions in various organisms as well.

MH₂ + NAD⁺ → NADH + H⁺ + M: + energy, where M is a metabolite.

Two hydrogen ions (a hydride ion and an H⁺ ion) are transferred from the metabolite. Two electrons are transferred to the positively charged nitrogen, and one hydrogen attaches to the carbon atom opposite to the nitrogen.

The human body synthesises NAD from the vitamin niacin in the form of nicotinic acid or nicotinamide.

See also

• Adenine
• Nucleotide

References and external links

• NAD and NADP (http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/N/NAD.html)
• Nicotinamide (http://www.greatvistachemicals.com/pharmaceutical_intermediates/nicotinamide.html)