Naloxone
Systematic (IUPAC) name
17-allyl-4,5α-epoxy- 3,14-dihydroxymorphinan-6-one
Identifiers
CAS number	465-65-6
ATC code	V03AB15
PubChem	4425
DrugBank	APRD00025
Chemical data
Formula	C19H21NO4
Mol. weight	327.27
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	2% (90% absorption but high first-pass metabolism)
Metabolism	Liver
Half life	1-1.5 hours
Excretion	Urine, Biliary
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	B (USA) B1 (Aus) Image File history File links The structure of naloxone. ... Image File history File links Naloxone. ... IUPAC nomenclature is a systematic way of naming organic chemical compounds. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences and alloys. ... The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... PubChem is a database of chemical molecules . ... DrugBank is a database available at the University of Alberta that provides information about thousands of products. ... A chemical formula (also called molecular formula) is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. ... The molecular mass of a substance (less accurately called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW) is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... In pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of medication that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with cell metabolism and carbohydrates. ... The liver is an organ in living beings, including humans. ... The elimination half-life of a drug (or any xenobiotic agent) refers to the timecourse necessary for the quantity of the xenobiotic agent in the body (or plasma concentration) to be reduced to half of its original level through various elimination processes. ... Excretion is the biological process by which an organism chemically separates waste products from its body. ... The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. ... Motto: None Anthem: Advance Australia Fair Royal anthem: God Save the Queen Capital Canberra Largest city Sydney English (de facto 1) Government Constitutional monarchy (federal)  - Queen Elizabeth II  - Governor-General Michael Jeffery  - Prime Minister John Howard Independence from the UK   - Constitution 1 January 1901   - Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931...
Legal status	Schedule 4 (Aus) The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction. ... Motto: None Anthem: Advance Australia Fair Royal anthem: God Save the Queen Capital Canberra Largest city Sydney English (de facto 1) Government Constitutional monarchy (federal)  - Queen Elizabeth II  - Governor-General Michael Jeffery  - Prime Minister John Howard Independence from the UK   - Constitution 1 January 1901   - Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931...
Routes	IV, IM

Naloxone is a drug used to counter the effects of opioid overdose, for example heroin and morphine overdose. Specifically, naloxone is used in opioid overdoses for countering life-threatening depression of the central nervous system and respiratory system. It is marketed under trade names including Narcan, Nalone, and Narcanti and has sometimes been mistakenly called "naltrexate." It is also not to be confused with Naltrexone, another opioid antagonist that has qualitatively different effects. In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body 1. ... Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... Intramuscular injection is an injection of a substance directly into a muscle. ... Oral medication A medication is a licenced drug taken to cure or reduce symptoms of an illness or medical condition. ... An opioid is any agent that binds to opioid receptors, found principally in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. ... Heroin, also known as diamorphine (BAN) or diacetylmorphine (INN), is a semi-synthetic opioid. ... Morphine (INN) (IPA: ) is an extremely powerful opiate analgesic drug and is the principal active agent in opium. ... Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist used primarily in the management of alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. ... An opioid is any agent that binds to opioid receptors, found principally in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. ... An antagonist is a character or group of characters, or, sometimes an institution of a story who represents the opposition against which the heroes and/or protagonists must contend. ...

Physiology

Naloxone has an extremely high affinity for μ-opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Naloxone is a μ-opioid receptor competitive antagonist, and its rapid blockade of those receptors often produces rapid onset of withdrawal symptoms. Naloxone also has an antagonist action, though with a lower affinity, at κ- and δ-opioid receptors. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ... A competitive antagonist is a receptor antagonist which binds to a receptor but fails to activate it. ... Withdrawal refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes a physical dependency is regularly used for a long time and then suddenly discontinued or decreased in dosage. ...

Chemistry

Naloxone is synthesized from thebaine. The chemical structure of naloxone resembles that of oxymorphone, the only difference being the substitution of the N-methyl group with an allyl (prop-2-enyl) group. The name naloxone has been derived from N-allyl and oxymorphone. In chemistry, the phrase chemical synthesis appears to have one of two meanings. ... A minor constituent of opium, thebaine or paramorphine (C19H21NO3) is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine, but produces stimulatory rather than depressant effects. ... Chemical structure refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together. ... Oxymorphone (Numorphan) is a powerful semi-synthetic narcotic analgesic that is derived from morphine, and is approximately 6-8 times more potent. ... The general structure of an amine Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. ... In chemistry a methyl-group is a hydrophobic Alkyl functional group which is derived from methane (CH4). ... In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules, that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. ... An allyl group is an alkene hydrocarbon group with the formula H2C=CH-CH2-. It is made up of a vinyl group, CH2=CH-, attached to a methylene -CH2. ...

Administration

Naloxone is injected, usually initially intravenously for fastest action. The drug acts after about two minutes, and its effects may last about 45 minutes. Other routes, including intramuscular injection and intranasal injection (use of a wedge device attached to the syringe to create a mist delivering the drug to the nasal mucosa) may also be utilized, although these are more likely in the prehospital setting. An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... The mucous membranes (or mucosa) are linings of ectodermic origin, covered in epithelium, that line various body cavities and internal organs. ...

Uses

Naloxone has been distributed as part of emergency kits to heroin users, and this has been shown to reduce rates of fatal overdose. Projects of this type are underway in San Francisco, New Mexico, Philadelphia, New York State, Baltimore, Boston, Los Angeles and Chicago, with pilot projects started in Scotland in 2006. This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the City That Loves You Back, the Quaker City, The Birthplace of America Motto: Philadelphia maneto - Let brotherly love continue Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D... Nickname: The Windy City, The Second City, Chi Town, The City of Big Shoulders The 312 Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in Chicagoland and Illinois Coordinates: Country United States State Illinois County Cook Incorporated March 4, 1837 Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area... Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots 2 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by Kenneth I...

The drug also blocks the action of pain-lowering endorphins which the body produces naturally. The likely reason for this is that these endorphins operate on the same opioid receptors. In one experiment, women treated with naloxone reported higher pain levels during childbirth than women not so treated; in another experiment, the pain lowering effect of placebos was blocked if the placebos were administered along with naloxone. Endorphins (or more correctly Endomorphines) are endogenous opioid biochemical compounds. ... Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a human pregnancy with the emergence of a newborn infant from its mothers uterus. ... It has been suggested that Placebo effect be merged into this article or section. ...

While naloxone is still often used in emergency treatments for opioid overdose, its clinical use in the long-term treatment of opioid addiction is being increasingly superseded by naltrexone. Naltrexone is structurally similar but has a slightly increased affinity for κ-opioid receptors over naloxone, can be administered orally and has a longer duration of action. Addiction is a mental or physical disorder proposed to be precipitated by a combination of genetic, biological/pharmacological and social factors. ... Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist used primarily in the management of alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. ...

Enteral naloxone has been successfully used in the reduction of gastritis and oesophagitis associated with opioid therapy in mechanically-ventilated acute care patients. Gastritis is a medical term for inflammation of the lining of the stomach. ...

The effect of the hallucogenic plant Salvia Divinorum and its primary active chemical Salvinorin-A can be inhibited by the pre-administration of naloxone, as well as PCP, ketamine, and dextromethorphan Binomial name Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva Salvia divinorum, also known as Diviners Sage, Magic Mint, Sally D, Ska María Pastora, or simply Salvia (although the genus name is shared among many plants) is a powerful psychoactive plant, a member of the sage genus and the Lamiaceae (mint... PCP can be used to describe many things including: Partido Comunista del Peru, a. ... Ketamine is a general dissociative anaesthetic for human and veterinary use. ... Dextromethorphan (DM or DXM) is an antitussive drug that is found in many over-the-counter cold and cough preparations, usually in the form of dextromethorphan hydrobromide. ...

Naloxone is also being used as a secondary chemical in the FDA approved medicine Suboxone. Suboxone and Subutex were created as part of a detox program to well help opiate addicted patients stop using opiates. Suboxone contains 4 parts Buprenorphine and 1 part Naloxone. While Subutex contains only Buprenorphrine. The United States Food and Drug Administration is the government agency responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, biologics and blood products in the United States. ... Buprenorphine, also colloquially referred to as bupe, is an opioid drug with partial agonist and antagonist actions. ... Buprenorphine, also colloquially referred to as bupe, is an opioid drug with partial agonist and antagonist actions. ... Buprenorphine, also colloquially referred to as bupe, is an opioid drug with partial agonist and antagonist actions. ... The term opiate refers to the alkaloids found in opium, an extract from the seed pods of the opium poppy (). It has also traditionally referred to natural and semi-synthetic derivatives of morphine. ... Buprenorphine, also colloquially referred to as bupe, is an opioid drug with partial agonist and antagonist actions. ...

The Naloxone was placed in the Suboxone in an effort to dissuade patients from grinding up the Suboxone tablet and using it as part of a combination of opiates that the user would inject into their body. The Naloxone will block the effects of any opiates and cause the user to go into immediate withdrawal.

The Naloxone has no other use in Suboxone other than preventing users from injecting the Suboxone in the body. However, the Naloxone in Suboxone does cause side effects in some people. These side effects include, but are not limited to, Asthenia, chills, Headache, Infection, Pain, Pain in the Abdomen, Back Pain, Withdrawal Syndrome, Vasodilation, Constipation, Diarhea, Nausea, Vomiting, Insomnia, and Sweating. Other than patients who might inject opiates, there is no reason for Naloxone in Suboxone. Because of these side effects, the FDA recommends that doctors begin any chemical detox using Subutex, which does not contain any Naloxone. By this manner, if for some reason the doctor moves the patient to Suboxone and the patient begins having side effects related to Naloxone, the doctor can easily move the patient back to Subutex. Asthenia is a medical term denoting weakness, lack of energy and strength. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A headache (medically known as cephalalgia, sometimes spelled as cephalgia) is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ... An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ... Look up Pain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Pain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The abdomen is a part of the body. ... Back pain (also known as dorsopathy) is pain felt in the human back that may come from the muscles, nerves, bones, joints or other structures in the spine. ... Withdrawal refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes a physical dependency is regularly used for a long time and then suddenly discontinued or decreased in dosage. ... The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ... Constipation or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person (or animal) experiences hard feces that are difficult to eliminate; it may be extremely painful, and in severe cases (fecal impaction) lead to symptoms of bowel obstruction. ... Diarrhea or diarrhoea (in British English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the ancient Greek word διαρροή = leakage; literally meaning to run through). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause of death in developing countries (particularly among infants), accounting for 5 to 8... For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ... Vomiting (also throwing up or emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of ones stomach through the mouth. ... Insomnia is characterized by an inability to sleep and/or to be incapable of remaining asleep for a reasonable period. ... Sweating (also called perspiration or sometimes transpiration) is the loss of a watery fluid, consisting mainly of sodium chloride (commonly known as salt) and urea in solution, that is secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals. ... Buprenorphine, also colloquially referred to as bupe, is an opioid drug with partial agonist and antagonist actions. ...

For these reasons and others, it has been reported that Subutex is easier to withdraw from than is Suboxone.

Legal status

The patent for Naloxone has expired and it is manufactured by various companies. A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a patentee (the inventor or assignee) for a fixed period of time in exchange for the regulated, public disclosure of certain details of a device, method, process or composition of matter (substance) (known as an invention) which...

Identification

The CAS number of naloxone is 465-65-6; the anhydrous hydrochloride salt has CAS 357-08-4 and the hydrochloride salt with 2 molecules of water has CAS 51481-60-8. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences and alloys. ... In chemistry, hydrochlorides are salts resulting, or regarded as resulting, from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base (mostly amines). ... A magnified crystal of a salt (halite/sodium chloride) A salt, in chemistry, is any ionic compound composed of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negative ions) so that the product is neutral (without a net charge). ...

External links

• [1] Chicago Recovery Alliance's naloxone distrobution project
• Report on Naloxone and other opiate antidotes, by the International Programme on Chemical Safety
• Links to external chemical sources.