The Nanai language is spoken by the Nanai people in Siberia, and to a much smaller extent in China's Heilongjiang province, where it is known as Hezhe. The language has about 5,772 speakers out of 11,000 members of the ethnicity, but most of them (especially younger generations) are also fluent in Russian or Chinese (depending on the country where they live), and mostly use one of those languages for communication.^[2] It has been suggested that Western Siberia be merged into this article or section. ... Heilongjiang (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江省; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江省; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Postal System Pinyin: Heilungkiang) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ... Current distribution of Human Language Families A language family is a group of related languages said to have descended from a common proto-language. ... Altaic is a proposed language family which includes 66 languages [1] spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia. ... Altaic is a putative language family which would include 60 languages spoken by about 250 million people, mostly in and around central Asia. ... Tungusic languages (or Manchu-Tungus languages) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. ... Tungusic languages (or Manchu-Tungus languages) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. ... Tungusic languages (or Manchu-Tungus languages) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is in process of development as an international standard for language codes. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone meaning sound, voice) is the study of the sounds of human speech. ... Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. ... The Nanai people (self name нани; tr. ... It has been suggested that Western Siberia be merged into this article or section. ... Heilongjiang (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江省; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江省; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Postal System Pinyin: Heilungkiang) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ...

Nomenclature

In China, the language is referred to as hè zhé yǔ (Chinese: 赫哲语). The Nanai people there variously refer to themselves as /na nio/, /na bəi/, /na nai/ (which all mean "local people"), /ki lən/, and /χə ɖʐən/, the last being the source of the Chinese ethnonym Hezhe.^[3]

Distribution

The language is distributed across several distantly-located areas:

• Middle/lower Amur dialects (Naykhin, Dzhuen, Bolon, Ekon, etc.): the areas along the Amur River below Khabarovsk (Nanai, Amursk, Solnechny, and Komsomolsk districts of Khabarovsk Krai);
• Kur-Urmi dialect: the area around the city of Khabarovsk (the Kur and Urmi rivers, and the Khabarovsk District of Khabarovsk Krai);
• Bikin dialect: Pozharsky District of Primorsky Krai (near the middle Ussuri River)^[4]
• Sungari dialect: boundary areas of the Ussuri River in China^[5]

It is though that in Russia, the Nanai language has been best preserved in the Nanai District of Khabarovsk Krai, because of the active Nanai-speaking community there, which has been active in working on the publication of books in Nanai, as well as textbooks on the language, and also because of the ethnic autonomous status of the Nanai District. According to Stolyarov's data, the world-wide Nanai population is 11,883, of whom 8,940 live in rural localities of Khabarovsk Krai. However, only 100-150 native speakers of the language remain there.^[6] The 2002 Census recorded 12,194 people who claimed to speak the language, 90% in Khabarovsk Krai, 3.5% in Primorsky Krai, 1.3% in Sakhalin Oblast, and no more than 0.5% in any other area; of those, only 49, almost all in Khabarovsk Krai, were not also bilingual in Russian.^[7] Three ethnic Nanai villages remain, those being Dzhuen, Ulika, and Dada; in the remaining populated areas, the proportion of Nanais among local residents is much smaller.^[8] Komsomolsk-on-Amur (Russian: Комсомо́льск-на-Аму́ре; often transliterated directly as Komsomolsk-na-Amure) is a city located in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia on the left bank of Amur River. ... Khabarovsk Krai (Russian: ) (1995 pop. ... Government Country District Krai Russia Far Eastern Federal District Khabarovsk Krai Established 1858 Mayor Alexandr Sokolov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 372 km² Population  - City (2005) 579,000 Coordinates Other Information Postal Code 680xxx Dialing Code +7 4212 Website: www. ... The Kur River (Russian: ) is a river in the Khabarovsk Krai, 434 km long. ... The Urmi River (Russian: ) is a river in Khabarovsk Krai of Russia. ... Khabarovsk Krai (Russian: ) (1995 pop. ... Administrative center Vladivostok Area - total - % water Ranked 26th - 165,900 km² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 26th - est. ... The Ussuri River (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Russian: река Уссури; Manchu: Usuri ula) is a river in the east of Northeast China and south of the Russian Far East. ... Russian Census of 2002 (Russian: ) was the first census of Russian Federation carried out on October 9, 2002. ... Administrative center Vladivostok Area - total - % water Ranked 26th - 165,900 km² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 26th - est. ... Sakhalin Oblast on the map of Russia Flag of Sakhalin Oblast Sakhalin Oblast (Russian: , Sakhalinskaya Oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ...

Even in Russia, the situation for language preservation is not favorable: the carriers of language are scattered in different villages and often isolated from each other. The Nanai language continues to be used in the sphere of everyday contact among people older than 40. In their contact with people their age or younger, they prefer the Russian language, using Nanaian only for contact with elderly people aged 70 or older. On the whole, the Nanai language has been superseded by Russian in almost all spheres of communication; drastic measures are required for language preservation.^{[citation needed]}

Scholars in China have traditionally presented less fine-grained dialect classifications; An identified only two, Hezhen and Qile'en, the former referring to all varieties of the language spoken in Russia. He conducted his studies in Jiejinkou, Bacha, And Sipai villages in Heilongjiang; at the time of his survey in 1982, the youngest fluent speaker was 55, and the oldest 72.^[9]

Historical dialect classifications

There are several classifications of Nanai dialects. Early classifications tended to be areal and paid less attention to criteria for the differentiation of dialects. Lipskoy-Val'rond's classification, which distinguishes seven dialects, is one example of this; he distinguished the Sungari, Upper Amur, Ussuri, Urmi, Kur, Central Amur, and Lower Amur dialects. ^[10] In the 1920s, the period of initial studies of the Nanai language, the area of settlement of the Nanai people was more extensive than at present; many dialects, which had not yet been classified by researchers, later disappeared, and remain unnamed. Location of the Songhua River is in dark blue. ... The Amur River (Russian: Амур; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: , or Black Dragon River; Mayan; Mongolian: Хара-Мурэн, Khara-Muren or Black River; Manchu: Sahaliyan Ula, literal meaning Black River) is Earths eighth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Manchuria in China. ... The Ussuri River (Chinese: Wūsūlǐ Jīang 乌苏里江, Russian: река Уссури) is a river in south east Russia, flowing north, forming part of the Chinese border, to the Amur River. ... The Urmi River (Russian: ) is a river in Khabarovsk Krai of Russia. ... The Kur River (Russian: ) is a river in the Khabarovsk Krai, 434 km long. ...

The next period of studies did not begin until after a 20-year interruption, at the end of the 1940s; by then, the number of dialects had grown, and subsequent classifications distinguished as many as ten. Also, the distribution of the Nanai language had sharply narrowed; many Lower Amur and Ussuri dialects remained unstudied. According to Sunik's classification, which emphasizes morphological and phonetic features,^[11] "Nanaian language forms two groups, which are decomposed into a number of dialects".^[12] The Amur River (Russian: Амур; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: , or Black Dragon River; Mayan; Mongolian: Хара-Мурэн, Khara-Muren or Black River; Manchu: Sahaliyan Ula, literal meaning Black River) is Earths eighth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Manchuria in China. ... The Ussuri River (Chinese: Wūsūlǐ Jīang 乌苏里江, Russian: река Уссури) is a river in south east Russia, flowing north, forming part of the Chinese border, to the Amur River. ...

1. Upper Amur: Sakachi-Alyan, Naykhin, Bolon, Dzhuen, Garin
2. Central Amur: Kur-Urmi, Bikin, Right-bank Amur, Sungari, Ussuri

Avrorin divided the language into three varieties: Sungari (aka Upper Amur), (Lower) Amur, and Kur-Urmi, further subdividing them into a number of dialects. The basic difference with Sunik's classification concerns the Amur and Upper Amur groups: Avrovin considered Bolon and Dzhuen under Naykhin, while separating Kur-Urmi as its own group, while Sunik viewed Kur-Urmi as a dialect.^[13] Sem, in contrast, classified Nanai into Upper, Central, and Lower Amur groups, each divided into a number of dialects; he counted a total of ten dialects.^[14]

1. Upper Amur: Right-bank Amur, Sungari, Bikin (Ussuri), Kur-Urmi
2. Central Amur: Sakachi-Alyan, Naykhin, Dzhuen
3. Lower Amur: Bolon, Ekon, Gorin

It should be noted that among the contemporary carriers of Nanaian language (middle and lower Amur dialects), dialect levelling and mixing has occurred due to extensive population migrations and the system of teaching of Nanai language (based on the Naykhin dialect); therefore it is difficult to differentiate the dialects in contemporary language data. There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

Pedagogy

The Nanai language is taught in secondary schools in Russia, mainly in Nanai villages in Khabarovsk Krai.^[15] The duration of instruction and weekly contact hours vary; a standard curriculum used in 7 villages. Furthermore, in the villages of Belgo, Nizhnie Khalby (Lower Khalby), and Verkhnyaya Ekon (Upper Ekon), there is an experimental teaching programe in Nanaian language with a greater number of contact hours. Normally there are one to two contact hours per week; in different schools, the duration of instruction varies from 4 to 10 years, beginning from the first year. In the schools with the experimental program, the language is taught from years 1 through 9 with a larger number of contact hours.^{[citation needed]} Khabarovsk Krai (Russian: ) (1995 pop. ...

Textbooks on the Nanai language, fairy tales, and artistic literature are used in Nanai language teaching. Sometimes teachers took the initiative to use oral folklore as well. However, there is a shortage of teaching and auxiliary materials, as well as difficulty in motivating students. Nanai language textbooks follow the model of Russian language textbooks aimed at native speakers, rather than emphasising instruction in the language itself, and in the theoretical/practical grammar. This model is not adequate for the situation of heritage language preservation. Moreover the existing language teaching materials are oriented predominantly (or only) towards the development of reading habits; however, the number of publications in the Nanaian language does not exceed one-two ten, mostly collections of folklore or artistic works of the historical-biographical genre, publishing in limited print runs. Instruction in spoken language is not conducted sufficiently and is not reinforced by teaching aids.^{[citation needed]} A heritage speaker is someone who learned a certain language in childhood, but has subsequently used it only in a limited set of contexts (often only with family. ...

In China, the Nanai (Hezhe) people use Chinese for writing. The number of speakers has been in continual decline for decades; by the 1980s, the use of the language was restricted to special situations and communication with family members.^[16] In an effort to reverse this decline, a text book for Hezhe schoolchildren discussing the Hezhe language was published in 2005 (in pinyin transcription).^[17] Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ...

Orthography

The first books in the Nanai language were printed by Russian Orthodox missionaries in the late 19th century in a Cyrillic orthography. In the 1920s-30s, after several false starts, the modern written form of the Nanai language was created by a team of Russian linguists led by Valentin Avrorin.^[18] The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages—Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian—and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... Valentin Avrorin (born in Tambov Russia 1907-1977) to a family of teachers, was a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and an expert in languages. ...

Sample text from a Bible translation published in 2002 is shown below.^[19]

Representation of the Sermon on the Mount The Lords Prayer in Swahili. ... The Gospel of Luke is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the New Testament, which tell the story of Jesus life, death, and resurrection. ... The New International Version (NIV) is an English translation of the Christian Bible which is the most popular of the modern translations of the Bible made in the twentieth century. ...

Phonology

Vowels and vowel harmony

The Nanai language has seven phonemic vowels: /i, u, y, o, œ, a, ə/. There are twelve allowed diphthongs: /ai, ao, əi, əo, ia, iə, io, iu, ua, ui, uo, oi, ya, yə/; there are also two allowed triphthongs: /iao, uai/. Phonemic vowels change as follows based on surrounding consonants:^[20] In phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds, or with two tones) is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ... In phonetics, a triphthong (Greek τρίφθογγος, triphthongos, literally with three sounds, or with three tones) is a monosyllabic vowel combination usually involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another that passes over a third one. ...

• /i/ becomes [ɪ] after /ɖʐ, ʈʂ, s/
• /i/ becomes [i̟] after /m, n, l, d/
• A glottal stop [ʔ] is inserted before /i/ when it begins a syllable and precedes /ʣ, s, ʨ, ɕ, l, m, ŋ/.
• /ɘ/ may optionally become [ɯ] in non-initial syllables
• A vowel in a final syllable is nasalised when it precedes /n/

The following table summarises the rules of vowel harmony. In phonetics, nasalization is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that air escapes partially or wholly through the nose during the production of the sound. ...

Consonants

As for consonants, there are twenty-eight:

Phonemic consonants may optionally change as follows:^[22] Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips (bilabial articulation) or with the lower lip and the upper teeth (labiodental articulation). ... Dentals are consonants such as t, d, n, and l articulated with either the lower or the upper teeth, or both, rather than with the gum ridge as in English. ... Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. ... Sub-apical retroflex plosive In phonetics, retroflex consonants are consonant sounds used in some languages. ... Sagittal section of alveolo-palatal fricative In phonetics, alveolo-palatal (or alveopalatal) consonants are palatalized postalveolar fricatives, articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the body of the tongue raised toward the palate. ... Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). ... Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants. ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... An affricate is a consonant that begins like a stop (most often an alveovelar, such as [t] or [d]) and that doesnt have a release of its own, but opens directly into a fricative (or, in one language, into a trill). ... Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants. ... Rhotic consonants, or R-like sounds, are non-lateral liquid consonants. ...

• /s ɕ χ/ to [dz ʑ ʁ] (respectively) between two vowels
• /ɡ/ to [ɣ] in syllable-final position, before [d] in the following syllable

Dialects

Phonology of the various dialects of Nanai has been influenced by surrounding languages. Tolskaya specifically noted several phonological peculiarities of Bikin dialect which may indicate influence from Udege, including monopthongisation of diphthongs, denasalisation of nasal vowels, deletion of reduced final vowels, epenthetic vowel preventing consonant final words, and the deletion of intervocalic [w].^[23] The Udege language (also Udihe language, Udekhe language) is a language of the Tungusic family. ... A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through the mouth and the nose. ... In linguistics, an epenthetic vowel breaks up a consonant cluster that is not permitted by the phonotactics of a language. ...

Lexicon

An noted a variety of loanwords from Chinese in his survey, such as [ʐi.li] "calendar" from Chinese 日曆 (Pinyin: rìlì); a few also came from other languages, such as [pomidor] (tomato), almost certainly from Russian помидор, though the exact route of transmission is not attested and it may have been reborrowed from other neighbouring languages rather than directly from Russian.^[24] There is also some vocabulary shared with Mongolian and the Turkic languages, such as: A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. ... Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China with an estimated 140 million native speakers and tens of millions of second-language speakers. ...

• [sal] ("beard"; Mongolian [sa.hɘl], Uyghur and Kazakh [sa.qal])
• [tœ.qo] ("chicken"; Mongolian [ta.hi.a], Uyghur [to.χo], Kazakh [ta.wuq])
• [χo.nin] ("sheep"; Mongolian [χœŋ], Uyghur and Kazakh [qoi])

These too are likely loanwords, though proponents of the Altaic hypothesis may take these as evidence of a genetic relationship.^[25] Conversely, the Nanai language itself has also contributed some loanwords to the Udege language, supplanting Udege vocabulary: Uyghur (‎//, or ‎//)[1] is a Turkic language spoken by the Uyghur people in Xinjiang (also called East Turkestan or Uyghurstan), formerly also “Sinkiang” and “Chinese Turkestan,” a Central Asian region administered by China. ... Kazakh (also Qazaq and variants[2], natively , , ‎) is a Western Turkic language closely related to Nogai and Karakalpak. ... Uyghur (‎//, or ‎//)[1] is a Turkic language spoken by the Uyghur people in Xinjiang (also called East Turkestan or Uyghurstan), formerly also “Sinkiang” and “Chinese Turkestan,” a Central Asian region administered by China. ... Kazakh (also Qazaq and variants[2], natively , , ‎) is a Western Turkic language closely related to Nogai and Karakalpak. ... Uyghur (‎//, or ‎//)[1] is a Turkic language spoken by the Uyghur people in Xinjiang (also called East Turkestan or Uyghurstan), formerly also “Sinkiang” and “Chinese Turkestan,” a Central Asian region administered by China. ... Kazakh (also Qazaq and variants[2], natively , , ‎) is a Western Turkic language closely related to Nogai and Karakalpak. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Altaic languages. ... Genetic, in linguistics, means due to descent from a common ancestor language, rather than borrowing at some time in the past between languages that were not necessarily descended from a common ancestor. ... The Udege language (also Udihe language, Udekhe language) is a language of the Tungusic family. ...

• [ba.ni.xe] (thank you), from Nanai [ba.ni.xa], instead of Udege [u.sa.sa]
• [dœl.bo] (work), from Nanai [dœ.bo], instead of Udege [e.te.te]
• [daŋ.sa] (book) from Nanai [daŋ.sa], itself a loanword from Chinese 單子 (Pinyin: dānzi), which actually means "list"

A large degree of mutual assimilation of the two languages has been observed in the Bikin region;^[26] the Udege language itself only has about one hundred speakers left.^[27] Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), commonly called Pinyin, is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... Bikin (Russian: ) is a town in Khabarovsk Krai in Russia, located on the Bikin River (Ussuris tributary) some 230 km southwest of Khabarovsk. ...

Notes

Russian Census of 2002 (Russian: ) was the first census of Russian Federation carried out on October 9, 2002. ...

Sources

• (Chinese) An, Jun (1986). 赫哲语简志 (An Outline of the Hezhe Language). Nationalities Publishing House. 
• Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved on 2006-12-19. 
• (Chinese) He, Xuejuan; Wu Baozhu (January 2004). "街津口村赫哲语使用情况的调查 (Investigation on Hezhen language use in Jiejinkou Village)". 满语研究. Retrieved on 2006-12-19. 
• Li, Fangchao. "Textbook preserves Hezhe language", China Daily, 2005-06-06. Retrieved on 2006-12-19. 
• (Russian) Sem, L.I. (1976). Очерки диалектов нанайского языка: бикинский (уссурийский) диалект. 
• (Russian) Stolyarov, A.V. (1994). Нанайский язык // Красная книга языков народов России: Энциклопедический словарь-справочник. 
• Nikolaeva, Irina; Maria Tolskaya (2001). A Grammar of Udihe. Walter de Gruyter. 
• (Russian) (2002-01-01). "Информация по населенным пунктам, районам проживания и хозяйственной деятельности коренных малочисленных народов Севера и Дальнего Востока РФ". Ministry of Economic Development and Trade.
• (Russian) Население по национальности и владению русским языком по субъектам Российской Федерации (Microsoft Excel). Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Retrieved on 2006-12-01.

For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 19 is the 353rd day of the year (354th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

General works

• (Russian) Avrorin, Valentin Aleksandrovich (1959). Грамматика нанайского языка, т.1. М.. Soviet Academy of Sciences. 
• (Russian) Avrorin, Valentin Aleksandrovich (1961). Грамматика нанайского языка, т.2. М.. Soviet Academy of Sciences. 
• (Russian) Putintseva, A.P. (1954). Морфология говора горинских нанай.. 
• (Russian) Putintseva, A.P. (1969). О производственной лексике горинских нанай // Ученые записки ЛГПИ. 
• (Russian) Stolyarov, A.V. (1997). Нанайский язык: социолингвистическая ситуация и перспектива сохранения // Малочисленные народы Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока. Проблемы сохранения и развития. 
• (Russian) Sunik, O.P. (1958). Кур-урмийский диалект. 
• (German) Doerfer, Gerhard (1973). "Das Kur-Urmische und seine Verwandten". Zentralasiatische Studien (7): 567—599. 
• (German) Doerfer, Gerhard (1975). "Ist Kur-Urmisch ein nanaischer Dialekt?". Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher (47): 51-63. 
• (Japanese) Kazama, Shinjiro (March 1994). "ナーナイ語の「一致」について (On 'agreement' in Nanay)". 北大言語学研究報告 (5). 
• (Chinese) Zhang, Yang-chang; Bing Li, Xi Zhang (1989). 赫哲语 (The Hezhen Language). Changchun: Jilin University Press. 
• Nanai alphabet on Omniglot

Valentin Avrorin (born in Tambov Russia 1907-1977) to a family of teachers, was a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and an expert in languages. ... Russian Academy of Sciences (Росси́йская Акаде́мия Нау́к) is the national academy of Russia. ... Valentin Avrorin (born in Tambov Russia 1907-1977) to a family of teachers, was a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and an expert in languages. ... Russian Academy of Sciences (Росси́йская Акаде́мия Нау́к) is the national academy of Russia. ... Shinjiro Kazama (風間 伸次郎) is an assistant professor of linguistics at the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. ...

Texts in Nanai

• (Russian) Avrorin, Valentin Aleksandrovich (1986). Материалы по нанайскому языку и фольклору. 
• (Russian) (1996) Нанайский фольклор: Нингман, сиохор, тэлунгу. 
• (Russian) (1992) Манга покто/Трудные тропы. 
• (Russian) Samar, E. (2000). Кондонкан даламдини/Кондонский староста. 
• (Russian) Passar, A. (2002). Ми урэхэмби нингмансал/Сказки моего детства (Fairy Tales of my Childhood). 
• (Russian) Khodzher, A. (2000). Михорангоари/Поклонение природе. 
• (Russian) Marshak, S.Y.; Valentin Avrorin (translator) (1990). Двенадцать месяцев/Дёан дюэр биа. 
• (Russian) Bel'dy, G. (1980). На найни: Стихи. 
• (Japanese) Kazama, Shinjiro (1993). "ナーナイ語テキスト (Nanay Texts)". Publications on Tungus Languages and Cultures (4). 
• (Japanese) Kazama, Shinjiro (1996). "ナーナイの民話と伝説2 (Nanay Folk Tales and Legends 2)". Publications on Tungus Languages and Cultures (8). 
• (Japanese) Kazama, Shinjiro (1997). "ナーナイの民話と伝説3 (Nanay Folk Tales and Legends 3)". Publications on Tungus Languages and Cultures (10). 
• (Japanese) Kazama, Shinjiro (1998). "ナーナイの民話と伝説4 (Nanay Folk Tales and Legends 4)". Publications on Tungus Languages and Cultures (12). 

Valentin Avrorin (born in Tambov Russia 1907-1977) to a family of teachers, was a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and an expert in languages. ... Valentin Avrorin (born in Tambov Russia 1907-1977) to a family of teachers, was a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and an expert in languages. ... Shinjiro Kazama (風間 伸次郎) is an assistant professor of linguistics at the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. ... Shinjiro Kazama (風間 伸次郎) is an assistant professor of linguistics at the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. ... Shinjiro Kazama (風間 伸次郎) is an assistant professor of linguistics at the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. ... Shinjiro Kazama (風間 伸次郎) is an assistant professor of linguistics at the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. ...

Dictionaries

• (Russian) Onenko, S.N. (1959). Русско-нанайский словарь (свыше 8 000 слов). 
• (Russian) Petrova, T.I. (1960). Нанайско-русский словарь (около 8 000 слов). 
• (Russian) Onenko, S.N. (1982). Нанайско-русский и русско-нанайский словарь: пособие для учащихся средней школы (более 3 600 слов). 
• (Russian) Onenko, S.N. (1989). Словарь нанайско-русский и русско-нанайский: пособие для учащихся средней школы (около 4 000 слов). 
• (Russian) Onenko, S.N. (1986). Лоца-Наанай Хэсэhкуни/Русско-нанайский словарь (около 5 000 слов). 
• (Russian) Onenko, S.N. (1980). Нанай-Лоча Хэсэhкуни/Нанайско-русский словарь (12 800 слов). 
• (Russian) Kile, A.S. (1999). Нанайско-русский тематический словарь (духовная культура). 

External link

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