Bonaparte as general

Napoleon Bonaparte ( August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. August Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... 15 August Years: 1766 1767 1768 - 1769 - 1770 1771 1772 Decades: 1730s 1740s 1750s - 1760s - 1770s 1780s 1790s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1769 in art 1769 in literature 1769 in music 1769 in science List of state leaders in 1769 List of religious leaders in 1769 Events Baron Wolfgang... 1769 – May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). There are 240 days remaining. There are usually 92 days in Spring. We are considered halfway through Spring on May 5. May Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4... 5 May Years: 1818 1819 1820 - 1821 - 1822 1823 1824 Decades: 1790s 1800s 1810s - 1820s - 1830s 1840s 1850s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1821 in art 1821 in literature 1821 in rail transport 1821 in science 1821 in music 1821 in sports List of state leaders in 1821 List of... 1821) was a general of the History of France series Gaul Franks Middle Ages Ancien Régime French Revolution Causes Estates-General National Assembly Storming of the Bastille National Constituent Assembly ( 1, 2, 3) Legislative Assembly and fall of the monarchy National Convention and Reign of Terror Directory Consulate Related: Glossary, Timeline, Wars, List of... French Revolution and was the ruler of France as Originally, three equal Consuls made up the government established by Napoleon Bonaparte after the coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799), which established the Consulate in France (1799-1804). Napoleon, however, soon arose as the strongest of the three. Contents // Categories: Stub ... First Consul (Premier Consul) of the The French people proclaimed Frances First Republic on 21 September 1792 as a result of the French Revolution and of the abolition of the French monarchy. This marked the first occasion in many centuries where a major European state moved from monarchical to republican mode, and presaged a new... French Republic from November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 50 days remaining. November Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... November 11, Years: 1796 1797 1798 - 1799 - 1800 1801 1802 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1799 in topic: Arts Architecture - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Science Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see... 1799 to May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). There are 227 days remaining. May Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... May 18, 1804 is a leap year starting on Sunday. Years: 1801 1802 1803 - 1804 - 1805 1806 1807 Decades: 1770s 1780s 1790s - 1800s - 1810s 1820s 1830s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1804 in art 1804 in literature 1804 in music 1804 in science 1804 in sports List of state leaders... 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français) and King of Italy under the name Napoleon I from May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). There are 227 days remaining. May Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... May 18, 1804 is a leap year starting on Sunday. Years: 1801 1802 1803 - 1804 - 1805 1806 1807 Decades: 1770s 1780s 1790s - 1800s - 1810s 1820s 1830s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1804 in art 1804 in literature 1804 in music 1804 in science 1804 in sports List of state leaders... 1804 to April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). There are 269 days remaining. April Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19... April 6, Years: 1811 1812 1813 - 1814 - 1815 1816 1817 Decades: 1780s 1790s 1800s - 1810s - 1820s 1830s 1840s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1814 in art 1814 in literature 1814 in science 1814 in music 1814 in sports List of state leaders in 1814 List of religious leaders in 1814... 1814, and again briefly from March 20 is the 79th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (80th in Leap years). There are 286 days remaining. March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19... March 20 to June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining. June Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... June 22, 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Contents // 1 Events 2 Ongoing events 3 Births 4 Deaths Events January 3 - Austria, Britain, and France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia. January 4 - Netherlands, Foundation of the first dutch student association, the... 1815.

Napoleon is considered to have been a military genius, and is known for commanding many successful campaigns, although also for some spectacular failures. Over the course of little more than a decade, he acquired control of most or all of the western and central mainland of World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. It is conventionally considered a continent, which, in this case, is more of a cultural distinction than a geographic one. ( National Geographic, however, officially recognises... Europe by conquest or alliance until his defeat at the Map of battle by 18 October 1813, from Meyers Encyclopaedia The Battle of Leipzig (October 16-19, 1813), also called the Battle of the Nations, was the largest conflict in the Napoleonic Wars and one of the worst defeats suffered by Napoleon Bonaparte. Following the disastrous campaign in Russia and... Battle of the Nations near Map of Germany showing Leipzig Leipzig [ˈlaiptsɪç] (Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk) is the largest city in the federal state (Bundesland) of Saxony in Germany. The name is derived from the Slavic word (see Sorbian) Lipsk (settlement where the linden trees stand). It is situated at the confluence of the... Leipzig in October Years: 1810 1811 1812 - 1813 - 1814 1815 1816 Decades: 1780s 1790s 1800s - 1810s - 1820s 1830s 1840s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1813 in art 1813 in literature 1813 in science 1813 in music 1813 in sports List of state leaders in 1813 List of religious leaders in 1813... 1813, which led to his Abdication (from the Latin abdicatio disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one), the act whereby a person in office renounces and gives up the same before the expiry of the time for which it is held. In Roman law, the term... abdication several months later. He staged a comeback known as the For information about the legislative programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt, see New Deal. The Hundred Days (French Cent-Jours) or the Waterloo Campaign commonly names the period between 20 March 1815, the date on which Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in Paris after his return from Elba, and 28 June 1815, the... Hundred Days (les Cent Jours), but was defeated decisively at the The Battle of Waterloo by William Sadler Battle of Waterloo Conflict Napoleonic Wars Date June 18, 1815 Place Waterloo, Belgium Result Decisive Allied victory Combatants France Anglo-Allied/Prussian Commanders Napoléon Bonaparte Duke of Wellington Gebhard von Blücher Strength 73,000 67,000 Anglo-Allied 60,000 Prussian... Battle of Waterloo in Belgium (disambiguation). The word Belgian redirects to this page. For an article about the horse breed, see Belgian (horse). The Kingdom of Belgium ( Dutch: Koninkrijk België, French: Royaume de Belgique, German: Königreich Belgien) is a country in Western Europe, bordered by the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, France, and... Belgium on June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. June Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... June 18, 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Contents // 1 Events 2 Ongoing events 3 Births 4 Deaths Events January 3 - Austria, Britain, and France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia. January 4 - Netherlands, Foundation of the first dutch student association, the... 1815, followed shortly afterwards by his capture by the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the British Commonwealth and European Union. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, UK or, inaccurately, as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent parts. Three of these parts... British and his exile to the island of For alternate uses, see Saint Helena (disambiguation). This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. Saint Helena refers to both an island in the South Atlantic Ocean 2,800 km off the west coast of Africa belonging to the United Kingdom... Saint Helena, where he died.

Aside from his military achievements, Napoleon is also remembered for the establishment of the The original Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally called the Code civil des francais, or civil code of the French), was the French civil code, established at the behest of Napoléon. It entered into force on March 21, 1804. The Napoleonic code was the first legal code to... Napoleonic Code, and he is considered to have been one of the " Enlightened absolutism (also known as enlightened despotism) is the absolutist rule of an enlightened monarch . This is a reference to the so-called Enlightenment, a historical period of the 18th and early 19th centuries. The main Enlightenment-era proponent of this system was Voltaire, who regularly corresponded with several of... enlightened monarchs". Napoleon appointed several members of the This article is about the family of Napoleon Bonaparte. There is also an article on the Argentinian paleontologist, José Bonaparte. Of Corsican origin, the Bonaparte (originally Buonaparte) family is the family of Napoleon I, who was elected as first consul of France on November 10, 1799 with the help of... Bonaparte family as monarchs; although they did not survive his downfall, a nephew, ... Napoleon III, ruled France later in the century.

Early life and military career

Family and Childhood

PD image from http://www.sru.edu/depts/cisba/compsci/dailey/217students/sgm8660/Final/ This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del...

Portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte

He was born Napoleone Buonaparte (in Corsican (Corsu or Lingua Corsa) is a Romance language spoken on the island of Corsica ( France), alongside French, which is the official language. Corsican is also spoken to some extent in the Gallura and Sassari areas of Sardinia ( Italy). It has similarities to Italian and in particular the Tuscany dialects... Corsican, Nabolione or Nabulione) in the city of Ajaccio ( Corsican: Aiacciu) is a city and commune of France, préfecture ( capital) of the département of Corse-du-Sud and, since 1810 capital of the région of Corsica. Population (1999): 52,880. Contents // 1 Geography 2 History 3 Sights 4 Economy 5 Miscellaneous Geography... Ajaccio on This article is about the Mediterranean island. For the place in the United States, see Corsica, South Dakota. Région Corse Capital Ajaccio Area 8,680 km² Regional President Camille de Rocca-Serra Population  - 2004 estimate  - 1999 census  - Density 272,000 260,196 30/km... Corsica.

He later adopted the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte, the first known instance of which appears in an official report dated March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in Leap years). There are 278 days remaining. March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19... March 28, Years: 1793 1794 1795 - 1796 - 1797 1798 1799 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1796 in art 1796 in literature 1796 in music 1796 in science List of state leaders in 1796 List of religious leaders in 1796 Contents // 1 Events... 1796.

His family was of minor Corsican The Lords and Barons prove their Nobility by hanging their Banners and exposing their Coats-of-arms at the Windows of the Lodge of the Heralds.—After a Miniature of the Tournaments of King Réné ( Fifteenth Century) MSS. of the National Library of Paris. The nobility... nobility. His father, Carlo Buonaparte, an attorney, was named Corsica's representative to the court of Louis XVI Louis XVI (August 23, 1754 - January 21, 1793), was King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then King of the French in 1791-1792. Suspended and arrested during the insurrection of the 10th of August, he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of... Louis XVI in Years: 1775 1776 1777 - 1778 - 1779 1780 1781 Decades: 1740s 1750s 1760s - 1770s - 1780s 1790s 1800s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1778 in art 1778 in literature 1778 in music 1778 in science List of state leaders in 1778 List of religious leaders in 1778 Events The term... 1778, where he remained for a number of years. The dominant influence of Napoleon's childhood was his mother, Letizia. Ahead of her time, she had her 8 children bathe every other day—at a time when even those in the upper classes took a bath perhaps once a month. Her firm discipline helped restrain the rambunctious boy, nicknamed Rabullione (the "meddler" or "disrupter").

Education

At age 10, Napoleon was admitted to a French military school at Brienne-le-Château, a small town near Troyes is a commune in northeastern France. It is the préfecture (capital) of the Aube département and is located on the Seine river. Population (1999): 60,958. History There have been several councils held at Troyes. The 1420 Treaty of Troyes, which settled the Hundred Years War, was... Troyes, on May 15 is the 135th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (136th in leap years). There are 230 days remaining. May Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... May 15, Years: 1776 1777 1778 - 1779 - 1780 1781 1782 Decades: 1740s 1750s 1760s - 1770s - 1780s 1790s 1800s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1779 in art 1779 in literature 1779 in music 1779 in science List of state leaders in 1779 List of religious leaders in 1779 Events The Iron... 1779. He had to learn to speak French before entering the school. He spoke French (Français) Spoken in: France and 53 other countries Region: Europe Total speakers: 77 million (128 million with second language speakers) Ranking: 11 Genetic classification: Indo-European   Italic    Romance    Italo-Western     Western      Gallo... French with a marked Italian (Italiano) Spoken in: Italy and 29 other countries Region: Southern Europe Total speakers: 70 million Ranking: 21 Genetic classification: Indo-European  Italic   Romance    Italo-Western     Italo-Dalmatian      Italian Official status Official language of: Italy... Italian accent throughout his life, and was a poor speller. He earned high marks in mathematics and geography, and passable grades in other subjects. Upon graduation from Brienne in Years: 1781 1782 1783 - 1784 - 1785 1786 1787 Decades: 1750s 1760s 1770s - 1780s - 1790s 1800s 1810s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1784 in art 1784 in literature 1784 in music 1784 in science List of state leaders in 1784 List of religious leaders in 1784 Events January 6... 1784, Bonaparte was admitted to the elite École Royale Militaire in Paris (disambiguation). The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. Paris is the capital city of France, as well as the capital of the Île-de-France région, whose territory encompasses Paris and its suburbs. The city of Paris proper is also a... Paris, where he completed the course of study in one year while most other cadets required two. Although he had earlier sought a naval assignment, he studied For the thrash metal band, see Artillery (band) Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. The term also describes ground-based troops with the primary function of manning such weapons. Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution The word as used in the... artillery at the École Militaire. Upon graduation in September, Years: 1782 1783 1784 - 1785 - 1786 1787 1788 Decades: 1750s 1760s 1770s - 1780s - 1790s 1800s 1810s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1785 in art 1785 in literature 1785 in music 1785 in science List of state leaders in 1785 List of religious leaders in 1785 Events January 1st... 1785, he was In law a commission is a patent which allows a person to take possession of a state office and carry out official acts and duties. Although the term commissioned officer is a military term, civilian officers of the government such as judges, justices of the peace, marshals, and cabinet ministers... commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant of artillery, and took up his new duties in January is the first month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. January begins (astrologically) with the sun in the sign of Capricorn and ends in the sign of Aquarius. Astronomically speaking, the sun begins in the constellation... January Years: 1783 1784 1785 - 1786 - 1787 1788 1789 Decades: 1750s 1760s 1770s - 1780s - 1790s 1800s 1810s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1786 in art 1786 in literature 1786 in music 1786 in science List of state leaders in 1786 List of religious leaders in 1786 Events May 21... 1786, at the age of 16.

Revolutionary Officer

Napoleon Bonaparte as young officer

He served on garrison duty in Valence is a scientific term in chemistry to describe electrons in the outermost orbital. Valence electrons are used by atoms in chemical reactions and are generally the most important factor in determining which reactions can and cannot take place, especially in covalent bonding. In the American periodic table, the number... Valence and Auxonne is a town in the département of Côte dOr in France, over the Saône river. It is twinned with Heidesheim in Germany. Categories: Stub ... Auxonne until after the outbreak of the Revolution in Years: 1786 1787 1788 - 1789 - 1790 1791 1792 Decades: 1750s 1760s 1770s - 1780s - 1790s 1800s 1810s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1789 in topic: Arts Architecture - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Science Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see... 1789 (although he took nearly two years of leave in Corsica and Paris during this period). He spent most of the next several years on Corsica, where a complex three-way struggle was played out among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists. Bonaparte supported the In the context of the French Revolution, a Jacobin originally meant a member of the Jacobin Club (1789-1794). But even while the Club still existed, the name of Jacobins had been popularly applied to all promulgators of extreme revolutionary opinions. Nowadays, in France this term refers to a centralistic... Jacobin faction, and gained the position of lieutenant-colonel of a regiment of volunteers. After coming into conflict with the increasingly conservative nationalist leader, Pasquale Paoli (1725 - February 5, 1807), was a Corsican patriot and military leader. Paoli was born at Stretta in the parish of Rostino, the son of Giacinto Paoli, who had led the Corsican rebels against Genoese tyranny. Pasquale followed his father into exile, serving with distinction in the Neapolitan army... Pasquale Paoli, Bonaparte and his family were forced to flee to France in June Years: 1790 1791 1792 - 1793 - 1794 1795 1796 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1793 in art 1793 in literature 1793 in music 1793 in science List of state leaders in 1793 List of religious leaders in 1793 Contents // 1 Events... 1793.

He soon was appointed as artillery commander in the French forces beseiging Location within France Coat of Arms of Toulon Toulon (Tolon in Provençal) is a city in southern France and a large military harbor on the Mediterranean coast, with a major French naval base. Located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-dAzur région, Toulon is... Toulon, which had risen in revolt against the History of France series Gaul Franks Middle Ages Ancien Régime French Revolution Causes Estates-General National Assembly Storming of the Bastille National Constituent Assembly (1, 2, 3) Legislative Assembly and fall of the monarchy National Convention and Reign of Terror Directory Consulate Related: Glossary, Timeline, Wars, List of people... Terror and was occupied by The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the British Commonwealth and European Union. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, UK or, inaccurately, as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent parts. Three of these parts... British troops. He formulated a successful plan for assaulting the British positions, leading to the recapture of the city and a promotion to brigadier-general. His actions brought him to the attention of the The Committee of Public Safety (French: le Haut Comit de la sant publique), set up by the National Convention on April 6, 1793, formed the de facto executive government of France during the Reign of Terror (1793 - 1794) of the French Revolution. Under war conditions and with national survival seemingly... Committee of Public Safety, and he became a close associate of Augustin Robespierre, younger brother of the Revolutionary leader Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre, (May 6, 1758–July 28, 1794), known also to his contemporaries as the Incorruptible, is one of the best known of the leaders of the French Revolution. He was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety which oversaw the period of... Maximilien Robespierre. As a result, he was briefly imprisoned following the fall of the elder Robespierre in Years: 1791 1792 1793 - 1794 - 1795 1796 1797 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1794 in art 1794 in literature 1794 in music 1794 in rail transport 1794 in science List of state leaders in 1794 List of religious leaders in... 1794, but was released within two weeks.

The "Whiff of Grapeshot"

In Years: 1792 1793 1794 - 1795 - 1796 1797 1798 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1795 in art 1795 in literature 1795 in music 1795 in science List of state leaders in 1795 List of religious leaders in 1795 Contents // 1 Events... 1795, Bonaparte was serving in Paris (disambiguation). The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. Paris is the capital city of France, as well as the capital of the Île-de-France région, whose territory encompasses Paris and its suburbs. The city of Paris proper is also a... Paris when royalists and counter-revolutionaries organized an armed protest against the History of France series Gaul Franks Middle Ages Ancien Régime French Revolution Causes Estates-General National Assembly Storming of the Bastille National Constituent Assembly (1, 2, 3) Legislative Assembly and fall of the monarchy National Convention and Reign of Terror Directory Consulate Related: Glossary, Timeline, Wars, List of people... National Convention on 3rd October Organization is also the name of a Marxist terrorist group . Contents // 1 External links 2 Events 2.1 2400 BC - AD 1899 2.2 1900-1999 2.3 2000-2099 3 Births 3.1 1700-1899 3.2 1900-1999 4 Deaths 4.1 100 BC - AD 1899... October 3. Bonaparte was given command of the improvised forces defending the Convention in the Up to 1871 the Tuileries Palace was a palace in Paris, France, on the right bank of the River Seine. After the death of Henry II of France in 1559, his widow, Catherine de Medici (1519-1589) planned a new palace. She began the building of the palace of Tuileries... Tuileries Palace. He seized artillery pieces (with the aid of a young cavalry officer, Joachim Murat, (March 25, 1767 - October 13, 1815), a marshal of France, was King of Naples from 1808 to 1815. Born as the son of an innkeeper, he rose in the French army to the rank of a general. He married Napoleon Bonapartes sister Caroline in 1800, and was... Joachim Murat, who would later become his brother-in-law) and used them the following day to repel the attackers. He later boasted that he had cleared the streets with a "whiff of grapeshot." This triumph gained him sudden fame, wealth, and the patronage of the new This article is about the computing term. The Directory was also a government in revolutionary France from 1795 to 1799. In computing, a directory, catalog, or folder, is an entity in a file system which contains a group of files and other directories. A typical file system contains thousands of... Directory, particularly that of its leading member, Barras. Within weeks he was romantically attached to Barras' former mistress, Joséphine de Beauharnais, Empress Joséphine Joséphine de Beauharnais (June 23, 1763 - May 29, 1814) was the first wife of Napoléon Bonaparte, and became Empress of France. She was born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de la Pagerie in Les Trois-Îlets, Martinique on a slave plantation... Josephine de Beauharnais, whom he married in Years: 1793 1794 1795 - 1796 - 1797 1798 1799 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1796 in art 1796 in literature 1796 in music 1796 in science List of state leaders in 1796 List of religious leaders in 1796 Contents // 1 Events... 1796.

Campaigns in Italy and Egypt

Just days after his marriage, Bonaparte took command of the French "Army of Italy" and led it on a successful The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1795, with the French in an increasingly strong position as members of the First Coalition made separate peaces. Austria and Great Britain were the main remaining members of the coalition. The rebellion in the Vendée was also finally terminated by General Hoche. Mignet... invasion of Italy. At the The Battle of Lodi took place at Lodi, Lombardy, Italy on May 10, 1796. During the First Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte, future Napoleon I of France, won a decisive victory against Austrian forces at Lodi bridge over the River Adda. The Austrians lost some 2,000 men. This was Napoleons... Lodi, he gained the nickname of "The Little Corporal" (le petit caporal), a term reflecting his camaraderie with the ordinary soldiers. He drove the The Republic of Austria ( German: Republik Österreich) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The state is a representative democracy... Austrian forces out of Regione Lombardia Capital Milan President Roberto Formigoni (CdL) Provinces Bergamo Brescia Como Cremona Lecco Lodi Mantua Milano Monza-Brianza Pavia Sondrio Varese Municipalities 1547 Area 23,863 km²  - Ranked 4th (7.9 %) Population (2001)  - Total  - Ranked  - Density 9,032,554 1st (15.8 %) 379/km² Map... Lombardy and defeated the army of the The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, States of the Church) is one of the historical states of Italy before its unity under the crown of Savoy and comprised those territories over which the Pope was the ruler in a civil as well as a spiritual sense... Papal States, but ignored the Directory's order to march on The Roman Colosseum Rome (Italian and Latin Roma) is the capital city of Italy, and of its Lazio region. It is located on the lower Tiber river, near the Mediterranean Sea, at 41°50N, 12°15E. The Vatican City State, a sovereign enclave within Rome, is the seat... Rome and dethrone the Pope John Paul II has reigned since 22 Oct 1978. The Pope is the Catholic bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches (note that the name within the communion is simply the one Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church). In addition to... Pope. In early Years: 1794 1795 1796 - 1797 - 1798 1799 1800 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1797 in art 1797 in literature 1797 in music 1797 in rail transport 1797 in science List of state leaders in 1797 List of religious leaders in... 1797, he The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1796, with France fighting the First Coalition including Austria and Great Britain. On February 14, British admiral Jervis met and defeated a Spanish fleet off Portugal at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent. This prevented the Spanish fleet from rendezvousing with the French, removing... led his army into Austria and forced that power to sue for peace. The resulting The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on October 17, 1797 (26 Vendémiaire, Year VI of the French Republic) by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Ludwig von Cobenzl as representatives of France and Austria. It marked the collapse of the First Coalition, the victorious conclusion to Napoleons campaigns in... Treaty of Campo Formio gave France control of most of northern Italy, along with the The Low Countries are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine and Meuse rivers— usually used in modern context to mean the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg (an alternate modern term, more often used today, is Benelux). The Low Countries were the scene of the... Low Countries and The Rhineland (Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. A geographical term originally, it has also acquired some political and cultural connotations, becoming a political entity as the Prussian Rhine Province, and continuing in the... Rhineland, but a secret clause promised The Republic of Venice was a city-state in Venetia in Northeastern Italy, based around the city of Venice. It was known as the Most Serene Republic. It existed from the 9th century until the 18th century (1797). Most Serene Republic of Venice (Coat of Arms) Map goes here Official... Venice to Austria. Bonaparte then marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending over 1,000 years of independence. Later in Years: 1794 1795 1796 - 1797 - 1798 1799 1800 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1797 in art 1797 in literature 1797 in music 1797 in rail transport 1797 in science List of state leaders in 1797 List of religious leaders in... 1797, Bonaparte organized many of the French-dominated territories in Italy into the The Cisalpine Republic was a French client republic in Northern Italy from 1797 to 1802. It consisted of roughly the former Duchy of Milan, those portions of the Republic of Venice west of the Adige River, the Duchy of Modena, the Papal Legations, and the Piedmontese province of Novara. The... Cisalpine Republic.

Bonaparte was a brilliant military strategist, able to absorb the substantial body of military knowledge of his time and to apply it to the real-world circumstances of his era. He was not, however, an innovator, but rather a skilled practitioner of an art he learned from books; as he put it himself, "I have fought sixty battles and I have learned nothing which I did not know at the beginning." An For the thrash metal band, see Artillery (band) Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. The term also describes ground-based troops with the primary function of manning such weapons. Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution The word as used in the... artillery officer by training, he used artillery innovatively as a mobile force to support Infantry in the First World War Infantry (or Infantrymen) are soldiers who fight primarily on foot, using personal weapons. They may arrive on scene in various ways, and are deployed either in formations or as skirmishers and guerillas. In the modern period, the term infantryman is reserved for the most... infantry attacks, and benefited from France's technological advantage in this branch of arms. He was an aggressive commander who enjoyed the loyalty of highly motivated soliders. Contemporary paintings of his headquarters during the Italian campaign show that he used the world's first Telecommunication is the extension of communication over a distance. In practice it also recognizes that something may be lost in the process; hence the term telecommunication covers all forms of distance and/or conversion of the original communications, including radio, telegraphy, television, telephony, data communication and computer networking. The elements... telecommunications system, the Claude Chappe (December 25, 1763 _ January 23, 1805) was a French inventor who in 1792 demonstrated a practical semaphore system that eventually spanned all of France. This was the first practical telecommunications system, and Claude was the first telecom mogul. Claude was born in Brûlon, France as the... Chappe The semaphore line was a signalling system invented by the Chappe brothers in France. It is different from the naval semaphore system that uses hand-held flags, which was invented later. Claude Chappe began development when he and his four brothers lost their livelihoods because of the French Revolution. They... semaphore line, first implemented in Years: 1789 1790 1791 - 1792 - 1793 1794 1795 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1792 in topic: Arts Architecture - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Science Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see... 1792. He was also a master of both Spy and secret agent redirect here; for alternate use, see Spy (disambiguation) and Secret agent (disambiguation). Espionage is the practice of obtaining secrets (spying) from rivals or enemies for military, political, or economic advantage. It is usually thought of as part of an organized effort (i.e., governmental or corporate... intelligence and deception, using spies to gather information about opposing forces while seeking to conceal his own deployments, and often won battles by concentrating his forces on an unsuspecting enemy.

While campaigning in Italy, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He published two newspapers, ostensibly for the troops in his army, but widely circulated within France as well. In May Years: 1794 1795 1796 - 1797 - 1798 1799 1800 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1797 in art 1797 in literature 1797 in music 1797 in rail transport 1797 in science List of state leaders in 1797 List of religious leaders in... 1797 he founded a third newspaper, published in Paris, entitled Le Journal de Bonaparte et des hommes vertueux. Elections in mid-1797 gave the royalist party increased power, alarming Barras and his allies on the Directory. The royalists, in turn, began attacking Bonaparte for looting Italy and overstepping his authority in dealings with the Austrians (not without justification on both counts). Bonaparte soon sent General Augereau to Paris to lead a A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. It is different from a revolution, which is staged by a larger group and radically changes the political system. The term... coup d'etat and purge the royalists on September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). There are 118 days remaining. September Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23... 4 September ( History of France series Gaul Franks Middle Ages Ancien Régime French Revolution Causes Estates-General National Assembly Storming of the Bastille National Constituent Assembly (1, 2, 3) Legislative Assembly and fall of the monarchy National Convention and Reign of Terror Directory Consulate Related: Glossary, Timeline, Wars, List of people... 18 Fructidor). This left Barras and his Republican allies in firm control again, but dependent on Bonaparte's "sword" to stay there. Bonaparte himself proceeded to the peace negotiations with Austria, then returned to Paris in December as the conquering hero and the dominant force in government, far more popular than any of the Directors.

Napoleon visiting the plague victims of Jaffa

In March Years: 1795 1796 1797 - 1798 - 1799 1800 1801 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1798 in art 1798 in literature 1798 in music 1798 in science List of state leaders in 1798 List of religious leaders in 1798 Contents // 1 Events... 1798, Bonaparte proposed an 1798 was a relatively quiet period in the French Revolutionary Wars. The major continental powers in the First coalition had made peace with France, leaving France dominant in Europe with only a slow naval war with Great Britain to worry about. The leaders of the Directory in Paris feared Napoleon... expedition to colonize The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Mişr or Maşr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in northeastern Africa. Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², it includes the Sinai Peninsula (considered part of... Egypt, then a province of the Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye Ottoman Coat of Arms The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the... Ottoman Empire, seeking to protect French trade interests and undermine Britain's access to The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of over one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. India has grown significantly, both in population and in strategic importance in the last two decades. The Indian economy is the... India. The Directory, although troubled by the scope and cost of the enterprise, readily agreed to the plan in order to remove the popular general from the center of power.

An unusual aspect of the Egyptian expedition was the inclusion of a large group of scientists along with the invading force: among the other discoveries that resulted, the The Rosetta Stone solved a particularly difficult linguistic problem. The Rosetta Stone is a dark granite stone (often incorrectly identified as basalt) which provided modern researchers with translations of ancient text in Egyptian demotic script, Greek, and Egyptian hieroglyphics. Because Greek was well known, the stone was the key to... Rosetta Stone was found. This deployment of intellectual resources is considered by some an indication of Bonaparte's devotion to the principles of This article is a part of the History of Philosophy series. History of Western philosophy Pre-Socratic philosophy Ancient philosophy Medieval philosophy Renaissance philosophy 17th-century philosophy 18th-century philosophy 19th-century philosophy 20th-century philosophy Postmodern philosophy Contemporary philosophy Eastern philosophy The Age of Enlightenment (or The Enlightenment for... the Enlightenment, and by others a masterstroke of This article is about the type of communication. For other meanings, see Propaganda (disambiguation). North Korean propaganda showing a soldier destroying the United States Capitol building. Propaganda is a specific type of message presentation aimed at serving an agenda. At its root, the denotation of propaganda is to propagate (actively... propaganda obfuscating the true Imperialism is the policy of extending the control or authority over foreign entities as a means of acquisition and/or maintenance of empires, either through direct territorial or through indirect methods of exerting control on the politics and/or economy of other countries. The term is used by some to... imperialist motives of the invasion. In a largely unsuccessful effort to gain the support of the Egyptian populace, Bonaparte also issued proclamations casting himself as a liberator of the people from The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October... Ottoman oppression, and praising the precepts of This article forms part of the seriesIslam Vocabulary of Islam Five Pillars Profession of faith Prayer · Alms · Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca Jihad (See Sixth pillar of Islam) Major Figures Muhammad Prophets of Islam Caliph · Shia Imam · The Mahdi Companions of Muhammad Holy Cities Events Mecca ·... Islam.

Bonaparte’s expedition seized This article is about the European nation. For other meanings, see this page. Repubblika ta Malta Republic of Malta ( In Detail) (Full size) Official languages Maltese and English Capital Valletta Largest City Birkirkara President Edward (Eddie) Fenech Adami Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi Religion Catholicism Area  - Total  - % water Ranked... Malta on June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. June Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... June 9 and then landed successfully at Antiquity and modernity stand cheek-by-jowl in Egypts chief Mediterranean seaport Located on the Mediterranean Sea coast, Alexandria (in Arabic, الإسكندرية — al-Iskandariyah) is the chief seaport in Egypt, and that countrys second largest city, and the... Alexandria on July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. July Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... July 1, eluding (temporarily) pursuit by the Royal Navy Ensign The Royal Navy is the navy of the United Kingdom. It operates a number of aircraft carriers, destroyers, frigates, fifteen nuclear submarines, and various other ships, as well as aircraft, and the UKs amphibious force: the Royal Marines. The Royal Navy is the largest navy in... Royal Navy. Although Bonaparte had massive success against the native An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as owned, singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for... Mamluk army (his 25,000 strong invading force defeated a 100,000 army), his fleet was largely destroyed by Lord Nelson Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (September 29, 1758 – October 21, 1805) was a British admiral who won fame as a leading naval commander. He is famous for his participation in the Napoleonic Wars, most notably in the Battle of Trafalgar, where he lost his life. He became... Nelson at Battle of the Nile by Luny Thomas Battle of the Nile Conflict French Revolutionary Wars Date August 1, 1798 – August 2, 1798 Place Aboukir Bay, Egypt Result Decisive British victory Combatants Britain France Commanders Horatio Nelson François-Paul Brueys DAigalliers Strength 14 ships of the line (thirteen... The Battle of the Nile, so that Bonaparte became land-bound. His goal of strengthening the French position in the -1... Mediterranean Sea was thus frustrated, but his army nonetheless succeeded in consolidating power in Egypt, although it faced repeated nationalist uprisings.

In early Years: 1796 1797 1798 - 1799 - 1800 1801 1802 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1799 in topic: Arts Architecture - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Science Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see... 1799 he led the army into the Ottoman province of The Syrian Arab Republic is a country in the Middle East, bordering (from south to north) on Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iraq and Turkey. The borders with Israel and Turkey are subject to dispute, pending the resolution of outstanding conflicts over possession of the Golan Heights and the region of Iskenderun... Syria, now modern The State of Israel (Hebrew: מדינת ישראל, translit.: Medinat Yisrael; Arabic: دولة اسرائيل, translit.: Daulat Israil) is a country in the Middle East on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea... Israel, and defeated numerically superior The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October... Ottoman forces in several battles, but his army was weakened by disease and poor supplies. He was unable to reduce the fortress of Akko (Hebrew עכו; Arabic عكّا ʿAkkā; also, Acre, Accho, Acco, and St.-Jean dAcre), is a city in Western Galilee in the North District, Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2003 the city had... Acre, and was forced to retreat to Egypt in May. On July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 159 days remaining. July Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... July 25, he defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir.

Ruler of France

The Coup of 18 Brumaire

Portrait by Self portrait Jacques-Louis David (August 30, 1748 - December 29, 1825), most usually known as David (pronounced Dah-veed rather than Day-vid), was a French painter. David was born into a middle-class Parisian family. In 1757 his mother deserted him and he was subsequently raised by his uncles... Jacques-Louis David

While in Egypt, Bonaparte had kept a close eye on European affairs, relying largely on newspapers and dispatches that arrived only irregularly. On August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. August Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... August 23, he abruptly set sail for France, taking advantage of a temporary departure of blockading British ships. Although he was later accused by political opponents of abandoning his troops, his departure actually had been authorized by the This article is about the computing term. The Directory was also a government in revolutionary France from 1795 to 1799. In computing, a directory, catalog, or folder, is an entity in a file system which contains a group of files and other directories. A typical file system contains thousands of... Directory, which had suffered a series of By 1799, the French Revolutionary Wars had resumed after a period of relative peace in 1798. The Second Coalition had organized against France, with Great Britain allying with Russia, Austria, the Ottoman Empire, and several of the minor German and Italian states. While Napoleons army was still embroiled in... military defeats to the forces of the The name Second Coalition (1798 - 1800) designates the second major concerted effort of multiple European powers to contain revolutionary France. The coalition comprised: Austria Great Britain (at war with France since 1793) Russia Turkey After Napoleon Bonaparte mounted an expedition to Egypt and, in spite of several land victories, was... Second Coalition, and feared an invasion. By the time he arrived back in Paris in October Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2005 October is the tenth month of the year in... October, the military situation had improved thanks to several French victories. The Republic was bankrupt, however, and the corrupt and inefficient Directory was no more popular than ever.

Bonaparte was approached by one of the Directors, Sieyès, seeking his support for a coup to overthrow the The Constitution of 1795, Constitution of 22 August 1795, Constitution of the Year III, or Constitution of 5 Fructidor was a national constitution of France ratified by the National Convention on August 22, 1795 (5 Fructidor of the Year III under the French Revolutionary Calendar) during the French Revolution. It... constitution. The plot included Bonaparte's brother Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of Canino (May 21, 1775 - June 29, 1840) was the second of the brothers to Emperor Napoleon I of France. Lucien was the genuinely Revolutionary Bonaparte, and his relations with his brother were often abrasive. Born in Ajaccio, Corsica, and educated in mainland France, Lucien returned to... Lucien, then serving as speaker of the The Council of Five Hundred (Conseil des Cinq-Cent), or simply the Five Hundred was the lower house of the Directory (Directoire), the legislature of France from August 22, 1795 until November 9, 1799, roughly the second half of the period generally referred to as the French Revolution. The upper... Council of Five Hundred, Roger Ducos, another Director, and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (February 2, 1754 - May 17, French diplomat. He worked successfully from the regime of Louis XVI, through the revolution and then under Napoleon I, Louis XVIII and Louis_Philippe. Talleyrand was born into an aristocratic family in Paris but a foot injury in childhood or... Talleyrand. On November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. November Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... November 9, or 18 Brumaire, the coup of 18 Brumaire or sometimes simply Brumaire refers to the coup détat by which General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the government of the Directory to replace it by the Consulate. This occurred on November 9, 1799, which was 18 Brumaire in the year VIII under the... 18 Brumaire, and the following day, troops led by Bonaparte seized control and dispersed the legislative councils, leaving a rump to name Bonaparte, Sieyès, and Ducos as provisional Consuls to administer the government. Although Sieyès expected to dominate the new regime, he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte, who drafted the The Constitution of the Year VIII, was a national constitution of France adopted December 24, 1799 (during the Year VIII of the French Revolutionary Calendar) established a form of government known as the Consulate. The coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799) had already effectively ended the French Revolution. The... Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as Originally, three equal Consuls made up the government established by Napoleon Bonaparte after the coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799), which established the Consulate in France (1799-1804). Napoleon, however, soon arose as the strongest of the three. Contents // Categories: Stub ... First Consul. This made him the most powerful person in France, a power that was increased by the The Constitution of the Year X was a national constitution of France adopted during the Year X of the French Revolutionary Calendar. It superseded the Constitution of the Year VIII, revising the Consulate to augment Napoleon Bonapartes dictatorship by making him First Consul for Life. It was succeeded by... Constitution of the Year X, which made him First Consul for life.

The First Consul

Bonaparte instituted several lasting reforms including centralized admnistration of the départments, higher education, a tax system, a central bank, law codes, and road and sewer systems. He negotiated the After successfully committing a coup détat against the French Directory in 1799, and then one month later declaring himself First Consul with the support of a popular vote, Napoleon Bonaparte was convinced that coming to terms with the Catholic Church would be crucial to the success of his ventures... Concordat of 1801 with the The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. Members generally prefer the term Catholic Church, but this term has multiple meanings (see Catholicism); the term Roman Catholic Church is used in this article to avoid... Catholic Church, seeking to reconcile the mostly Catholic population with his regime. His set of civil laws, the The original Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally called the Code civil des francais, or civil code of the French), was the French civil code, established at the behest of Napoléon. It entered into force on March 21, 1804. The Napoleonic code was the first legal code to... Napoleonic Code or Civil Code, has importance to this day in many countries. The Code was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, who held the office Originally, three equal Consuls made up the government established by Napoleon Bonaparte after the coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799), which established the Consulate in France (1799-1804). Napoleon, however, soon arose as the strongest of the three. Contents // Categories: Stub ... Second Consul from Years: 1796 1797 1798 - 1799 - 1800 1801 1802 Decades: 1760s 1770s 1780s - 1790s - 1800s 1810s 1820s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1799 in topic: Arts Architecture - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Science Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders 1799 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see... 1799 to 1804 is a leap year starting on Sunday. Years: 1801 1802 1803 - 1804 - 1805 1806 1807 Decades: 1770s 1780s 1790s - 1800s - 1810s 1820s 1830s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1804 in art 1804 in literature 1804 in music 1804 in science 1804 in sports List of state leaders... 1804; Bonaparte, however, participated actively in the sessions of the In France, the Conseil dÉtat ( English: Council of State and sometimes Counsel of State) is an organ of the French national government. Its functions include assisting the executive with legal advice and being the supreme court for administrative justice. Its members are (for the most part) high level... Council of State that revised the drafts. Other codes were commissioned by Bonaparte to deal with criminal and commerce law; in Years: 1805 1806 1807 - 1808 - 1809 1810 1811 Decades: 1770s 1780s 1790s - 1800s - 1810s 1820s 1830s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1808 in art 1808 in literature 1808 in music 1808 in science 1808 in sports List of state leaders in 1808 List of religious leaders in 1808... 1808, a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which laid precise rules of operations for courts and, though it may seem somewhat biased in favor of the prosecution by today's standards, sought to preserve personal freedoms and remedy the abuses commonplace in the European courts of the day. Although Bonaparte was an The term authoritarian is used to describe an organization or a state which enforces strong and sometimes oppressive measures against the population, generally without attempts at gaining the consent of the population. In an authoritarian state, citizens are subject to state authority in many aspects of their lives, including many... authoritarian ruler, the same was true of all the European monarchs of the time, with the sole exception of Union Flag (1606-1800 The united Kingdom of Great Britain, also sometimes known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was created by the merger of the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England under the 1707 Act of Union to create a single kingdom encompassing the whole of... Britain. Bonaparte sought to restore law and order after the excesses of the Revolution, and reform the administration of the State.

An Interlude of Peace

Napoléon crossing the Alps, by Self portrait Jacques-Louis David (August 30, 1748 - December 29, 1825), most usually known as David (pronounced Dah-veed rather than Day-vid), was a French painter. David was born into a middle-class Parisian family. In 1757 his mother deserted him and he was subsequently raised by his uncles... Jacques-Louis David

In Years: 1797 1798 1799 - 1800 - 1801 1802 1803 Decades: 1770s 1780s 1790s - 1800s - 1810s 1820s 1830s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1800 in art 1800 in literature 1800 in music 1800 in science 1800 in sports List of state leaders in 1800 List of religious leaders in 1800... 1800, Bonaparte returned to Italy, which the Austrians had re-conquered during his absence in Egypt. He and his troops crossed the Alps in spring (although he actually rode a mule, not the white charger on which David famously depicted him). Although the campaign began badly, the Austrians were routed in June at The Battle of Marengo was fought in Italy on June 14, 1800 as the decisive battle of the war of the Second Coalition. The Marengo plain is situated near the city of Alessandria, in Piedmont, north-western Italy. It resulted in a French victory under Napoleon Bonaparte against the Austrians... Marengo, leading to an armistice. Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte (January 7, 1768—July 28, 1844) was the eldest brother of the French Emperor Napoleon I, who made him King of Naples (1806–1808) and Spain (1808–1813). Bonaparte was born Giuseppe Bonaparte at Corte in Corsica. As a lawyer, politician, and diplomat, he served... Joseph, who was leading the peace negotiations in Lunéville, reported that due to British backing for Austria, Austria would not recognize France's newly gained territory. As negotiations became more and more fractious, Bonaparte gave orders to his general Jean Victor Marie Moreau (February 4, 1763 - September 2, 1813), French general, was born at Morlaix in Brittany. His father was an avocat in good practice, and instead of allowing him to enter the army, as he attempted to do, insisted on his studying law at the University of Rennes... Moreau to strike Austria once more. Moreau led France to victory at The Battle of Hohenlinden near Munich was fought on December 3, 1800, during the French victory under General Moreau against the Austrians under Archduke Karl, forcing him to sign an armistice. In terms of the number of troops involved it was the largest in the French Revolutionary Wars and quite... Hohenlinden. As a result the Treaty of Lunéville was signed in February Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28   2005 February is the second month of the year in the Gregorian... February Years: 1798 1799 1800 - 1801 - 1802 1803 1804 Decades: 1770s 1780s 1790s - 1800s - 1810s 1820s 1830s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1801 in art 1801 in literature 1801 in music 1801 in science 1801 in sports List of state leaders in 1801 List of religious leaders in 1801... 1801, under which the French gains of the The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on October 17, 1797 (26 Vendémiaire, Year VI of the French Republic) by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Ludwig von Cobenzl as representatives of France and Austria. It marked the collapse of the First Coalition, the victorious conclusion to Napoleons campaigns in... Treaty of Campo Formio were reaffirmed and increased; the British also committed themselves to sign a peace treaty and finally signed the The Treaty of Amiens was signed on March 25, 1802 (Germinal 4, year X in the French Revolutionary Calendar) by Joseph Bonaparte and the Marquis Cornwallis as a Definitive Treaty of Peace between France and Britain. Together with the Treaty of Lunéville (1801) the treaty of Amiens marked the... Treaty of Amiens in For alternative meanings, see March (disambiguation). March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31   2005 March is... March Years: 1799 1800 1801 - 1802 - 1803 1804 1805 Decades: 1770s 1780s 1790s - 1800s - 1810s 1820s 1830s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1802 in art 1802 in literature 1802 in music 1802 in science 1802 in sports List of state leaders in 1802 List of religious leaders in 1802... 1802, under which This article is about the European nation. For other meanings, see this page. Repubblika ta Malta Republic of Malta ( In Detail) (Full size) Official languages Maltese and English Capital Valletta Largest City Birkirkara President Edward (Eddie) Fenech Adami Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi Religion Catholicism Area  - Total  - % water Ranked... Malta was to be handed over to France.

The peace between France and Britain was uneasy at best. The "legitimate" monarchies of Europe were reluctant to recognize a republic, fearing that the ideas of the revolution might be exported to them. In Britain, the Louis XVIII (November 17, 1755 - September 16, 1824) was King of France from 1814 (although he declared that he considered his reign to have begun in 1795) until his death in 1824. Early Life Louis-Stanislas-Xavier was born on November 17, 1755 in the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France... brother of Louis XVI was welcomed as a state guest although officially Britain recognized France as a republic. Britain failed to evacuate Malta and Egypt as promised, and protested against France's Annexation is the legal merging of some territory into another body. A city might annex unincorporated areas or a country might annex other disputed territories. Sometimes also used to refer to mergers of countries. Contents // 1 Examples of Annexation 1.1 Pacific Northwest and California 1.2 Texas 1.3... annexation of Regione Piemonte Capital Torino President Enzo Ghigo (House of Freedoms) Provinces Alessandria Asti Biella Cuneo Novara Turin Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Vercelli Municipalities 1,206 Area 25,400 km²  - Ranked 2nd (8.4 %) Population (2001)  - Total  - Ranked  - Density 4,214,677 6th (7.4 %) 166/km² Map... Piedmont, and Napoleon's Act of Mediation in The Swiss Confederation or Switzerland is a landlocked federal state in Europe, with neighbours Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. The country has a strong tradition of political and military neutrality, but also of international co-operation, and is home to many international organisations. Confoederatio Helvetica (CH), the Latin version... Switzerland (although neither of these areas was covered by the Treaty of Amiens).

In Years: 1800 1801 1802 - 1803 - 1804 1805 1806 Decades: 1770s 1780s 1790s - 1800s - 1810s 1820s 1830s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1803 in art 1803 in literature 1803 in music 1803 in science 1803 in sports List of state leaders in 1803 List of religious leaders in 1803... 1803, Bonaparte faced a major setback when an army he sent to reconquer Santo Domingo, population 2,061,200 (2003), is the capital of the Dominican Republic. The city is located on the Caribbean Sea, at the mouth of the Ozama River. It is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the Americas, and was the first seat of Spanish colonial rule in... Santo Domingo and establish a base was destroyed by a combination of Yellow fever (also called black vomit or sometimes The American Plague) is an acute viral disease. It is still an important cause of hemorrhage illness in several African and South American countries despite existence of an effective vaccine. In the past it was a source of several devastating epidemics. The... yellow fever and fierce resistance led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. Recognizing that the French possessions on the mainland of World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is the third largest continent in area and in population after Eurasia and Africa. It is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the... North America would now be indefensible, and facing imminent war with Britain, he sold them to the The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... United States—the From Frank Bond, Louisiana and the Louisiana Purchase. Government Printing Office, 1912 Map No. 4. Via the Louisiana Purchase the United States acquired more than 529,911,680 acres (2,144,476 km2) of territory from France in 1803 for $15 million (which, if adjusted for inflation, would equal approximately... Louisiana Purchase—for less than three A two cent euro coin In currency, the cent is a monetary unit that equals th of the basic unit of value. It also refers to the coin which is worth one cent. In the US and Canada, a common nickame of the 1¢ coin is penny, plural pennies. (In... cents per This article is about the unit of measure known as the acre. For other definitions, see Acre (disambiguation). An acre is a measure of land area in Imperial units or U.S. customary units. It is equal to 43 560 square feet, or 4840 square yards. The precise meaning... acre ($7.40/km²). The dispute over This article is about the European nation. For other meanings, see this page. Repubblika ta Malta Republic of Malta ( In Detail) (Full size) Official languages Maltese and English Capital Valletta Largest City Birkirkara President Edward (Eddie) Fenech Adami Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi Religion Catholicism Area  - Total  - % water Ranked... Malta provided the pretext for Britain to declare war on France in Years: 1800 1801 1802 - 1803 - 1804 1805 1806 Decades: 1770s 1780s 1790s - 1800s - 1810s 1820s 1830s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1803 in art 1803 in literature 1803 in music 1803 in science 1803 in sports List of state leaders in 1803 List of religious leaders in 1803... 1803 to support French royalists.

Emperor of the French

Main article: History of France Chronological Gaul Franks Middle Ages Ancien Régime French Revolution First Empire Nineteenth century Third Republic Vichy France Modern France Topical Economic history Military history Social history Timeline The First French Empire, commonly known as the French Empire, the Napoleonic Empire or simply as The Empire, covers... First French Empire

In January 1804 is a leap year starting on Sunday. Years: 1801 1802 1803 - 1804 - 1805 1806 1807 Decades: 1770s 1780s 1790s - 1800s - 1810s 1820s 1830s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1804 in art 1804 in literature 1804 in music 1804 in science 1804 in sports List of state leaders... 1804, Bonaparte's police uncovered an assassination plot against him, supposedly sponsored by the Bourbon may refer to: Bourbon whiskey House of Bourbon Île Bourbon was the name of Réunion from 1642 until the French Revolution Places in the United States of America: Bourbon, Indiana Bourbon, Missouri Bourbon County, Kentucky Bourbon Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Lousiana Bourbon-lArchambault... Bourbons. In retaliation, Bonaparte ordered the arrest of the Duc d'Enghien, in a violation of the sovereignty of For other uses, see Baden (disambiguation). Baden was a territory in the southwest of what later became unified Germany. It came into existence in the 12th century as the Margravate of Baden and subsequently split into different lines, which were unified in 1771. It became the much-enlarged Grand Duchy... Baden. After a hurried secret trial, the Duke was executed on March 21 is the 80th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (81st in leap years). There are 285 days remaining. March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19... 21 March. Bonaparte then used this incident to justify the re-creation of a hereditary monarchy in France, with himself as Emperor is also a Norwegian black metal band; see Emperor (band). An emperor is a monarch and sovereign ruler of an empire or any other imperial realm. Emperors are generally recognised to be above kings in honour. They may obtain their position hereditarily, or by force, such as a coup... Emperor, on the theory that a Bourbon may refer to: Bourbon whiskey House of Bourbon Île Bourbon was the name of Réunion from 1642 until the French Revolution Places in the United States of America: Bourbon, Indiana Bourbon, Missouri Bourbon County, Kentucky Bourbon Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Lousiana Bourbon-lArchambault... Bourbon restoration would be impossible once the Bonapartist succession was entrenched in the constitution.

Coronation of Napoleon, by Jacques-Louis David. Currently displayed in the Musée du Louvre in Paris, France. The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author...

Coronation of Napoleon, b