Narcissus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Asparagales Family: Amaryllidaceae Genus: Narcissus L.
Subgenera, Species, Subspecies
See text. Narcissus may mean either: Narcissus in Greek mythology the Narcissus flower and plant Narcissus, freedman and secretary to the Roman emperor Claudius Narcissus, murderer of the Roman emperor Commodus HMS Narcissus, a name borne by six ships of the Royal Navy Narcissus, a JavaScript engine Narcissus, a piano piece by... Daffodil may refer to: Horticultural the type of flower called a daffodil Daffodil Day Daffodil Festival Daffodil Society Computing Daffodil DB - Java database One$DB Daffodil Replicator - data synchronization tool Daffodil (software) - Support for Accessing Federated Digital Libraries Other a variety of yellow Daffodil Lane Daffodil Records Daffodil, an Atlanta... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2720 × 2040 pixel, file size: 2. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Liliopsida is the botanical name for a class. ... Families according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Agapanthus Agavaceae Alliaceae Amaryllidaceae Aphyllanthaceae Asparagaceae Asphodelaceae Asteliaceae Blandfordiaceae Boryaceae Doryanthaceae Hemerocallidaceae Hyacinthaceae Hypoxidaceae Iridaceae Ixioliriaceae Lanariaceae Laxmanniaceae Orchidaceae Ruscaceae Tecophilaeaceae Themidaceae Xanthorrhoea Xeronema Asparagales is an order of monocots which includes a number of families of non-woody plants. ... Genera Amaryllis Clivia Galanthus Hippeastrum Hymenocallis Leucojum Lycoris Narcissus Nerine Vallota For a complete list, see List of Amaryllidaceae genera The Amaryllidaceae are a family of flowering plants, with over 800 species in about 60 genera. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ...

Narcissus is the botanic name for a genus of mainly hardy, mostly spring-flowering, bulbs in the Amaryllis family native to Europe, North Africa and Asia. There are also several Narcissus species that bloom in the autumn. Though Hortus Third^[1] cites 26 wild species, Daffodils for North American Gardens^[2] cites between 50 and 100 excluding species variants and wild hybrids. Through taxonomic and genetic research, it is speculated that over time this number will likely continue to be refined.^[3] Daffodil is a common English name, sometimes used now for all varieties, and is the chief common name of Horticultural prevalence used by the American Daffodil Society.^[4] The range of forms in cultivation has been heavily modified and extended, with new variations available from specialists almost every year. For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Shallot bulbs A bulb is an underground vertical shoot that has modified leaves (or thickened leaf bases) that is used as food storage organs by a dormant plant. ... Binomial name L. Amaryllis is a monotypic (only one species) genus of plant also known as the Belladonna Lily or naked ladies. ...

Etymology

The name Narcissus is derived from that of the youth of Greek mythology called Narkissos, who, in at least one of many variations of the tale, became so obsessed with his own reflection as he kneeled and gazed into a pool of water that he fell into the water and drowned. The legend continues that the Narcissus plant first sprang from where he died. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

There are several plurals in common use: "Narcissi", "Narcissuses", and "Narcissus". This last is common in American English, and is the form preferred by the American Daffodil Society, but it is very rare in British usage. The American Webster's Third New International Dictionary gives plurals in the order "Narcissus", "Narcissuses", and "Narcissi", but the British Compact Oxford English Dictionary lists just "Narcissi" and "Narcissuses". 1888 advertisement for Websters Dictionary Websters Dictionary is a common title given to English language dictionaries in the United States, deriving its name from American lexicographer Noah Webster. ... The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a comprehensive multi-volume dictionary published by the Oxford University Press. ...

The name Daffodil is derived from an earlier "Affodell", a variant of Asphodel. The reason for the introduction of the initial "d" is not known, although a probable source is an etymological merging from the Dutch article "de," as in "De affodil." From at least the sixteenth century "Daffadown Dilly" or "daffadown dilly" has appeared as a playful synonym of the name. Flower and fruits The Asphodel (Asphodelus ramosus, family Asphodelaceae in APG II, formerly in Liliaceae) is the flower said to fill the plains of Hades, the mythological Greek underworld. ...

The name jonquil is sometimes used in North America, particularly in the Southeastern United States, but strictly speaking that name belongs only to the rush-leaved Narcissus jonquilla and cultivars derived from it. North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...

Flowers of the tazzetta-group species Narcissus papyraceus are commonly called "paper whites". Binomial name Narcissus papyraceus Ker-Gawl. ...

Description

All Narcissus species have a central trumpet-, bowl-, or disc-shaped corona surrounded by a ring of 6 floral leaves called the perianth which is united into a tube at the forward edge of the ovary. The three outer segments are sepals, and the three inner segments are petals. Though the traditional Daffodil of folklore, poetry and field may have a yellow to golden yellow color all over, both in the wild species and due to breeding, the perianth and corona may be variously colored. Breeders have developed some Daffodils with double, triple, or ambiguously multiple rows and layers of segments - and several wild species also have known double variants.
In the Southern United States daffodils are usually referred to as 'buttercups'. The trumpet is a musical instrument in the brass family. ... Look up corona in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The perianth is the outer envelope of a flower. ... // For ovary as part of plants see ovary (plants) An ovary is an egg-producing reproductive organ found in female organisms. ... Flower of the Primrose Willowherb (Ludwigia octovalvis) showing petals and sepals A sepal is one member or part of the calyx of a flower. ... It has been suggested that Corolla be merged into this article or section. ...

Medicine

In Kampo, traditional Japanese medicine, wounds were treated with narcissus root and wheat flour paste,^[5] though it does not appear in the modern Kampo herb list. The Roman physician Aulus Cornelius Celsus listed narcissus root in De Medicina among medical herbs, described as emollient, erodent, and "powerful to disperse whatever has collected in any part of the body". In one scientific study, the ethanol extract of the bulbs was found effective in one mouse model of nociception, para-benzoquinone induced abdominal constriction, but not in another, the hot plate test.^[6] Kampō (or Kanpō, 漢方) medicine is the Japanese study and adaptation of Traditional Chinese medicine. ... Kampō (or Kanpō, 漢方) medicine is the Japanese study and adaptation of Traditional Chinese medicine. ... Aulus Cornelius Celsus Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BC—50) was a Roman encyclopedist and possibly, although not likely, a physician. ... Pain is both a sensory and emotional experience, generally associated tissue damage, or inflammation. ... Quinone is generally defined as an aromatic beneze molecule containing a double ketone functional group. ...

One of the most common dermatitis problems for florists, "daffodil itch" involves dryness, fissures, scaling, and erythema in the hands, often accompanied by subungual hyperkeratosis (thickening of the skin beneath the nails). It is blamed on exposure to calcium oxalate in the sap.^[7][8] Dermatitis is a blanket term literally meaning inflammation of the skin. It is usually used to refer to eczema, which is also known as Dermatitis eczema. ... Hyperkeratosis results when an excess of proteins called keratins are produced. ... Calcium oxalate is a chemical compound that forms needle-shaped crystals. ...

Species

Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (January 2007)

• Narcissus bulbocodium
• Narcissus cyclamineus
• Narcissus minor
• Narcissus papyraceus
• Narcissus poeticus
• Narcissus pseudonarcissus
• Narcissus tazetta
• Narcissus triandrus

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Binomial name Narcissus papyraceus Ker-Gawl. ... Binomial name L., 1753 The Findern Flower, also known as the Poets Daffodil, was brought back from the crusades by Sir Geoffrey de Fynderne. ... Binomial name Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. Narcissus pseudonarcissus (known as the Wild daffodil) is a perennial flowering plant of the family Amaryllidaceae which grows from a bulb. ... Binomial name Narcissus tazetta L. Narcissus tazetta (known as the Joss flower) is a perennial ornamental plant of the family Amaryllidaceae which grows from a bulb. ...

Popular culture

The daffodil is the national flower of Wales. One species, Narcissus obvallaris, grows only in a small area around Tenby. In Wales it is traditional to wear a daffodil on Saint David's Day (March 1). This article is about the country. ... Harbour of Tenby in Nov, 2001 Tenby (Welsh: Dinbych-y-Pysgod, little town of the fishes) is a walled seaside town in Pembrokeshire, West Wales, lying on Carmarthen Bay. ... This article is about the country. ... Saint Davids Day (Welsh: Dydd Gŵyl Dewi Sant) is the feast day of Saint David, the patron saint of Wales, and falls on March 1 each year. ... is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In some countries the yellow variation is associated with Easter.

The flower is a common decoration flower during Chinese New Year.

William Wordsworth's short poem "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" has become linked in the popular mind with the daffodils that form its main image. William Wordsworth (April 7, 1770 – April 23, 1850) was a major English romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads. ... Wikisource has original text related to this article: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud The Daffodils is an 1804 poem by William Wordsworth. ...

In the movie Big Fish, Edward Bloom plants a field of daffodils outside of Sandra Templeton's window in order to win her heart. Big Fish is a 2003 fantasy drama film, directed by Tim Burton and written by John August. ...

Daffodils are a part of E. E. Cummings' poem, "in a time of daffodils" E. E. Cummings Edward Estlin Cummings (October 14, 1894 – September 3, 1962), popularly known as e. ...

Various Cancer Societies around the world use the daffodil as fundraising symbol. "Daffodil Days" are organised to raise funds by offering the flowers in return for a donation.

• American Cancer Society Daffodil Day
• New Zealand Cancer Society Daffodil Day
• The Cancer Council Australia Daffodil Day

Jonquil flowers.

The Cancer Council Australia is a national, private organization which aims to promote cancer-control policies and to reduce the illness caused by cancer in Australia. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2021x1200, 264 KB) Jonquil Flowers File links The following pages link to this file: Narcissus (flower) User:Fir0002/FPCandidates ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2021x1200, 264 KB) Jonquil Flowers File links The following pages link to this file: Narcissus (flower) User:Fir0002/FPCandidates ...

Horticultural Divisions

The American Daffodil Society - ADS divides all Narcissus into 13 Horticultural Divisions, based partly upon flower form and partly upon genetic background. Since the ADS web is written for general consumption the text of the descriptions contained there is relatively broad.^[4] Horticulturist Robert F. Gabella of GardenOpus has further clarified herein these definitions by replacement of the words "cup" with "corona", "petals" with "perianth segments", and clarified corona length and corona radius for cases where the corona does not protrude outward. Gabella has further emphasized the prevalence of species phenotype comparable to the genetic lineage of ADS Divisions 5 through 10, and has also called out garden and/or wild origin.^[3] Individuals in the mollusk species Donax variabilis show diverse coloration and patterning in their phenotypes. ...

The Divisions are:

• Division 1: Trumpet Daffodils - Plants are of garden origin. Corona length is equal to or exceeds the length of the perianth segments, flowers are borne one to a stem.
• Division 2: Large-cupped Daffodils - Plants are of garden origin. Corona length, or corona radius if flattened, is more than 1/3 but less than equal to the length of the perianth segments; flowers are borne one to a stem.
• Division 3: Small-cupped Daffodils - Plants are of garden origin. Corona length, or corona radius if flattened, is no more than 1/3 the length of the perianth segments; flowers are borne one to a stem.
• Division 4: Double Daffodils - Plants are of garden origin. Any Daffodil in which more than one layer of perianth segments and/or more than one layer of corona segments are present. The combination of doubled perianth and corona segments can vary widely between cultivars, and there may be 1 or multiple flowers per stem, also varying by cultivar.
• Division 5: Triandrus Daffodils - Plants are of garden origin. Characteristics of Narcissus triandrus and its allies clearly evident; flowers hang more-or-less downward, perianth segments are often reflexed, and plants most often bear 2 or more flowers per stem.
• Division 6: Cyclamineus Daffodils - Plants are of garden origin. Characteristics of Narcissus cyclamineus and its allies clearly evident; perianth segments are often reflexed or wind-swept in appearance, corona length varies but can sometimes exceed the perianth segment length, and flowers are borne one to a stem.
• Division 7: Jonquilla Daffodils - Plants are of garden origin. Characteristics of Narcissus jonquilla and its allies clearly evident; flowers are small to medium sized, perianth segments are flat, corona length varies but is usually short and semi-spherical, foliage may be rush-like and dark green as in the species but phenotypic distillation through crossbreeding between Divisions has produced a range of foliage types. Fragrance is usually prominent. Flowers may be borne one to several to a stem, depending upon cultivar.
• Division 8: Tazetta (Poetaz or Bunch-flowered) Daffodils - Plants are of garden origin. Characteristics may be intermediate between Narcissus tazetta and its allies and/or N. tazzetta in combination with N. poeticus is ambiguously evident. Perianth segments are flat, corona length is usually short and semi-spherical. Fragrance is usually prominent. Flowers may be borne in clusters of a few to over a dozen per stem, depending upon cultivar.
• Division 9: Poeticus (Poet's) Daffodils - Plants are of garden origin. Characteristics of Narcissus poeticus and its allies clearly evident; flowers are medium sized, perianth segments are flat and nearly always white, corona is small, flat, and wrinkled - usually green eyed and orange-to-red banded - often with intermediate shades of yellow. Fragrance is usually prominent. Flowers are usually borne one, but very occasionally two, to a stem.
• Division 10: Bulbocodium Daffodils - Plants are of garden origin. Characteristics of Narcissus bulbocodium and its allies clearly evident; flowers are small, perianth segments are small, linear to awl-shaped, corona is very large in proportion to the perianth and "Hoop Petticoat" or bowl shaped, foliage is usually rush-like and dark green as in the species. Flowers are borne one to a stem.
• Division 11: Split-corona Daffodils - Plants are of garden origin and can represent any potential genetic background. The corona, which can be any length or orientation, is radially split from the outer rim inward at more than half its natural length. The splitting can occur triradially or hexiradially, and in some cases the segmants may be broad enough to underlap and overlap alternating perianth segments. Though flowers are most often borne one to a stem, there are cultivars with multiple flowers per stem. Division 11 is further subdivided as follows:
  • a) Collar Daffodils - Corona segments lay opposite the perianth segments and are usually in two whorls of three.
  • b) Papillon Daffodils - Corona segments lay alternate to the perianth segments and are usually in a single whorl of six.
• Division 12: Miscellaneous Daffodils - Division 12 consists of Daffodils not classifiable by the first 11 Divisions. They may be inter-division hybrids, or of such ambiguous heritage or phenotype that they do not easily fit the above divisions
• Division 13: Species, Wild Variants and Wild Hybrids - Division 13 consists of all Daffodils occurring naturally in the wild.
• Miniature Daffodils - Miniature Daffodils are not an official ADS Division; miniatures can occur in each of the other 13 Divisions and posess the same descriptive characteristics. Howerver, the flowers are 1.5" or less in diameter, and ideally are borne on proportionally smaller plants.

Binomial name Narcissus tazetta L. Narcissus tazetta (known as the Joss flower) is a perennial ornamental plant of the family Amaryllidaceae which grows from a bulb. ... Binomial name L., 1753 The Findern Flower, also known as the Poets Daffodil, was brought back from the crusades by Sir Geoffrey de Fynderne. ...

Color Range and Classification

Daffodils may be self colored, that is, both perianth and corona identical in color and shade, or the colors between the perianth and corona may differ widely. Some perianths and some coronas also may contain more than one color or shade. Prevalent colors are all shades and tones of yellow, white, orange, pink, red and green. Pinks vary from apricot to rose in shades from pale to deep, and some more recent cultivars have hints of lavender or lilac. Reds vary from orange-red to salmon red to near scarlet. Pink, red, orange and green tones are mainly confined to the corona. However, breeders are currently working against the genera's natural pigmentation and genetic barriers to create improved cultivars in which pink, rose, red, orange and green tones suffuse or "bleed" from the more highly colored coronas onto the perianth segments of white or yellow. There are an increasing number of commercially available varieties which display this enhanced coloration.

• ADS Color Classification^[4]:
  • W = White or whitish
  • G = Green
  • Y = Yellow
  • P = Pink
  • O = Orange
  • R = Red

The flower's two regions are assigned color somewhat differently. The perianth colors are assigned from (in the case of multiple colors) the outer edge of the segment inward to the base of the corona. The corona colors are assigned from the base of the corona outward to the rim. Thus, Actaea, a Poeticus (Division 9) Daffodil pictured below, is officially classified as 9 W-GYR. Accent, which is a Large Cup (Division 2) Daffodil possessing a white perianth and a pink corona, is officially classified as 2 W-P.

Gallery

Narcissus pseudonarcissus Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2532 × 1899 pixel, file size: 1. ...	Narcissus pseudonarcissus Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2720 × 2040 pixel, file size: 2. ...	Narcissus pseudonarcissus Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 799 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (2533 × 1900 pixel, file size: 1. ...	White Jonquil Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1800x1200, 161 KB) Jonquil Flowers File links The following pages link to this file: Narcissus (flower) User:Fir0002/FPCandidates Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Jonquil flowers Wikipedia:Featured pictures candidates/September-2005 ...
White Jonquil Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1800x1287, 159 KB) Jonquil Flowers File links The following pages link to this file: Narcissus (flower) User:Fir0002/FPCandidates ...	White Jonquil Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 136 KB) Jonquil Flowers File links The following pages link to this file: Narcissus (flower) User:Fir0002/FPCandidates ...	White Jonquil Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 130 KB) Jonquil flowers File links The following pages link to this file: Narcissus ...	Narcissus pseudonarcissus Image File history File links Download high resolution version (480x640, 56 KB) Name Narcissus pseudonarcissus Family Iridaceae Image no. ...
Narcissus tazetta Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 362 KB) Narcissus flowers shot by myself on Jan. ...	Narcissus bulbocodium ssp. bulbocodium Image File history File links Name Narcissus bulbocodium bulbocodium Family Amaryllidaceae Image no. ...	Narcissus poeticus 'Actaea' Image File history File links Name Narcissus poeticus actaea Family Image no. ...	Jonquil Flowers Jonquil Flowers File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Narcissus 'Tahiti' Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1396x1328, 381 KB) Beschrijving Photographer: Vincent de Groot. ...	Narcissus (yellow) Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3264x2448, 3155 KB) Summary A photograph of a Yellow Narcissus (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) taken with a Ricoh GR Digital by Poul818. ...		Narcissus (orange and white) Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 1112 KB) Photo taken by myself on 27 Jan 2006 by Canon PowerShot Pro1 with Supermacro mode. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (960x1280, 576 KB) Self-pictured orange & white Daffodil. ...
White and yellow Narcissus Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (720x960, 299 KB) Self-pictured White & Yellow Daffodil. ...	Yellow Daffodil Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixels Full resolution (2448 × 3264 pixel, file size: 2. ...	Narcissus papyraceus 'Paperwhite' Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixels Full resolution (3456 × 2304 pixel, file size: 2. ... Binomial name Narcissus papyraceus Ker-Gawl. ...	Daffodil Narcissus on Vancouver Island Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 567 × 599 pixels Full resolution (1912 × 2020 pixel, file size: 2. ... Vancouver Island is separated from mainland British Columbia by the Strait of Georgia and the Queen Charlotte Strait, and from Washington by the Juan De Fuca Strait. ...
			Some white Jonquils Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixels Full resolution (1632 × 1224 pixel, file size: 343 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Narcissus (flower) Metadata This file... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixels Full resolution (1224 × 1632 pixel, file size: 271 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Narcissus (flower) Metadata This file... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (852 × 1134 pixel, file size: 481 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...

External links

• Difference between daffodil and narcissus, see first paragraph
• Historical Daffodils
• American Daffodil Society - ADS

References

1. ^ Hortus Third, Staff of The L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, 1976, pp. 754-756. (Macmillan Publishing Company, NY, NY; ISBN 0-02-505470-8)
2. ^ Daffodils For North American Gardens, Brent and Becky Heath, 2001, (Bright Sky Press, Albany, TX; NY, NY; ISBN 0-9704729-7-8)
3. ^ ^{a b} http://www.gardenopus.com GardenOpus
4. ^ ^{a b c} http://daffodilusa.org American Daffodil Society - ADS
5. ^ Carmen Altomonte. Kampo — The Japanese Art of Herbal Healing.
6. ^ PMID 9379365
7. ^ http://www.floridata.com/ref/n/narc_spp.cfm
8. ^ http://www.telemedicine.org/botanica/bot7.htm

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Narcissus

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