NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Nasiruddin Humayun

Nasiruddin Humayun (Persian: نصيرالدين همايون) (March 6, 1508 – February 22, 1556), was the second Mughal Emperor and ruled northern parts of India from 1530–1540 and again from 1555–1556. Like his father, Babur, he lost his kingdom early, but with Persian aid, he eventually regained an even larger one. Persian, (local name: FÄrsÄ« or PÄrsÄ«), is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (66th in Leap years). ... 1508 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 22 is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events January 16 - Abdication of Emperor Charles V. His son, Philip II becomes King of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor January 23 - The Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China. ... The Mughal Empire at its greatest extent. ... It has been suggested that Ayisheh Sultan Begum be merged into this article or section. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau (IrÄn - Land of the Aryans) and beyond. ...

He succeeded his father in India in 1530, while his half-brother Kamran Mirza, who was to become a rather bitter rival, obtained the sovereignty of Kabul and Lahore, the more northern parts of their fathers empire. He originally ascended the throne at the age of 22 and was somewhat inexperienced when he came to power. Kamran Mirza, sometimes known simply as Kamran (born 1509, Kabul; died 1557, Makkah) Kamran Mirza was the second son of Babur, the founder of the Mughal dynasty. ... Kabul, KÃ¢bl (locally: Ú©Ø§Ø¨Ù„), is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan with a population of approximately 3 million people. ... Lahore (Urdu: Ù„Ø§ÛÙˆØ±) is the capital of the province of Punjab, and the second most populated city in Pakistan, sometimes known as the Gardens of the Mughals, after the significant rich heritage of the Mughal Empire. ...

Humayun lost his Indian territories to the Afghan Sultan, Sher Shah, and only regained them with Persian aid ten years later. Humayun's return from Persia, accompanied by a large retinue of Persian noblemen, signalled an important change in Mughal Court culture, as the Central Asian origins of the dynasty were largely overshadowed by Persian art, architecture, language and literature. Subsequently, in a very short time thereafter, Humayun was able to expand the Empire further, leaving a substantial legacy for his son, Akbar the Great. For the recipient of the Victoria Cross see Sher Shah (VC) Sher Shah Suri (born Fahrid Khan; later renamed Sher Khan after killing a tiger; 1486 - 1545) was the Afghani son of Hasan Khan. ... Jalauddin Akbar Jalaluddin Muhammad Akb r, (alternative spellings include Jellaladin) also known as Akbar the Great (Akbar-e-Azam) (October 15, 1542 – 1605) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from the time of his accession in 1556 until 1605. ...

Background

Babur's decision to divide the territories of his empire amongst two of his sons was unusual in India, but had been common Central Asian practice since the time of Genghis Khan. Unlike most European Monarchies which practised primogeniture, the Timurids, following Genghis Khan's example, did not leave an entire kingdom to the eldest son. Whilst under this system none but a Chinggisid could lay claim to sovereignty and khanal authority, the lack of primogeniture also meant that all male Chingissids within a given sub-branch (such as the Timurids) had an equal right to the throne.^[1]. Thus whilst Genghis Khan's Empire had been peacefully divided between his sons upon his death, almost every Chinggisid succession since had seen fratricide on a greater or lesser scale.^[2] Timur himself had divided his territories between Pir Muhammad, Miran Shah, Khalil Sultan and Shah Rukh upon his death, which almost immediately resulted in inter-family warfare.^[1] Upon Babur's demise, Humayun's territories were the least secure. Babur had died only four years into his rule in North India and those who swore allegiance to him did not necessarily see Humayun as the rightful ruler. Indeed, even before Babur's death some of the umarah (nobles) had tried to install Humayun's uncle, Mahdi Khwaja, as ruler whilst Babur was struck down with illness; although this attempt failed thanks to the Khwaja's arrogance, it was perhaps a sign of problems to come.^[3] or TemÃ¼jin by birthname, (c. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... or TemÃ¼jin by birthname, (c. ... Pir Muhammad (c. ... Miran Shah (1366-1408) was a son of Timur, and a Timurid governor during his fathers lifetime. ... Khalil was the Sultan of Samarqand from 807 to 812. ... Shah Rukh Mirza (also known as Shahrukh or Shah Rokh) (August 30, 1377 - March 12, 1447), was the ruler of the eastern portion of the empire established by Timur (Tamerlane), governing most of Persia and Transoxiana between 1405 and 1447. ...

Personal traits

Humayun was portrayed by his sister, Gulbadan Begum, in his biography, the "Humāyūn-nāma", as extraordinarily lenient, constantly forgiving acts which were deliberately aimed at angering him. In one instance the biography records his youngest brother Hindal killed Humayun's most trusted advisor, an old Sheikh, and then marched an army out of Agra. Humayun, rather than seek retribution, went straight to his mother's home where Gulbadan Begum and other women were also present and swore on the Qur'an that he would bear no grudge against his younger brother, and insisted he return home. His many documented acts of mercy may have stemmed largely from weakness, but he does seem to have been a gentle and humane man by the standards of the day. Image File history File links Timur_with_babur_and_Humayun. ... Image File history File links Timur_with_babur_and_Humayun. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... For other uses, see Sheikh (disambiguation). ... The QurÄn [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also called The Noble Quran; also transliterated as Quran, Koran (the traditional term in English), and Al-Quran), is the central religious text of Islam. ...

He was also deeply superstitious, and fascinated by Astrology and the Occult. Upon his accession as Padishah (Emperor), he began to re-organise the administration upon mystically determined principles. The public offices were divided into four distinct groups, for the four elements. The department of Earth was to be in charge of Agriculture and the agricultural sciences, Fire was to be in charge of the Military, water was the department of the Canals and waterways while Air seemed to have responsibility for everything else. His daily routine was planned in accordance with the movements of the planets, so too was his wardrobe. He refused to enter a house with his left foot going forward, and if anyone else did they would be told to leave and re-enter. History of Islamic monarchies Padishah, Badishah, or Badshah is a very prestigious title derived from the Persian word PÄdishÄh, which is based on the better-known title ShÄh King, assumed by several Islamic monarchs, notably these rulers, the first three commanding major Muslim empires: The Shahanshah of...

His servant, Jauhar, records in the Tadhkirat al-Waqiat that he was known to shoot arrows to the sky marked with either his own name, or that of the Shah of Persia and, depending on how they landed, interpreted this as an indication of which of them would grow more powerful. He was a heavy drinker, and also took pellets of Opium, after which he was known to recite poetry. He was, however, not enamoured of warfare, and after winning a battle would spend months at a time indulging himself within the walls of a captured city even as a larger war was taking place outside.

His early reign

Upon his succession to the throne Humayun had two major rivals interested in acquiring his lands. To his South West was Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat, and to the East was Sher Shah Sur (Sher Khan) currently settled along the river Ganges in Bihar. For the recipient of the Victoria Cross see Sher Shah (VC) Sher Shah Suri (born Fahrid Khan; later renamed Sher Khan after killing a tiger; 1486 - 1545) was the Afghani son of Hasan Khan. ... The Ganges River (Ganga in Indian languages; Ganges is the Latin form) (Devanagari à¤—à¤‚à¤—à¤¾) is the major river in northern India and Bangladesh. ... For other uses, see Bihar (disambiguation). ...

During the first five years of Humayun's reign, these two rulers were quietly extending their rule, although Sultan Bahadur faced pressure to the East from sporadic conflicts with the Portuguese. While the Mughals had acquired firearms via the Ottoman Empire, Bahadur's Gujurat had acquired them through a series of contracts drawn up with the Portuguese, allowing the Portuguese to establish a strategic foothold in north Western India.^[4] Motto: Ø¯ÙˆÙ„Øª Ø§Ø¨Ø¯ Ù…Ø¯Øª Devlet-i Ebed-mÃ¼ddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem At the height of its power (1683) Capital SÃ¶ÄŸÃ¼t (1299-), Bursa (1326-), Edirne (1365-), Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281â€“1326 Osman I - 1918â€“1922 Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320...

Humayun was made aware that the Sultan of Gujarat was planning an assault on the Mughal territories with Portuguese aid. Showing an unusual resolve, Humayun gathered an army and marched on Bahadur. His assault was spectacular, and within a month he had captured the forts of Mandu and Champaner. However, instead of pressing his attack, and going after the enemy, Humayun ceased the campaign and began to enjoy life in his new forts. Bahadur, meanwhile, escaped and took up refuge with the Portuguese.^[5] Mandu, or Mandogarh, is a ruined city in the Dhar District in the Malwa region of western Madhya Pradesh state, central India. ... Champaner is a ruined city in Gujarat state of western India. ...

Retreat to Kabul?

The war against Sindh had led to a stalemate, and so Hussein decided to bribe Humayun to leave the area. Humayun accepted and in return for three hundred Camels (mostly wild) and two thousand loads of grain he set off to join his brothers in Kandahar, crossing the Indus on July 11, 1543. The position of the Sindhu River in Iron Age Vedic India. ... July 11 is the 192nd day (193rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 173 days remaining. ... // Events February 21 - Battle of Wayna Daga - A combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeat the armies of Adal led by Ahmed Gragn. ...

In Kamran's territory, Hindal had been placed under what would now be described as House arrest in Kabul after refusing to have the Khutba recited in Kamran's name. His other brother Askari was now ordered to gather an army and march on Humayun. When Humayun received word of the approaching hostile army he decided against facing them, and instead sought refuge elsewhere. Akbar was left behind in camp close to Kandahar for as it was December it would have been too cold and dangerous to include the 14 month old toddler in the forthcoming march which lay through the dangerous and snowy mountains of the Hindu Kush. Askari found Akbar in the camp, and embraced him, and allowed his own wife to rear him, and she apparently treated him as her own. In justice and law, house arrest is the situation where a person is confined (by the authorities) to his or her residence. ... Kabul, KÃ¢bl (locally: Ú©Ø§Ø¨Ù„), is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan with a population of approximately 3 million people. ... The Hindu Kush or Hindukush (هندوکش in Persian) is a mountain range in Afghanistan as well as in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. ...

Refuge in Persia

Humayun fled to the refuge of the Safavid Empire in Iran, marching with forty men and his wife and her companion through mountains and valleys. Amongst other trials the Imperial party were forced to live on horse meat boiled in the soldiers' helmets. These indignities continued during the month it took them to reach Herat, however after their arrival they were reintroduced to the finer things in life. Upon entering the city his army was greeted with an armed escort, and they were treated with lavish food and clothing. They were given fine accommodation and the roads were cleared and cleaned before them. Shah Tahmasp, unlike Humayun's own family, actually welcomed the Mughal, and treated him as a royal visitor. Here Humayun went sightseeing and was amazed at the Persian artwork and architecture he saw: much of this was the work of the Timurid Sultan Husayn Bayqarah and his ancestor, princess Gauhar Shad, thus he was able to admire the work of his relatives and ancestors at first hand. He was introduced to the work of the Persian miniaturists, and Kamaleddin Behzad had two of his pupils join Humayun in his court. Humayun was amazed at their work and asked if they would work for him if he were to regain the sovereignty of Hindustan (They agreed). With so much going on Humayun did not even meet the Shah until July, some six months after his arrival in Persia. After a lengthy journey from Herat the two met in Qazvin where a large feast and parties were held for the event. The meeting of the two monarchs forms the subject of a famous wall-painting in the Chehel Sotoun (Forty Columns) palace in Esfahan. The Safavids were a long-lasting Turkic-speaking Iranian dynasty that ruled from 1501 to 1736 and first established Shiite Islam as Persias official religion. ... Court of the Friday Mosque in HerÄt. ... Tahmasp I (1514-1576) was an influential Shah of Persia of the Safavid Dynasty. ... Husayn Bayqarah (1438 - May 4, 1506), was a Timurid ruler of Herat from 1469 to his death, with a brief interruption in 1470. ... Akhangan tomb, where Gohar-Taj is buried. ... The construction of fort Kharnaq, c. ... craftsmanship at Shazdeh Hosein shrine. ... Chehel Sotoun is a pleasure pavilion in Isfahan, Iran, built by Shah Abbas I to be used for the shahs entertainment and receptions. ... Part of Shah Abbas large urban project in his new capital, the ChahÄr BÄgh Four Gardens, is a four-kilometer avenue in the city of Isfahan. ...

The Shah urged that Humayun convert from Sunni to Shia Islam, hinting that this was the price of his support, and eventually and reluctantly Humayun did so, much to the disapproval of his biographer Jauhar. With this outward acceptance of Shi'ism the Shah was prepared to offer Humayun more substantial support. When Humayun's brother, Kamran, offered to cede Kandahar to the Persians in exchange for Humayun, dead or alive, the Shah refused. Instead the Shah threw a party for Humayun, with three hundred tents, an imperial Persian carpet, 12 musical bands and "meat of all kinds". Here the Shah announced that all this, and 12,000 choice cavalry were his to lead an attack on his brother Kamran. All the Shah asked for, was that if victorious then Kandahar would be his. Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... For the 2001 movie by Mohsen Makhmalbaf, see Kandahar (film). ...

Kandahar and onwards

With this Persian aid Humayun took Kandahar from Askari after a two-week siege. He noted how the nobles who used to serve Askari quickly flocked to serve him, "in very truth the greater part of the inhabitants of the world are like a flock of sheep, wherever one goes the others immediately follow". Kandahar was, as agreed, given to the Shah who sent his infant son, Murad, as the Viceroy. However, the baby soon died and Humayun thought himself strong enough to assume power. Shahbuddin Mohammed Shah Jahan (also spelled Shah Jehan, Shahjehan. ...

Humayun now prepared to take Kabul, ruled by his brother Kamran. In the end, there was no actual siege. Kamran was detested as a leader and as Humayun's Persian army approached the city hundreds of Kamran's troops changed sides, flocking to join Humayun and swelling his ranks. Kamran absconded and began building an army outside the city. in November 1545 Hamida and Humayun were reunited with their son Akbar, and held a huge feast. They also held another, larger, feast in the childs' honour when he was circumcised. This article is being rewritten at Circumcision/temp Circumcision is the removal of some or all of the prepuce or foreskin though often the frenulum is also excised. ...

However, while Humayun had a larger army than his brother and had the upper hand, on two occasions his poor military judgement allowed Kamran to retake Kabul and Kandahar, forcing Humayun to mount further campaigns for their recapture. He may have been aided in this by his reputation for leniency towards the troops who had defended the cities against him, as opposed to Kamran, whose brief periods of possession were marked by atrocities against the inhabitants who he suspected of helping his brother.

His youngest brother, Hindal, formerly the most disloyal of his siblings, died fighting on his behalf. His brother Askari was shackled in chains at the behest of his nobles and aides. He was allowed go on Hajj, and died en route in the desert outside Damascus. Arabic pronunciation The Hajj ( translit: ), (Turkish:Hac), (Malay:Haji) is the Pilgrimage to Mecca in Islam. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Humayun's other brother, Kamran, had repeatedly sought to have Humayun killed, and when in 1552 he attempted to make a pact with Islam Shah, Sher Shahs successor, he was apprehended by a Gakhar. The Gakhars were one of only a few groups of people who had remained loyal to their oath to the Mughals. Sultan Adam of the Gakhars handed Kamran over to Humayun. Humayun was tempted to forgive his brother, however he was warned that allowing Kamran's continuous acts to go unpunished could foment rebellion within his own ranks. So, instead of killing his brother Humayun had Kamran blinded. He sent him on Hajj, as he hoped to see his brother absolved of sin, but he died close to Mecca in the Arabian desert in 1557. For the recipient of the Victoria Cross see Sher Shah (VC) Sher Shah Suri (born Fahrid Khan; later renamed Sher Khan after killing a tiger; 1486 - 1545) was the Afghani son of Hasan Khan. ... The Gakhars ( Gakkhars, Gurkkhars, Gurkhars) have been suggested, by the British archaeologist Sir Alexander Cunningham to have been Indo-Sassanians in origin. ... The Gakhars ( Gakkhars, Gurkkhars, Gurkhars) have been suggested, by the British archaeologist Sir Alexander Cunningham to have been Indo-Sassanians in origin. ...

India revisited

Sher Shah Sur had died in 1546, and, although he was a powerful ruler, his son Islam Shah died too in 1554. These two deaths left the dynasty reeling and disintegrating. Three rivals for the throne all marched on Delhi, while in many cities leaders tried to stake a claim for independence. This was a perfect opportunity for the Mughals to march back to India. Humayun placed the army under the able leadership of Bairam Khan. This was a wise move given Humayun's own record of military ineptitude, and turned out to be prescient, as Bairam was to prove himself one of the world's legendary tacticians. Bairam Khan (Persian: Ø¨ÙŠØ±Ø§Ù… Ø®Ø§Ù†) (died 1561) was a Turkoman general who served as the regent during the minority of Mughal ruler Akbar, who came to power in 1556. ...

Bairam Khan led the army through the Punjab virtually unopposed. The fort of Rohtas, which was built in 1541-43 by Sher Shah Sur to crush the Gakhars who were loyal to Humayun, was surrendered without a shot by a treacherous commander. The walls of the Rohtas Fort measure up to 12,5 meters in thickness and up to 18,28 meters in height. They extend for 4 km and feature 68 semi-circular bastions. Its sandstone gates, both massive and ornate, are thought to have exerted a profound influence on the Mughal military architecture. Rohtas can refer to: Rohtas, Pakistan, a village located in Rohtas Fort, Pakistan Rohtas Fort, Pakistan Rohtas District, a district in Bihar, India. ... The location of Hazara relative to surrounding areas Gakhars or Ghakkars (Urdu: Ú¯Ø§Ú©Ú¾Ø± ) are an ancient clan of Pakistan. ... Rohtas can refer to: Rohtas, Pakistan, a village located in Rohtas Fort, Pakistan Rohtas Fort, Pakistan Rohtas District, a district in Bihar, India. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ...

The only major battle faced by Humayun's armies was against Sikander Suri in Sirhind, where Bairam Khan employed a tactic whereby he apparently engaged his enemy in open battle, but then quickly retreated. When the enemy followed after they came upon entrenched defensive positions and were easily annihilated.

From here on most towns and villages chose to welcome the invading army as it made its way to the capital. On July 23, 1555 Humayun, once again, sat on Babur's throne in Delhi. July 23 is the 204th day (205th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 161 days remaining. ... Events Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland February 2 - Diet of Augsburg begins February 4 - John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England February 9 - Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake May 23 - Paul IV becomes Pope. ...

Ruling north India again

With all of Humayun's brothers now dead, there was no fear of another usurping his throne during military campaigns. He was also now an established leader, and could trust his generals. With this new-found strength Humayun embarked on a series of military campaigns aimed at extending his reign over areas to the East and West.

His sojourn in exile seems to have reduced Humayun's reliance on astrology, and his military leadership instead imitated the methods he had observed in Persia, allowing him to win more effectively and quicker.

This also applied to the administration of the empire. Persian methods of governance were imported into North India in Humayun's train. The system of revenue collection is held to have improved on both the Persian model and that of the Delhi Sultanate one. The Persian arts too were very influential, and Persian-style miniatures were produced at Mughal (and subsequently Rajput) courts. The Chaghatai Language, in which Babur had written his memoirs, disappeared almost entirely from the culture of the courtly elite, and Akbar could not speak it. Later in life Humayun himself is said to have spoken in Persian verse more often than not. The Delhi Sultanate (Ø¯Ù„ÛŒ Ø³Ù„Ø·Ù†Øª), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (Ø³Ù„Ø·Ù†ØªÙ ÛÙ†Ø¯) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (Ø³Ù„Ø·Ù†ØªÙ Ø¯Ù„ÛŒ) refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ...

Death and legacy

On February 22, 1556, only six months after his victorious return to India Humayun caught his foot in his robe as he descended some stairs and fell, hitting his temple on a rugged stone edge. He died three days later, and was succeeded by the 13 year old Akbar. Image File history File links Humanyu. ... Image File history File links Humanyu. ... Humayuns tomb is a complex of buildings of Mughal architecture located in Nizamuddin East, New Delhi. ... February 22 is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events January 16 - Abdication of Emperor Charles V. His son, Philip II becomes King of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor January 23 - The Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China. ... Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar (Persian: Ø¬Ù„Ø§Ù„ Ø§Ù„Ø¯ÛŒÙ† Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ú©Ø¨Ø±), (alternate spellings: Jellaladin, Celalettin) also known as Akbar the Great (Akbar-e-Azam) (October 15, 1542 â€“ October 27, 1605) was the son of Nasiruddin Humayun whom he succeeded as ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1605. ...

Humayun loved astrology and astronomy and built observatories that lasted centuries. His life was chronicled in slightly hagiographical work called the Humayun-nama written by his sister Gulbadan Begum at the request of his son, Akbar. His most lasting impact was the importing of Persian ideas into the Indian empire, something which was expanded on by later leaders. His support for the arts, following exposure to Safavid art, saw him recruit painters to his court who developed the celebrated Mughal style of painting. Humayun's greatest architectural creation was the Din-Panah (Refuge of Religion) citadel at Delhi which was destroyed by Sher Shah. He is best remembered today for his great Tomb, built by his widow after his death. The ultimate model for Humayun's tomb is the Gur-e Amir in Samarkand, and it is best-known as a precursor to the Taj Mahal in style. However, in its striking composition of dome and iwan, and its imaginative use of local materials, it is one of the finest Mughal monuments in India in its own right. This article is about a type of fortification. ... Delhi (Hindi: , Urdu: â€Ž, Punjabi: ) is a metropolis in northern India. ... Humayuns tomb is a complex of buildings of Mughal architecture located in Nizamuddin East, New Delhi. ... Timurs mausoleum Gur-e Amir at Samarkand Gur-e Amir is the mausoleum of the Asian conqueror Timur in Samarkand (now in Uzbekistan). ...

References

EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica, the 11th edition The EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910â€“1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

Notes

External links

Categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica | Mughal emperors | Muslims | 1508 births | 1556 deaths | Indian people stubs It has been suggested that Ayisheh Sultan Begum be merged into this article or section. ... The Mughal Empire was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent between the mid-16th century and the end of the 17th century. ... For the recipient of the Victoria Cross see Sher Shah (VC) Sher Shah Suri (born Fahrid Khan; later renamed Sher Khan after killing a tiger; 1486 - 1545) was the Afghani son of Hasan Khan. ... The Mughal Empire was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent between the mid-16th century and the end of the 17th century. ... Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar (Persian: Ø¬Ù„Ø§Ù„ Ø§Ù„Ø¯ÛŒÙ† Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø§Ú©Ø¨Ø±), (alternate spellings: Jellaladin, Celalettin) also known as Akbar the Great (Akbar-e-Azam) (October 15, 1542 â€“ October 27, 1605) was the son of Nasiruddin Humayun whom he succeeded as ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1605. ...

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