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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP, generally pronounced as EN Double AY SEE PEE) is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States. The NAACP was founded by a diverse group on February 12, 1909 by WEB Dubois (African American), Ida Wells-Barnett (African American), Henry Moscowitz (Jewish), Mary White Ovington (White), Oswald Garrison Villard (German-born Caucasian), and William English Walling (White, and son of a former slave owning family [2]) [3], to work on behalf of the rights of colored people including Native Americans, African Americans, as well as Jews. Its name, retained in accord with tradition, is one of the last surviving uses of the term "colored people". This is now generally viewed as dated and derogatory. In the historical context of the NAACP, however, the term is not considered offensive. Image File history File links Naacplogo. ... Image File history File links AmericaAfrica. ... Image File history File links AmericaAfrica. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Main article: African American African American history is the history of an ethnic group in the United States also known as black Americans. ... Military history of African Americans is that of African Americans in the United States since the arrival of the first black slaves in 1619 to the present day. ... The Atlantic slave trade was the purchase of people in and transport from West Africa and Central Africa, and to a lesser degree East Africa, into slavery in the New World. ... Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and in force between 1876 and 1967 that required racial segregation, especially of blacks, in all public facilities. ... A.U.M.P. Church AME Church National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. ... Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia Rasta, or the Rastafari movement, is a religion and philosophy that accepts Haile Selassie I, the former (and last) emperor of Ethiopia, as Jah (the Rasta name for God incarnate, from a shortened form of Jehovah found in Psalms 68:4 in the King... Black Jews may refer to a number of different religious and ethnic groups. ... Black Hebrew Israelites (also Black Hebrews, African Hebrew Israelites, Hebrew Israelites) are groups of people of African ancestry situated mostly in the United States who claim to be descendants of the ancient Israelites. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Doctrine of Father Divine are the teachings of the late Father Divine (d. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into African American history. ... Martin Luther King is perhaps most famous for his I Have a Dream speech given in front of the Lincoln Memorial during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom See also: American Civil Rights Movement (1896-1957) The African-American Civil Rights Movement refers to a set of... Garveyism is that aspect of Black Nationalism which takes its source from the works, words and deeds of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey. ... Black nationalism is a political and social movement arising in the 1960s and early 70s mostly among African Americans in the United States. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... African Americans have had a tremendous impact on left-wing politics in the United States. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Reparations for slavery is a proposal in the U.S. for the federal government to pay reparations, in various forms, to slave descendants for the transatlantic slave trade. ... The Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) is a non-profit organization founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1915 as The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History by Carter G. Woodson and Jesse E. Moorland. ... United Negro College Fund logo The United Negro College Fund (UNCF) is a Fairfax, Virginia-based American philanthropic organization that fundraises college tuition money for black students and general scholarship funds for 39 historically black colleges and universities. ... The National Pan-Hellenic Council, Inc. ... The Links, Incorporated is an exclusive non-profit organization based upon the ideals of combining friendship and community service. ... Bud Fowler, the first professional black baseball player with one of his teams, Western of Keokuk, Iowa The Negro Leagues were American professional baseball leagues comprising predominantly African-American teams. ... The Color Purple by Alice Walker African American literature is literature written by, about, and sometimes specifically for African Americans. ... African American studies, or Black studies, is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of African Americans. ... African American art is a broad term describing the visual arts of the American black community. ... African American music (also called black music, formerly known as race music) is an umbrella term given to a range of musical genres emerging from or influenced by the culture of African Americans, who have long constituted a large ethnic minority of the population of the United States. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... African American contemporary issues are a group of social, political, and business issues that are of interest and concern to African Americans because these issues and the state of their resolution directly affect the quality of life of African Americans. ... In the United States, Historically Black Colleges And Universities (HBCU) (a type of minority-serving institution or MSI) are colleges or universities that were established before 1964 with the intention of serving the African American community. ... African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called African American English, Black English, Black Vernacular, Black English Vernacular (BEV), or Black Vernacular English (BVE), is a type variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language. ... The Gullah language is a creole language spoken by the Gullah people (also called Geechees), an African American population living on the Sea Islands and the coastal Low Country region of the U.S. states of South Carolina and Georgia. ... Louisiana Creole French (Kreyol Lwiziyen) is a French-based creole spoken in Louisiana. ... This is an incomplete list of African Americans. ... This is a list of landmark legislation and court decisions in the United States concerning African Americans. ... This is an alphabetical list of African-American-related topics: Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A African American African American contemporary issues African American culture... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... William Edward Burghardt DuBois (February 23, 1868 - August 27, 1963) was an African-American civil rights leader and scholar. ... Ida Wells-Barnett Ida B. Wells, (July 16, 1862-March 25, 1931), later known as Ida Wells-Barnett, was an African-American civil rights advocate, and led a strong cause against lynching. ... Dr. Henry Moscowitz was a Jewish civil rights activist, and one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. ... Mary White Ovington Mary White Ovington (born April 11, 1865 in Brooklyn, New York - 1951) was a civil rights leader. ... Oswald Garrison Villard (1872 in Wiesbaden/Germany - 1949) was a U.S. journalist. ... William English Walling (1877-1936) was an American labor reformer and socialist born in Louisville, Kentucky. ... Native Americans is a term which has several different common meanings and scope, according to regional use and context. ... African Americans, also known as Afro-Americans or black Americans, are an ethnic group in the United States of America whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Sub-Saharan and West Africa. ... Colored and Colored People (or Colored Folk in the plural sense) are North American terms that were commonly used to describe black people. ...

Organization

The NAACP's headquarters are in Baltimore, Maryland, with additional regional offices in California, New York, Michigan, Missouri, Georgia, and Texas. Each regional office is responsible for coordinating the efforts of state conferences in the states included in that region. Local, youth, and college chapters organize activities for individual members. Nickname: Monument City, Charm City, Mob Town, B-more, Balmerr,Bodymore, Murderland Motto: The Greatest City in America (formerly The City That Reads; Get In On It is not the citys motto, but rather the advertising slogan of the Baltimore Area Convention and Visitors Association; BELIEVE is not the... This article is becoming very long. ... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 54,520 sq mi (141,205 km²)  - Width 285 miles (455 km)  - Length 330 miles (530 km)  - % water 13. ... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Area  Ranked 11th  - Total 97,990 sq mi (253,793 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 491 miles (790 km)  - % water 41. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Official language(s) See: Languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 268,581 sq mi (695,622 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... Community organizing is a process by which people are brought together to act in common self-interest. ...

The NAACP is run nationally by a 64-member board of directors led by a chairman. The board elects one person as the president and chief executive officer for the organization; Bruce S. Gordon was selected to fill this post in 2005 following the resignation of Kweisi Mfume, who had headed the organization for nine years. Civil Rights Movement activist and former Georgia state representative Julian Bond remains as chairman. Bruce S. Gordon is an African American business executive, selected in June 2005 to head the NAACP, a major American civil rights organization. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mfume delivering a speech at NOAA during Black History Month, 2005 Kweisi Mfume (born Frizzell Gerald Gray, October 24, 1948 in Baltimore, Maryland) is the former President/CEO of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), as well as a five-term Democratic Congressman from Marylands... Julian Bond (2004) Horace Julian Bond (born 14 January 1940 in Nashville, Tennessee) is an American leader of the American Civil Rights Movement. ...

Departments within the NAACP govern areas of action. Local chapters are supported by the Branch and Field Services department and the Youth and College department. The Legal Department focuses on court cases of broad application to minorities, such as systematic discrimination in employment, government, or education. The Washington, D.C. bureau is responsible for lobbying the U.S. Government; and the Education Department works to improve public education at the local, state and federal levels. The goal of the Health Division is to advance healthcare for minorities through public policy initiatives and education. As of 2004, the NAACP had approximately 500,000 members. This is a list of significant court cases. ... Nickname: DC, The District Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia. ... It has been suggested that Interest representation: Academic overview be merged into this article or section. ... ... // Public education is education mandated for the children of the general public by the government, whether national, regional, or local, provided by an institution of civil government, and paid for, in whole or in part, by taxes. ... 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

History

In 1905, a group of 32 prominent, outspoken African Americans met to discuss the challenges facing "people of color" (a term of the time used to refer to people who do not have white skin or a Caucasian appearance) in the U.S. and possible strategies and solutions. Because hotels in the U.S. were segregated, the men convened, under the leadership of Harvard scholar W.E.B. DuBois, at a hotel situated on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls. As a result, the group came to be known as the Niagara Movement. A year later, three whites joined the group: journalist William E. Walling; social worker Mary White Ovington; and Jewish social worker Henry Moskowitz. 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Harvard University (incorporated as The President and Fellows of Harvard College) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... W. E. B. Du Bois William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (pronounced ) (February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was a civil rights activist, sociologist, educator, historian, writer, editor, poet, and scholar, and socialist. ... For other uses, see Niagara Falls (disambiguation). ... Some members of the Niagara Movement in 1905 The Niagara Movement was founded in 1905 by a group of 32 African-Americans, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, John Hope, and William Monroe Trotter. ... William English Walling (1877-1936) was an American labor reformer and socialist born in Louisville, Kentucky. ... Mary White Ovington Mary White Ovington (born April 11, 1865 in Brooklyn, New York - 1951) was a civil rights leader. ... Dr. Henry Moskowitz was a Jewish civil rights activist, and one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. ...

The fledgling group struggled for a time with limited resources and decided to broaden its membership in order to increase its scope and effectiveness. Solicitations for support went out to more than 60 prominent Americans of the day, and a meeting date was set for February 12, 1909, intended to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the birth of President Abraham Lincoln. While the meeting did not occur until three months later, this date is often cited as the founding date of the organization. The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was an American politician who served as the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ...

The Springfield Race Riot of 1908 in Lincoln's hometown of Springfield, Illinois the previous summer had highlighted the urgent need for a large civil rights organization in the U.S. This event is often cited as the spark that initiated the formation of the NAACP. An example of the damage caused to black residences in the riot The Springfield Race Riot of 1908 was a mass civil disturbance in Springfield, Illinois, USA sparked by the transfer of two African American prisoners out of the city jail by the county sheriff. ... Flag Seal Location Location of Springfield within Illinois Government Country State County United States Illinois Sangamon Founded 1819 Mayor Timothy Davlin Geographical characteristics Area    - City 156. ...

On May 30, 1909, the Niagara Movement conference took place at New York City's Henry Street Settlement House, from which an organization of more than 40 individuals emerged, calling itself the National Negro Committee. DuBois played a key role in organizing the event and presided over the proceedings. Also in attendance was African American journalist and anti-lynching crusader Ida B. Wells-Barnett, co-founder of the NAACP. The organization held its second conference in May of 1910, where members chose the name the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The name was formally adopted May 30, and the NAACP incorporated a year later, in 1911. The association's charter delineated its mission: May 30 is the 150th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (151st in leap years). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Lynch mob redirects here. ... Ida Wells-Barnett Ida B. Wells, ( July 16, 1862- March 25, 1931), later known as Ida Wells-Barnett, was an African-American civil rights advocate, and led a strong cause against lynching. ... May 30 is the 150th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (151st in leap years). ...

To promote equality of rights and to eradicate caste or race prejudice among the citizens of the United States; to advance the interest of colored citizens; to secure for them impartial suffrage; and to increase their opportunities for securing justice in the courts, education for the children, employment according to their ability and complete equality before law.

The conference resulted in a more viable, influential and diverse organization, where the leadership was predominantly white and heavily Jewish. In fact, at its founding, the NAACP had only one African American on its executive board, DuBois himself, and did not elect a black president until 1975. The Jewish community contributed greatly to the NAACP's founding and continued financing. Jewish historian Howard Sachar writes in his book A History of Jews in America of how, "In 1914, Professor Emeritus Joel Spingarn of Columbia University became chairman of the NAACP and recruited for its board such Jewish leaders as Jacob Schiff, Jacob Billikopf, and Rabbi Stephen Wise." [4] Early Jewish co-founders included Julius Rosenthal, Lillian Wald, Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch and Wise. This article describes some ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity; for a consideration of the Jewish religion, refer to the article Judaism. ... Howard Morley Sachar (born in 1928) is a historian specializing in Jewish history, an author of 15 books and the editor of 39-volume The Rise of Israel: A Documentary History. ... Joel Elias Spingarn (born 1875 - 1939) was an American educator and literary critic. ... Columbia University is a private university whose main campus lies in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City. ... Jacob Billikopf, PH.B., L.L.D., (b. ... Stephen Samuel Wise (1874 - 1949) was a U.S. rabbi and Zionist leader. ... Young Lillian Wald in nurse uniform Lillian D. Wald (1867–1940) was an American nurse and social worker, most active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ...

DuBois continued to play a pivotal role in the organization and served as editor of the association's magazine, The Crisis, which had a circulation of over 30,000. A 1911 copy of the NAACP journal The Crisis depicting Ra-Maat-Neb, one of the black kings of the Upper Nile. ...

The president of the NAACP from its founding to 1915 was Moorfield Storey, who was white. Storey was a long-time classical liberal and Grover Cleveland Democrat who advocated laissez faire free markets, the gold standard, and anti-imperialism. Storey consistently and aggressively championed civil rights not only for blacks but also for American Indians and immigrants (he opposed immigration restriction). Moorfield Storey (1845 - 1929) was a U.S. civil rights leader. ... Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd (1885–1889) and 24th (1893–1897) President of the United States, and the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms. ... Laissez-faire (IPA: ) or laisser-faire is short for laissez faire, laissez aller, laissez passer, a French phrase meaning let do, let go, let pass. ... This article is on the monetary principle. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Fighting Jim Crow

An African American drinks out of a segregated water cooler designated for "colored" patrons in 1939 at a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City.

In its early years, the NAACP concentrated on using the courts to overturn the Jim Crow statutes that legalized racial discrimination. In 1913, the NAACP organized opposition to President Woodrow Wilson's introduction of racial segregation into federal government policy. Colored drinking fountain from mid-20th century with colored man drinking This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Colored drinking fountain from mid-20th century with colored man drinking This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and in force between 1876 and 1967 that required racial segregation, especially of blacks, in all public facilities. ... An African-American drinks out of a water fountain marked for colored in 1939 at a street car terminal in Oklahoma City. ... For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. ... The Rex Theatre for Colored People, Leland, Mississippi, June 1937 Racial segregation is characterized by separation of people of different races in daily life when both are doing equal tasks, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the...

By 1914, the group had 6,000 members and 50 branches, and was influential in winning the right of African Americans to serve as officers in World War I. Six hundred African American officers were commissioned and 700,000 registered for the draft. The following year the NAACP organized a nationwide protest against D.W. Griffith's silent film Birth of a Nation, a film that glamorized the Ku Klux Klan. Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul... David Lewelyn Wark Griffith (January 22, 1875 - July 23, 1948) was an American film director (commonly known as D. W. Griffith) probably best known for his film The Birth of a Nation. ... The Birth of a Nation is a controversial silent film directed by D.W. Griffith, based on the play The Clansmen and the book The Leopards Spots, both by Thomas Dixon. ... Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ...

The NAACP began playing a leading role in lawsuits targeting racial segregation and other denials of civil rights early in its history. It played a significant part in the challenge to Oklahoma's discriminatory "grandfather" rule that disenfranchised many black citizens. It persuaded the United States Supreme Court to rule in Buchanan v. Warley in 1917 that states and local governments cannot officially segregate African Americans into separate residential districts. The Court's opinion reflected the jurisprudence of property rights and freedom of contract as embodied in the earlier precedent it established in Lochner v. New York. Official language(s) None Capital Oklahoma City Largest city Oklahoma City Area  Ranked 20th  - Total 69,960 sq mi (181,196 km²)  - Width 230 miles (370 km)  - Length 298 miles (fBlack Mesa Mountain]][2] km)  - % water 1. ... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... Buchanan v. ... Holding New Yorks regulation of the working hours of bakers was not a justifiable restriction of the right to contract freely under the 14th Amendments guarantee of liberty. ...

In 1916, when the NAACP was just seven years old, chairman Joel Spingarn invited James Weldon Johnson to serve as field secretary. Johnson was a former U.S. consul to Venezuela and a noted scholar and columnist. Within four years, Johnson was instrumental in increasing the NAACP's membership from 9,000 to almost 90,000. In 1920, Johnson was elected head of the organization. Over the next ten years under his leadership, the NAACP would escalate its lobbying and litigation efforts, becoming internationally known for its advocacy of equal rights and equal protection for the "American Negro". James Weldon Johnson, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1932 James Weldon Johnson (June 17, 1871 - June 26, 1938) was a leading African American author, poet, early civil rights activist, and prominent figure in the Harlem Renaissance. ...

The NAACP devoted much of its energy between the First and Second World Wars to fighting the lynching of blacks throughout the United States. The organization sent Walter F. White to Phillips County, Arkansas, in October, 1919, to investigate the Elaine Race Riot in which more than two hundred black tenant farmers were killed by roving white vigilantes and federal troops after a deputy sheriff's attack on a union meeting of sharecroppers left one white man dead. The NAACP organized the appeals for the twelve men sentenced to death a month later — based on the fact of the testimony used in their convictions having been obtained by beatings and electric shocks — and obtained a groundbreaking Supreme Court decision in Moore v. Dempsey 261 U.S. 86 (1923) that significantly expanded the federal courts' oversight of the states' criminal justice systems in the years to come. Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... Lynch may be: One of the fourteen tribes of Galway Colonel Charles Lynch, an officer on the Patriot side of the American Revolutionary War David Lynch, American film director David Lynch (musician), American Jazz musician Evanna Lynch, Irish actress Gerard Lynch, United States Federal Court judge Jessica Lynch (fl. ... Walter Francis White Walter Francis White (July 1, 1893, Atlanta, Georgia - March 21, 1955, New York, New York) was a spokesman for blacks in the United States for almost a quarter of a century and executive secretary (1931-1955) of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. ... Phillips County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. ... The Elaine Race Riot was a deadly 1919 race riot in the town of Elaine in Phillips County, Arkansas which gained national attention and spurred a major U.S. Supreme Court ruling. ... Holding Mob-dominated trials were a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. ...

The NAACP also spent more than a decade seeking federal legislation barring lynching. The organization regularly displayed a black flag stating "A Man Was Lynched Yesterday" from the window of its offices in New York to mark each outrage. Official language(s) English de facto Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 54,520 sq mi (141,205 km²)  - Width 285 miles (455 km)  - Length 330 miles (530 km)  - % water 13. ...

The NAACP led the successful fight, in alliance with the American Federation of Labor to prevent the nomination of John Johnston Parker to the Supreme Court based on his support for denial of the right to vote to blacks and his anti-labor rulings. It organized support for the Scottsboro Boys, although the NAACP lost most of the internecine battles with the Communist Party and the International Labor Defense over the control of those cases and the strategy to be pursued. The organization also brought litigation to challenge the "white primary" system in the South. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. ... The Nuremberg judges, left to right: John Parker, Francis Biddle, Alexander Volchkov, Iola Nikitchenko, Geoffrey Lawrence, Norman Birkett John Johnston Parker (November 20, 1885–March 17, 1958) was born in Monroe, North Carolina, the son of John Daniel and Frances Johnston Parker. ... The case of the Scottsboro Boys arose in Alabama during the 1930s, when nine black youths ranging in age from thirteen to nineteen, were accused of raping two white women, one of whom would later recant. ... The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) is a Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States. ... The International Labor Defense (ILD) was a legal defense organization in the United States, headed by William L. Patterson. ...

Desegregation

The NAACP's Legal department, beeheaded by Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall, undertook a campaign spanning several decades to bring about the reversal of the separate but equal doctrine announced by the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. Beginning by challenging segregation in state professional schools, then attacking Jim Crow at the college level, the campaign culminated in a unanimous Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education that held that state-sponsored segregation of elementary schools was unconstitutional Bolstered by that victory, the NAACP pushed for full desegregation throughout the South. Starting on December 5, 1955, NAACP activists, including E.D. Nixon, its local president, and Rosa Parks, who had served as the chapter's Secretary, helped organize a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregation on the city's buses when two-thirds of the riders were black. The boycott lasted 381 days. Charles Hamilton Houston (1895–1950) was the black lawyer who killed Jim Crow. ... Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American jurist and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. ... Separate but equal was a policy enacted into law throughout the U.S. Southern states during the period of segregation, in which African Americans and Americans of European descent would receive the same services (schools, hospitals, water fountains, bathrooms, etc. ... Holding The separate but equal provision of public accommodations by state governments is constitutional under the Equal Protection Clause. ... Holding Racial segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. ... Constitutionality is the status of a law, procedure, or act being in accordance with the laws or guidelines contained in a constitution. ... December 5 is the 339th day (340th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Edgar Daniel Nixon (July 12, 1899 – February 25, 1987) was an American civil rights leader and union organizer, and played an important role in organizing the Montgomery Bus Boycott. ... Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African American seamstress and civil rights activist whom the U.S. Congress dubbed the Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement. Parks is famous for her refusal on December 1, 1955 to obey bus driver James Blake... Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man. ... Coordinates: Country United States State Alabama County Montgomery Incorporated December 3, 1819 Mayor Bobby Bright Area    - City 404. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

The State of Alabama responded by effectively barring the NAACP from operating within its borders for its refusal to divulge a list of its members, out of fear that they would be fired or face violent retaliation for their activities. While the Supreme Court eventually overturned the decision in NAACP v. Alabama, 357 U.S. 449 (1958) the NAACP lost its leadership role in the Civil Rights Movement during those years to organizations such as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee that relied on direct action and mass mobilization, rather than litigation and legislation to advance the rights of African Americans. Roy Wilkins, its executive director at that time, clashed repeatedly with Martin Luther King, Jr., and other civil rights leaders over questions of strategy and prestige within the movement. NAACP v. ... The Southern Christian Leadership Conference Logo. ... The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced snick) was one of the primary institutions of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. ... Roy Wilkins as the Executive Secretary of the NAACP in 1963 Roy Wilkins (August 30, 1901 – September 8, 1981) was a prominent civil rights activist in the United States from the 1930s to the 1970s. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the lead section of this article may need to be expanded. ...

At the same time, the NAACP used the Supreme Court's decision in Brown to press for desegregation of schools and public facilities throughout the country. Daisy Bates, president of its Arkansas state chapter, spearheaded the campaign by the Little Rock Nine to integrate the public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. Daisy Bates Daisy Lee Gatson Bates (born November 11, 1914 in Huttig, Arkansas - November 4, 1999 in Little Rock, Arkansas) was an American civil rights leader, journalist, publisher, and author. ... Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Area  Ranked 29th  - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,732 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 261 miles (420 km)  - % water 2. ... The Little Rock Nine and Daisy Bates The Little Rock Nine depicted in Testament, a 2005 sculpture by John and Cathy Deering, on the grounds of the Arkansas State Capitol [1] The Little Rock Nine is the common term applied to the nine African-American students who were prevented from... Children at a parade in North College Hill, Ohio Racial integration, or simply integration includes desegregation (the process of ending systematic racial segregation). ... Nickname: Rocktown, The Rock, Capital City Coordinates: Country United States State Arkansas County Pulaski Founded 1821 Incorporated 1831 Mayor Jim Dailey Mayor-Elect: Mark Stodola [1] Area    - City 302. ...

By the mid-1960s, the NAACP had regained some of its preeminence in the Civil Rights Movement by pressing for civil rights legislation. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom took place on August 28, 1963. Congress passed a civil rights bill aimed at ending racial discrimination in employment, education and public accommodations in 1964, followed by a voting rights act in 1965. The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all citizens of United States. ... Demonstrator at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. ... August 28 is the 240th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (241st in leap years), with 125 days remaining. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ...

After Kivie Kaplan died in 1975, scientist W. Montague Cobb became President of the NAACP and served until 1982. Benjamin Hooks, a lawyer and clergyman, was elected as the NAACP's executive director in 1977, after the retirement of Roy Wilkins. Kivie Kaplan (1904–1975) was a Jewish-American businessman and philanthropist from Boston, Massachusetts he led the NAACP. He served as president of the NAACP from 1966 to 1975. ... Dr. Benjamin Lawson Hooks (born January 31, 1925), is an American civil rights leader. ... Roy Wilkins as the Executive Secretary of the NAACP in 1963 Roy Wilkins (August 30, 1901 – September 8, 1981) was a prominent civil rights activist in the United States from the 1930s to the 1970s. ...

The 1990s: Crisis and restored strength

In the 1990s, the NAACP ran into debt, and the dismissal of two leading officials further added to the picture of an organization in deep crisis.

In 1993 the NAACP's Board of Directors narrowly selected Reverend Benjamin Chavis over Reverend Jesse Jackson to fill the position of Executive Director. A controversial figure, Chavis was ousted eighteen months later by the same board that hired him, accused of using NAACP funds for an out-of-court settlement in a sexual harassment lawsuit. [5] Benjamin Chavis Muhammad was born Benjamin Franklin Chavis, Jr. ... Jesse Jackson Jesse Louis Jackson (born October 8, 1941) is an American politician, civil rights activist, and Baptist minister. ...

Following the dismissal of Chavis, Myrlie Evers-Williams narrowly defeated NAACP chairperson William Gibson in 1995, after Gibson was accused of overspending and mismanagement of the organization's funds. In 1996 Congressman Kweisi Mfume a Democratic Congressman from Maryland and former head of the Congressional Black Caucus, was named the organization's president. Three years later strained finances forced the organization to drastically cut its staff, from 250 in 1992 to just fifty. Mfume delivering a speech at NOAA during Black History Month, 2005 Kweisi Mfume (born Frizzell Gerald Gray, October 24, 1948 in Baltimore, Maryland) is the former President/CEO of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), as well as a five-term Democratic Congressman from Marylands... The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Congressional Black Caucus is an organization representing African American members of the Congress of the United States. ...

However, in the second half of the 1990s, the organization restored its finances, permitting the NAACP National Voter Fund to launch a major get-out-the-vote offensive in the 2000 U.S. presidential elections. 10.5 million African Americans cast their ballots in the election, one million more than four years before, and the NAACP's effort was credited by observers as playing a significant role in handing Democrat Al Gore several states where the election was close, such as Pennsylvania and Michigan. Presidential electoral votes by state. ... This article is about the former United States Vice President. ... Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 160 miles (255 km)  - Length 280 miles (455 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Area  Ranked 11th  - Total 97,990 sq mi (253,793 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 491 miles (790 km)  - % water 41. ...

President Bush and the NAACP

During the 2000 presidential campaign, the NAACP's National Voter Fund ran a television ad against Bush. The ad featured the daughter of James Byrd, a black man dragged to death by three white men in a pickup truck, blaming Bush for refusing her pleas for a hate-crime law when he was Texas governor. James Byrd, Jr. ...

In 2004, President George W. Bush (2001—) became the first sitting U.S. president since Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) not to address the NAACP when he declined an invitation to speak.[6] The White House originally said the president had a scheduling conflict with the NAACP convention, slated for July 10-15, 2004. George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964), the 31st President of the United States (1929-1933), was a successful mining engineer, and administrator. ... North façade of the White House, seen from Pennsylvania Avenue. ... July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining. ...

However, on July 10, 2004, Bush said he declined the invitation to speak to the NAACP because of harsh statements about him by its leaders. "I would describe my relationship with the current leadership as basically nonexistent. You've heard the rhetoric and the names they've called me." Bush also mentioned his admiration for some members of the NAACP and said he would seek to work with them "in other ways." July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining. ...

President Bush met with leaders from the NAACP on December 7, 2005 to discuss a wide range of issues. December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On July 20, 2006, after having declined the civil rights group's invitations for five years, Bush addressed the NAACP, making a bid for increasing support at the polls for Republicans by African Americans [7]. July 20 is the 201st day (202nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 164 days remaining. ...

NAACP and tax evasion

The Internal Revenue Service informed the NAACP in October 2004 that it was undertaking an investigation into its tax-exempt status, focusing on a speech given by Julian Bond at its 2004 Convention in which he criticized President George W. Bush, as well as other political figures. The NAACP has denounced the investigation as retaliation for its campaign involvement. In September 2006 the investigation concluded with the IRS finding "that the remarks did not violate the group's tax-exempt status."^[1] Seal of the Internal Revenue Service The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the United States government agency that collects taxes and enforces the internal revenue laws. ... Julian Bond (2004) Horace Julian Bond (born 14 January 1940 in Nashville, Tennessee) is an American leader of the American Civil Rights Movement. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...

Timeline

1909 to 1941

1909: On February 12, the National Negro Committee was formed. Founders included Ida Wells-Barnett, W.E.B. DuBois, Henry Moskowitz, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villiard, William English Walling. February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

1910: and the NAACP began court fights with the Pink Franklin case. It involved a black farmhand, who killed a policeman in self-defense when the officer broke into his home at 3 a.m. to arrest him on a civil charge.

1913: The NAACP protested President Woodrow Wilson's official introduction of segregation to the federal government. The presidential seal was used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th President of the United States. ...

1914: Professor Emeritus Joel Spingarn of Columbia University became chairman of the NAACP and recruited for its board such Jewish leaders as Jacob Schiff, Jacob Billikopf, and Rabbi Stephen Wise, and established the Spingarn Medal, awarded annually for outstanding achievement by an African American. The Spingarn Medal is awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for outstanding achievement by a Black American. ...

1915: The NAACP organized a nationwide protest against D.W. Griffith's racially inflammatory silent film, Birth of a Nation. David Lewelyn Wark Griffith (January 22, 1875 - July 23, 1948) was an American film director (commonly known as D. W. Griffith) probably best known for his film The Birth of a Nation. ... The Birth of a Nation is a controversial silent film directed by D.W. Griffith, based on the play The Clansmen and the book The Leopards Spots, both by Thomas Dixon. ...

1917: In Buchanan v. Warley, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states can not restrict and officially segregate African Americans into residential districts. Also, the NAACP won a battle to enable African Americans to be commissioned as officers in World War I. Six hundred officers were commissioned, and 700,000 black men registered for the draft. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and is the only part of the judicial branch of the United States federal government explicitly specified in the United States Constitution. ...

1918: After pressure by the NAACP, President Woodrow Wilson made a public statement against lynching. Lynch mob redirects here. ...

1919: The NAACP sends Walter F. White to Arkansas to investigate the murder of several hundred black tenant farmers in October. The NAACP organizes the appeals on behalf of more than a hundred African American defendants convicted in mob-dominated judicial proceedings the following month. Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Area  Ranked 29th  - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,732 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 261 miles (420 km)  - % water 2. ...

1920: To ensure that everyone, especially the Ku Klux Klan, knew the NAACP would not be intimidated, the annual conference was held in Atlanta, considered one of the most active areas of the Klan. Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ... This article is about the state capital of Georgia. ...

1922: The NAACP placed large ads in major newspapers to present the facts about lynching.

1930: The first of successful protests by the NAACP against Supreme Court justice nominees is begun against John Parker, who favored laws that discriminated against African Americans.

1935: NAACP lawyers Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall won a legal fight to admit Donald Gaines Murray, a black student, to the University of Maryland Law School. Charles Hamilton Houston (1895–1950) was the black lawyer who killed Jim Crow. ... Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American jurist and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. ... University of Maryland, Baltimore, (also known as UMB, and occasionally as UMAB due to its former name, University of Maryland at Baltimore) was founded in 1807. ...

1939: the NAACP helped to organize an open air concert at the Lincoln Memorial for the acclaimed contralto Marian Anderson, where more than 75,000 people attended. Anderson had been barred from performing at both Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Revolution and at a local white high school by the District of Columbia, which was then under the control of the United States Congress and President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Lincoln Memorial at night. ... In music, an alto is a singer with a vocal range somewhere between a tenor and a soprano. ... Marian Anderson, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1940 Marian Anderson (February 27, 1897 – April 8, 1993) was an African-American contralto (same range as alto), best remembered for her performance on Easter Sunday, 1939 on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. The concert, which commenced with... DAR Constitution Hall DAR Constitution Hall is a concert hall located in Washington, D.C. It was built in 1929 by the Daughters of the American Revolution, which still owns the theater. ... The Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) is a sororal association dedicated to historic preservation, education, and patriotic endeavor. ... ... FDR redirects here. ...

1940: NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (LDF) was founded. The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. ...

1941: During World War II, the NAACP took part in the effort to ensure that President Franklin Roosevelt would order a nondiscrimination policy in war-related industries and federal employment. Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... FDR redirects here. ...

1950 to 1990

1954: After years of fighting segregation in public schools, under the leadership of special counsel Thurgood Marshall, the NAACP won Brown v. Board of Education. The historic U.S. Supreme Court decision barred school segregation. Holding Racial segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. ...

1955: NAACP member and volunteer Rosa Parks is arrested and fined for refusing to give up her seat on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama. This action became a catalyst yomomma for the largest grassroots civil rights movement in the U.S. It was spearheaded through the collective efforts of the NAACP, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and other black organizations. Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African American seamstress and civil rights activist whom the U.S. Congress dubbed the Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement. Parks is famous for her refusal on December 1, 1955 to obey bus driver James Blake... Coordinates: Country United States State Alabama County Montgomery Incorporated December 3, 1819 Mayor Bobby Bright Area    - City 404. ... The Southern Christian Leadership Conference Logo. ...

1957: LDF spun off as a separate organization.

1960: In Greensboro, North Carolina, members of the NAACP Youth Council started a series of nonviolent sit-ins at segregated lunch counters. These protests eventually led to more than 60 stores officially desegregating their counters. Downtown Greensboro Greensboro, North Carolina, is a city in Guilford County in the U.S. state of North Carolina. ... A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more persons nonviolently occupying an area for protest, often political, social, or economic change. ...

1963: After one of his many successful mass rallies for civil rights, the NAACP's first field director in Mississippi, Medgar Evers, is assassinated in front of his home in Jackson, Mississippi. Medgar Wiley Evers (July 2, 1925 – June 12, 1963) was an African American civil rights activist from Mississippi. ... Nickname: The Best of the New South; The Bold, New City Coordinates: Country United States State Mississippi County Hinds Founded 1822 Mayor Frank Melton Area    - City 276. ...

1963: The NAACP pushed for passage of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or EEOC, is a U.S. federal agency tasked with ending employment discrimination in the United States. ...

1964: The U.S. Supreme Court ended the eight-year effort of Alabama officials to ban NAACP activities. Official language(s) English Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Area  Ranked 30th  - Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 km²)  - Width 190 miles (306 km)  - Length 330 miles (531 km)  - % water 3. ...

1965: Amidst threats of violence and efforts of state and local governments, the NAACP registered more than 80,000 voters in the South. Insert non-formatted text hereInsert non-formatted text here Southern United States The states shown in dark red are usually included in the South, while all or portions of the striped states may or may not be considered part of the Southern United States. ...

1975 Margaret Bush Wilson, a St. Louis attorney, becomes the first African American female to chair the National Board of Directors.

1979: The NAACP initiates the first bill ever signed by a governor that allows voter registration in high schools. Soon after, twenty-four states followed suit.

1981: The NAACP led the effort to extend the Voting Rights Act for another twenty-five years. To cultivate economic empowerment, the NAACP established the Fair Share Program with major corporations across the country. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 (Public Law 89-10) outlawed the requirement that would-be voters in the United States take literacy tests to qualify to register to vote, and it provided for federal registration of voters -- instead of state or local voter registration which had often been denied...

1982: NAACP registered more than 850,000 voters

1984: Enolia McMillan becomes the first female national president of the NAACP. Enolia Pettigen McMillan (October 20, 1904 - October 24, 2006) was the first female national president of the NAACP. Born Enolia Virginia Pettigen in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Elizabeth Fortune Pettigen and John Pettigen, Enolia Pettigen attended Frederick Douglass High School and later Howard University with the help of...

1989: the NAACP held a silent march of more than 100,000 people to protest U.S. Supreme Court decisions that have reversed many of the gains made against discrimination.

1990 forward

1991: When avowed Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke ran for the United States Senate in Louisiana, the NAACP started a voter registration campaign that yielded a 76 percent turnout of black voters to defeat Duke. David Ernest Duke (born July 1, 1950) is a former Louisiana Republican state representative, and former Imperial Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. ... Seal of the U.S. Senate The United States Senate is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress, the other being the House of Representatives. ... This Article does not cite its references or sources. ...

1995: Myrlie Evers-Williams, the widow of Medgar Evers, was elected to lead the NAACP's board of directors. Myrlie Evers-Arias (born March 17, 1933, nee Myrlie Beasley in Vicksburg, Mississippi) is an African American activist. ...

1996: Kweisi Mfume left the United States House of Representatives to become the president of the NAACP. Mfume delivering a speech at NOAA during Black History Month, 2005 Kweisi Mfume (born Frizzell Gerald Gray, October 24, 1948 in Baltimore, Maryland) is the former President/CEO of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), as well as a five-term Democratic Congressman from Marylands... Seal of the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives (or simply the House) is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress, the other being the Senate. ...

1996: Responding to anti-affirmative action legislation occurring around the country, the NAACP started the Economic Reciprocity Program. Also, in response to increased violence among youth, the NAACP started the "Stop The Violence, Start the Love" campaign. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

2000: Accomplishments include television diversity agreements and the largest black voter turnout in 20 years.

2002: The NAACP launches separate protests at the Bi-Lo Center and the Carolina Coliseum which were hosting NCAA men's and women's basketball tournaments, respectively, and succeeds in getting the NCAA to ban South Carolina-based venues from hosting any future predetermined championship venues, because of the Confederate Battle Flag on the South Carolina State House grounds, refusing to use the newly built Colonial Center for its purpose. The Atlantic Coast Conference also prohibits Knight's Castle, based in Fort Mill, South Carolina (three miles from the state line in suburban Charlotte, North Carolina) from hosting the baseball tournament. The NAACP has now pressured the NCAA to make the South Carolina ban outright for any events, which would force Furman University, Wofford College, Charleston Southern University, The Citadel, South Carolina State University, and Coastal Carolina University to play all I-AA playoff games on the road, even if they are the higher seed. A major success in this sports boycott of South Carolina took place in 2004, when The Cochran Firm, as a result of the Ferko lawsuit,removes the Mountain Dew Southern 500 in Darlington, South Carolina, a race in the NASCAR Chase for the Nextel Cup and the Grand Slam, from the schedule, replacing it with the Dickies 500 in Fort Worth, Texas. ^{[citation needed]} The Bi-Lo Center is a 13,707-seat multi-purpose arena in Greenville, South Carolina. ... The Carolina Coliseum is a 6,231-seat multi-purpose arena in Columbia, South Carolina. ... The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA, often said NC-Double-A) is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions, conferences, organizations and individuals that organizes the athletics programs of many colleges and universities in the United States. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32°430N to 35... The following are the flags used by the short-lived Confederate States of America. ... South Carolina State House South Carolina State House The South Carolina State House is the State Capitol building of the U.S. state of South Carolina. ... The Colonial Center is a multi-purpose arena in Columbia, South Carolina, primarily home to the University of South Carolina mens and womens basketball teams. ... Edward Eager attended Harvard University, was a childhood fan of L. Frank Baums Oz series, and started writing childrens books when he could not find stories he wanted to read to his own young son. ... Fort Mill is a town located in York County, South Carolina and a suburb of the city of Charlotte, North Carolina. ... The Bell Tower Furman University is a private, coeducational, non-sectarian, liberal arts university in Greenville, South Carolina, United States. ... Wofford Colleges Buildings Wofford College is a liberal arts college located in Spartanburg, South Carolina. ... Charleston Southern University, founded in 1964, is an independent comprehensive university located near historic Charleston and the beautiful beaches of the South Carolina coastline. ... The Citadel may be: The Citadel, a 1937 novel by Scottish author A.J. Cronin The Citadel, a 1938 film based on the novel The Citadel, two 1960 U.S. and one 1983 BBC adaptations of the novel The Citadel, a diving spot in Martinique The Citadel, a fictional alien... South Carolina State University (also known as SCSU, or simply State), is a Historically Black University located in Orangeburg, South Carolina. ... Coastal Carolina University (CCU) is an independent, state-supported university in Conway, South Carolina, located nine miles west of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. ... The Ferko lawsuit is a common nickname for a lawsuit that was challenged between plaintiff Francis Ferko, a shareholder of Speedway Motorsports, Inc. ... The Mountain Dew Southern 500 was a 500 mile (805 km) NASCAR Nextel Cup race. ... Darlington is a city in Darlington County, in northeastern South Carolina. ... The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) is the largest sanctioning body of motorsports in the United States. ... The point system used in NASCARs top division, the Nextel Cup Series. ... The Dickies 500 is a NASCAR Nextel Cup stock car race held at the Texas Motor Speedway in Justin, Texas, USA. The inaugural race is scheduled to take place on November 6, 2005. ... Nickname: Cowtown Motto: Where the West Begins Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: Country United States State Texas Counties Tarrant and Denton Mayor Michael J. Moncrief Area    - City 774. ...

2005: Following the resignation of Kweisi Mfume, Bruce S. Gordon, a business executive, is chosen unanimously to become NAACP president. Mfume delivering a speech at NOAA during Black History Month, 2005 Kweisi Mfume (born Frizzell Gerald Gray, October 24, 1948 in Baltimore, Maryland) is the former President/CEO of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), as well as a five-term Democratic Congressman from Marylands... Bruce S. Gordon is an African American business executive, selected in June 2005 to head the NAACP, a major American civil rights organization. ...

2006: Civil rights pioneer and lifetime NAACP member Rosa Parks dies, and her body lies in state in the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol. She is the first woman ever to be so honored. Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African American seamstress and civil rights activist whom the U.S. Congress dubbed the Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement. Parks is famous for her refusal on December 1, 1955 to obey bus driver James Blake... United States Capitol The United States Capitol is the building which serves as home for the legislative branch of the United States government. ...

2006: The NAACP announces plans to move its national headquarters from Baltimore to Washington DC. Board Chairman Julian Bond said it is just more convenient for the organization to be in Washington.The move has been rumored since