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The National Grid is the high-voltage electric power transmission network in Great Britain, connecting power stations and major substations and ensuring that electricity generated anywhere in Great Britain can be used to satisfy demand elsewhere. There are also undersea interconnections to northern France (HVDC Cross-Channel), Northern Ireland (HVDC Moyle), and the Isle of Man (Isle of Man to England Interconnector). Power line redirects here. ...
Oil power plant in Iraq A power station or power plant is a facility for the generation of electric power. ...
A 115 kV to 41. ...
The HVDC Cross Channel is the high voltage direct current connection that operates under the English Channel between the French and British electricity grids. ...
Anthem: UK: God Save the Queen Regional: (de facto) Londonderry Air Capital Belfast Largest city Belfast Official languages English (de facto), Irish, Ulster Scots 3, Northern Ireland Sign Language, Irish Sign Language Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP - First Minister Office...
The HVDC Moyle is the HVDC link between Auchencrosh in Scotland and Ballycronan More in Northern Ireland, which went in service in 2001. ...
The 115-km long Isle of Man to England Interconnector is the longest AC submarine cable in the world. ...
On the breakup of the Central Electricity Generating Board in 1990, the ownership and operation of the National Grid in England and Wales passed to National Grid Company plc, later to become National Grid Transco and now National Grid plc. In Scotland the grid is owned by Scottish Power and Scottish and Southern Energy Group. These groups also operated the systems until April 1, 2005, when National Grid plc took control of day-to-day operations, though the network is still owned by the Scottish companies. The Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) was the cornerstone of the British electricity industry for almost 50 years, from its nationalisation in 1947 to privatisation in the 1990s. ...
For the mapping grid, see the British national grid reference system. ...
National Grid plc is a United Kingdom based utilities company which also operates in other countries, principally in the United States. ...
Motto: (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity(English) Wha daur meddle wi me? (Scots)[1] Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic, Scots[2] Government - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification - by Kenneth I...
ScottishPower Plc is a vertically integrated energy company headquartered in Glasgow, Scotland. ...
Scottish & Southern Energy Plc is a UK gas and electricity supply company with its headquarters in Perth, Scotland. ...
April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 274 days remaining. ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
History The principles of three-phase high-voltage electrical power distribution were established by Nikola Tesla, working for Westinghouse in the United States, at the end of the 19th century. Charles Merz, of the Merz & McLellan consulting partnership, was the first to use this system in the United Kingdom, at his Neptune Bank power station near Newcastle upon Tyne which opened in 1901[1] and by 1912 developed into the largest integrated power system in Europe.[2] The rest of the country, however, continued to use a patchwork of small supply networks. Three phase systems have 3 waveforms (usually carrying power) that are 2/3π radians (120 degrees,1/3 of a cycle) offset in time. ...
Electricity distribution is the penultimate process in the delivery of electric power, the part between transmission and user purchase from an electricity retailer. ...
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)[1] was a world-renowned Serbian inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer. ...
The name Westinghouse can refer to any number of devices and independent businesses that can trace their roots to the work of George Westinghouse: // People George Westinghouse, founder of Westinghouse Electric Corporation Devices Westinghouse air brake. ...
Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Charles Hesterman Merz (5 October 1874 - 14 or 15 October 1940) was an electrical engineer who pioneered the use of high-voltage three-phase AC power distribution in the United Kingdom, building a system in the North East of England in the early 20th century that became the model for...
This article is about a city in the United Kingdom. ...
1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
In 1925 the British government asked Lord Weir, a Glaswegian industrialist, to solve the problem of Britain's inefficient and fragmented electricity supply industry. Weir consulted Merz, and the result was the Electricity (Supply) Act 1926, which recommended that a 'national gridiron' supply system be created.[3] The 1926 Act created the Central Electricity Board, which set up the UK's first synchronised, nationwide AC grid, running at 132 kV, 50 Hz. It began operating in 1933 as a series of regional grids with auxiliary interconnections for emergency use, but by 1938 the grid was operating as a national system. The grid was nationalised by the Electricity Act 1947, which also created the British Electricity Authority. 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ...
William Douglas Weir, 1st Viscount Weir (1877 - 1959) was a British industrialist born in Glasgow. ...
For other uses, see Glasgow (disambiguation). ...
The United Kingdom Central Electricity Board was set up under The Electricity (Supply) Act 1926 to standardise the nations electricity supply. ...
Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...
Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...
1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ...
The British Electricity Authority (BEA) was established in 1948 with the nationalisation of the UKs electricity supply industry, as a result of the Electricity Act 1947. ...
In 1949 the British Electricity Authority decided to upgrade the grid by adding 275 kV links. From 1965, the grid was partly upgraded to 400 kV, beginning with a 150-mile (241 km) line from Sundon to West Burton, to become the "Supergrid". 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1949 calendar). ...
Sundon is a civil parish in the English county of Bedfordshire. ...
West Burton refers to more than one place in England: West Burton, Nottinghamshire West Burton, North Yorkshire West Burton, West Sussex Category: ...
Standing Reserve and Frequency Response Main article: Reserve service It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...
Grid description
Network size The following figures are taken from the 2005 seven-year statement (SYS) at [1]. - Maximum Demand (2005/6): 63 GW (approx.) (81.39% of Capacity)
- Capacity (2005/6): 77.4 GW
- Number of large power stations: 181
- Length of 400 kV grid: 11,500 circuit km
- Length of 275 kV grid: 9,800 circuit km
- Length of 132 kV (or lower) grid; 5,250 circuit km
The gigawatt (symbol: GW) is a unit for measuring power corresponding to one billion (109) watts. ...
Oil power plant in Iraq A power station or power plant is a facility for the generation of electric power. ...
Losses Figures are again from the 2005 SYS. - Joule heating in cables: 857.8 MW
- Fixed losses: 266 MW (consists of corona and iron losses; can be 100 MW higher in adverse weather)
- Substation transformer heating losses: 142.4 MW
- Generator transformer heating losses: 157.3 MW
- Total losses: 1423.5 MW (2.29% of peak demand)
Although losses in the national grid are low, there are significant further losses in onward electricity distribution to the consumer, causing a total distribution loss of about 7.7%. [2]. In electronics, and in physics more broadly, Joule heating refers to the increase in temperature of a conductor as a result of resistance to an electrical current flowing through it. ...
In electricity, a corona discharge is an electrical discharge brought on by the ionization of a fluid surrounding a conductor, which occurs when the potential gradient exceeds a certain value, in situations where sparking (also known as arcing) is not favoured. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ...
11kV/400V-230V transformer in an older suburb of Wellington, New Zealand Electricity distribution is the penultimate stage in the delivery (before retail) of electricity to end users. ...
Power flow There is an average power flow of about 8 GW from the north of the UK, particularly northern England, to the south of the UK across the grid. This flow is anticipated to grow to about 9 GW by 2011. [3] The gigawatt (symbol: GW) is a unit for measuring power corresponding to one billion (109) watts. ...
Because of the power loss associated with this north to south flow, the effectiveness and efficiency of new generation capacity is significantly affected by its location. For example new generating capacity on the south coast has 11% greater effectiveness due to reducing transmission system power losses compared to new generating capacity in north England. [4]
Typical conductor currents From [5]. - 400 kV, 700 MW circuit: 1 kA
- 132 kV, 70 MW circuit: 300 A
- 11 kV, 3 MW circuit: may 150 A
- 400 V, 150 kW final distribution circuit: 200 A
Control of the Grid - Main article: How the UK National Grid is presently controlled.
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Transmission costs
Triad Demand Triad Demand is measured as the average demand on the system over three half hours between November and February (inclusive) in a financial year. These three half hours comprise the half hour of system demand peak and the two other half hours of highest system demand which are separated from system demand peak and each other by at least ten days.
These half hours of peak demand are usually referred to as Triads
In April of each year, each licensed electricity supplier (Centrica, BGB etc) is charged a charge for the peak load it imposed on the grid during those three half hours of the previous winter. Exact charges vary depending on the distance from the centre of the network, but in the South West it is £21,000/MW for 1 year, or £7k/MW for each of the three half hours, for convenience assuming they were identical, (which is unlikely however they will be close). The average for the whole country is about £15,000/MW per year.
If averaged over all power supplied in the UK in one year then this is currently around 0.2p/kWh. This is calculated by taking the total annual triad charges, which are say £15/MW/ year x 50 GW = £750m and dividing it by the total number of units sold – say 3.6 ×10exp11 kWh = 0.2p/kWh.
This is the sole money with National Grid Transco uses to recover its costs and these charges are commonly also known as TnUOS - Transmission Use of System charges. (Note this is for high voltage long distance transmission and the lower voltage distribution is charged separately).
Cost per kWh of Transmission If the total number of units delivered by the UK generating system in a year, are divided into the total TNUOS or TRIAD receipts, then one gets the surprisingly low figure of around 0.2p/kWh. This is calculated by taking the total annual Triad charges, which are say £15,000/MW/ year x 50,000 MW = £750m/y and divide it by the total number of units sold – say 3.6 ×10exp11 kWh. - For present National Grid charges for transmission see:
- http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/Charges/usefulinfo/
- http://www.nationalgrid.com/NR/rdonlyres/E5B27828-6705-4F21-9B4B-0A998D7AFA5C/5849/FinalTariffs2006_2007.xls
Impact of renewables - Main article: Impact of renewable energy on UK power transmission costs
It is often claimed that a large increase in wind power or other renewables would cause a massive rise in the cost of transmission in the United Kingdom. ...
See also This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
For Government policy, see Energy policy of the United Kingdom Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom has been receiving increased attention over recent years. ...
This is a list of topics related to the United Kingdom. ...
References - ^ Dr Marc Rands (29 September, 2005). Kelvin to Weir, and on to GB SYS 2005. Royal Society of Edinburgh.
- ^ Survey of Belford 1995. North Northumberland Online.
- ^ Lighting by electricity. The National Trust.
The standard of the National Trust The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as The National Trust, is a British preservation organization. ...
External links - The Transmission System from National Grid's Seven Year Statement
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