National liberalism is a variant of liberalism, combining nationalism with some liberal policies, especially regarding economic liberalism. The roots of it are to be found in the 19th century, when conservative liberalism was the ideology of the political classes in most European countries, then governed by monarchies. At that time national liberalism was closely linked with the idea of the nation state and with anti-Catholicism.^[1] Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... For other uses, see Politics (disambiguation). ... Modern liberalism in the United States is a form of liberalism that began in the United States in the last years of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. ... Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism[1] and laissez-faire liberalism[2]) is a doctrine stressing the importance of human rationality, individual property rights, natural rights, the protection of civil liberties, constitutional limitations of government, free markets, and individual freedom from restraint as exemplified in the writings of Adam... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The liberal theory of economics is the theory of economics in classical liberalism developed in the Enlightenment, and believed to be first fully formulated by Adam Smith which advocates minimal interference by government in the economy. ... This article is about the political philosophy based on private property rights. ... For the school of international relations, see Neoliberalism in international relations. ... This article is about political philosophy of Ordoliberalism. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Social liberalism is either a synonym for new liberalism or a label used by progressive liberal parties in order to differentiate themselves from the more conservative liberal parties, especially when there are two or more liberal parties in a country. ... Cultural liberalism is a form of liberalism which stresses the freedom of the individual from what Lord Acton called the tyrany of the majority, the right of the non-conformist to march to a different drummer. ... Contributions to liberal theory is a partial list of individual contributions on a worldwide scale. ... For other uses, see Freedom. ... Individual rights represent the moral rights of individuals in society prior to government. ... For articles with similar names and topics, see Individual (disambiguation). ... Laissez-faire is short for laissez faire, laissez passer, a French phrase meaning to let things alone, let them pass. First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. ... Liberal democracy is a form of government. ... Liberal neutrality is the idea that the liberal state should not promote any particular conception of the good. This idea formed a cornerstone of John Rawls work and has been developed by many other liberal thinkers e. ... The philosophical concept of negative liberty refers to an individuals liberty from being subjected to the authority of others. ... Positive liberty refers to the opportunity and ability to act to fulfill ones own potential, as opposed to negative liberty, which refers to freedom from restraint. ... For other uses, see Liberty (disambiguation). ... A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy... For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ... A mixed economy is an economic system that incorporates aspects of more than one economic system. ... An open society is a concept originally developed by philosopher Henri Bergson. ... Popular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people is the belief that the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of its people, who are the source of all political power. ... For the direction right, see left and right or starboard. ... Contributions to liberal theory is a partial list of individual contributions on a worldwide scale. ... For other persons named John Locke, see John Locke (disambiguation). ... John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873), British philosopher, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. ... Friedrich von Hayek Friedrich August von Hayek (May 8, 1899 in Vienna – March 23, 1992 in Freiburg) was an economist and social scientist of the Austrian School, noted for his defense of liberal democracy and free-market capitalism against a rising tide of socialist and collectivist thought in the mid... Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American Nobel Laureate economist and public intellectual. ... John Rawls (February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American philosopher, a professor of political philosophy at Harvard University and author of A Theory of Justice (1971), Political Liberalism, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, and The Law of Peoples. ... This article discusses liberalism as a major political current in specific regions and countries. ... In the entry Liberalism one can find a comprehensive discussion on liberalism. ... This article discusses the history and development of various notions of liberalism in the United States. ... Liberal International is a political international for international liberal parties. ... The International Federation of Liberal Youth (IFLRY) is an international liberal youth organization. ... The European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (founded in 1993) is a liberal party, mainly active in the European Union, composed of 49 national liberal and centrist parties from across Europe. ... ALDE logo The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (French: Alliance des Démocrates et des Libéraux pour lEurope) is a Group in the European Parliament. ... European Liberal Youth (LYMEC - Liberal and Radical Youth Movement of the European Community) is an international organisation of Liberal youth movements - mostly the youth wings of members of the European Liberal, Democrat and Reform Party. ... The Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats is a regional organization of liberal and democratic political parties in Asia. ... The Africa Liberal Network is composed of 16 parties in Africa, from 14 different countries, and is an associated organisation of Liberal International, the political family to which Liberal Democratic parties belong. ... The Liberal Network for Latin America (Red Liberal de América Latina, RELIAL) is an international network founded in 2003 with the official launch taking place in Costa Rica November 2004. ... Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolizing French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... The liberal theory of economics is the theory of economics in classical liberalism developed in the Enlightenment, and believed to be first fully formulated by Adam Smith which advocates minimal interference by government in the economy. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... For the documentary series, see Monarchy (TV series). ... A nation-state is a specific form of state, which exists to provide a sovereign territory for a particular nation, and which derives its legitimacy from that function. ... As a Christian ecclesiastical term, Catholic—from the Greek adjective , meaning general or universal[1]—is described in the Oxford English Dictionary as follows: ~Church, (originally) whole body of Christians; ~, belonging to or in accord with (a) this, (b) the church before separation into Greek or Eastern and Latin or...

The term "national liberalism"^[2] was mainly used in German-speaking countries such as Germany and Austria during the 19th century^[3][4][5], where "National-Liberal" parties were long in government. National liberals were slightly different from those espousing purer principles of the free market and free trade, indeed most national-liberals supported some forms of autarchy and protectionism, in line with British Tories. Historical national-liberal parties included the National Liberal Party, the German National People's Party and the German People's Party in Germany, the Rural Federation, the Greater German People's Party and the Federation of Independents in Austria^[1], some of the constituent parties of the Swiss People's Party and the Uomo Qualunque Front in Italy. German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ... A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy... Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ... Look up Autarchy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over... The Conservative Party, officially though less commonly known as the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. ... The National Liberal Party (Nationalliberale Partei) was a German political party which flourished between 1867 and 1918. ... 1924 electoral poster, using the Admiral Tirpitz as a figurehead The German National Peoples Party (German: Deutschnationale Volkspartei) (DNVP) was a right wing national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic. ... This page is about the German Peoples Party which existed between 1918 and 1933. ... The Landbund (Rural Federation) was an Austrian political party during the period of the First Republic (1918-1934). ... The Greater German Peoples Party (German Großdeutsche Volkspartei) was a political party during the First Republic (1918-1934) of Austria, founded in 1920. ... The Federation of Independents (de: Verband der Unabhängigen – VdU) was an Austrian political party from 1949 to 1955. ... The Swiss Peoples Party (SVP) also known as the Democratic Union of the Centre (UDC) is a political party in Switzerland. ... The Uomo Qualunque Front (Fronte dellUomo Qualunque) was a short-lived conservative and conservative party in Italy. ...

Between the last decades of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century, parties combining nationalist policies with some economic liberal ones, as low taxes and deregulation, while being more skeptical on international trade and privatization are classified as national-liberal. A typical example of a contemporary national-liberal party has been the Freedom Party of Austria, especially under the leadership of Jörg Haider, Susanne Riess-Passer and Karl-Heinz Grasser. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... 20XX redirects here. ... Deregulation is the process by which governments remove, reduce, or simplify restrictions on business and individuals in order to (in theory) encourage the efficient operation of markets. ... International trade is the exchange of goods and services across international boundaries or territories. ... Origins People Theories Ideas Movements Topics Related Philosophy Portal Politics Portal        Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the public sector (government) to the private sector (business). ... The Austrian Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, abbreviated to FPÖ) is a far-right political party in Austria. ... Jörg Haider Jörg Haider (born 26 January 1950) is an Austrian politician. ... Susanne Riess-Passer (born January 3, 1961 in Braunau am Inn) is a former Austrian politician of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). In the first government headed by Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel, which was inaugurated in 2000, she became Vice Chancellor and minister of public services and sports, representing... Karl-Heinz Grasser (born January 2, 1969) is an Austrian politician who currently holds the office of Austrian Minister of Finance. ...

Current and more recent national-liberal parties, other than the Freedom Party of Austria, include the current Alliance for the Future of Austria, Pim Fortuyn List and the Party for Freedom in the Netherlands, the Dedecker List in Belgium, the Movement for France and Arise the Republic in France and, to some extent, the Swiss People's Party. The Alliance for the Future of Austria (German: or BZÖ) is an Austrian political party founded by Jörg Haider, his sister Ursula Haubner, and other leading members of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) on April 4, 2005. ... This article is about the Party of Freedom previously known as Group Wilders. ... List Dedecker (Dutch: ) is a Belgian political party founded in January 2007 by Senator Jean-Marie Dedecker. ... The Movement for France (French: Mouvement pour la France), or MPF, is a French conservative, traditionalist and nationalist party, founded on November 20, 1994, with a marked regional implementation in Vendée. ... Arise the Republic (Debout la République, DLR) is a faction within the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). ...

Even the ideology of more nationalist parties, such as the National Front in France, is sometimes classified as national liberalism^[6], as is that of Vlaams Belang. The National Front (FN, French: ) is a French Far right, nationalist [1] political party, founded in 1972 by Jean-Marie Le Pen. ... Vlaams Belang (English: Flemish Interest) is a political party in Belgium that supports Flemish independence and strict limits on non-European and non-Christian immigration, whereby immigrants need to adopt to the Western culture. ...

References

Sources

• Verlag Beck, Germany from Napoléon to Bismarck, 1800-1866, Princeton University Press
• Lucien Calvié, Unité nationale et liberté politique chez quelques libéraux allemands au début des années 30 and Naissance et évolution du libéralisme allemand, in Françoise Knopper and Gilbert Merlio (edited by), Notices politiques et littéraires sur l'Allemagne, Presses Universitaires du Mirail, Paris, 1835
• Eric Hobsbawm, Nations et nationalisme depuis 1780, Paris, Gallimard, 1992
• Edmond Marc Lipiansky, L'âme française ou le national-libéralisme. Analyse d'une représentation sociale, Anthropos, 1979
• Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism, Princeton University Press, 1995
• Alfred Wahl, Les forces politiques en Allemagne, Armand Colin

Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm CH (born June 9, 1917) is a British Marxist historian and author. ...

See also

• Liberal nationalism