Nationalism and Anarchism, both emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and have a long and complicated relationship, going back at least to Bakunin and his involvement with the Pan-Slavic movement prior to his conversion to anarchism and during the first several years thereafter. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Anarchism is a form of social criticism, a political movement as well as a political philosophy. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Russian — Михаил Александрович Бакунин), (May 30, 1814–June 13, 1876) was a well-known Russian anarchist contemporaneous to Karl Marx. ... National flag of all Slavs approved on the Pan-Slav convention in Prague in 1848 The 19th century movement Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples. ...

There has been a long history of anarchist involvement with nationalism all over the world. Anarchists who see value in nationalism typically argue that a nation is first and foremost a people; that the state is parasitic upon the nation and should not be confused with it; and that since in reality states rarely coincide with national entities, the ideal of the Nation State is actually little more then a myth. Within modern western Europe, for instance, there are well over 500 ethnic nations and only 25 States[1], and in Asia, Africa, and the Americas the numbers are even more dramatic. Moving from this position, they argue that the achievement of meaningful self-determination for all of the worlds nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation, and mutual aid. One of the most influential doctrines in history is that all humans are divided into groups called nations. ... A state is a political association with effective dominion over a geographic area. ... A nation-state is a specific form of state, which exists to provide a sovereign territory for a particular nation, and which derives its legitimacy from that function. ... Self-determination is a principle in international law that a people ought to be able to determine their own governmental forms and structure free from outside influence. ... Anarchism is a generic term describing various political philosophies and social movements that advocate the elimination of hierarchy and imposed authority. ... The term mutual aid has multiple meanings. ...

Most modern anarchists, by contrast, militantly oppose nationalism, as they equate the nation with the state. A majority of contemporary anarchists therefore consider nationalist anarchism to be a contradiction.

Although anarchism is generally considered a movement of the left, the nationalist and anti-semetic side of Proudhon's and Bakunin's thought would feed into 20th-century parties and movements of the radical right, some of which claimed these early anarchists as their own. For example, the proto-fascist Cercle Proudhon set up in 1911 cited Proudhon as an inspiration. Similarly the National-Syndicalist movement in Italy, a group of a few-thousand former members of various Anarcho-Syndicalist labor unions who split with the larger Anarchist movement over their support for Italian Nationalism, were cited by Mussolini as a major source of inspiration. Nazis like Willibald Schulze cited Proudhon as an inspiration of national socialism. The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... The term far-right refers to the relative position a group or person occupies within a political spectrum. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... The Cercle Proudhon was founded in 1911 and included such people as Pierre Drieu La Rochelle, George Valois, and Georges Sorel. ... National Syndicalism is a variant of syndicalism typically associated with the right-wing labor movement in Italy which would later become a basis of Benito Mussolini’s National Fascist Party. ... Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. ... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Willibald Schulze was a Nazi Party writer. ...

Historical Fusions of Nationalism and Anarchism

The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli by Carlo Carrà.

In the early to mid 19th century Europe, the ideas of nationalism, socialism, and liberalism were closely intertwined. Revolutionaries and radicals like Giuseppe Mazzini aligned with all three in about equal measure (Hearder 1966: 46-7, 50). The early pioneers of anarchism were a product of the spirit of their times: they had much in common with both liberals and socialists, and they shared much of the outlook of early nationalism as well. Thus Mikhail Bakunin had a long career as a pan-Slavic nationalist before adopting anarchism. He was an apologist for Russian colonisation of Siberia, receiving funds from Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky, Governor of eastern Siberia. He also agitated for a United States of Europe (a contemporary nationalist vision originated by Mazzini).[2] In 1880/81 the Boston-based Irish nationalist W. G. H. Smart wrote articles for a magazine called The Anarchist.^[1] Similarly, Anarchists in China during the early part of the 20th century were very much involved in the nationalist movement while actively opposing racist elements of the Anti-Manchu wing of that movement, and during the Mexican Revolution Anarchists such as Ricardo Flores Magón participated enthusiastically in what was indisputably a left-nationalist revolution. Image File history File links Funeraloftheanarchistgalli. ... Image File history File links Funeraloftheanarchistgalli. ... Carlo Carrà Carlo Carrà (11 February 1881-13 April 1966) was an Italian painter, a leading figure of the futurist movement that flourished in Italy during the beginning of the 20th century. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... Giuseppe Mazzini. ... Look up Zeitgeist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For the character on the TV series Lost, see Mikhail Bakunin Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Russian — Михаил Александрович Бакунин, Michel Bakunin — on the grave in Bern), (May 18 (30 N.S.), 1814–June 19 (July 1 N.S.), 1876) was a well-known Russian revolutionary, and often considered one of the “fathers of modern... Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic people. ... It has been suggested that Western Siberia be merged into this article or section. ... Count Nikolay N. Muravyov-Amursky Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyov-Amursky (also spelled as Nikolai Nikolaevich Muraviev-Amurskiy) (Russian: ) (August 11 (August 23 in the Julian calendar), 1809—November 30(18), 1881) was a Russian statesman and diplomat, who played a major role in expansion of the Russian Empire to the Pacific... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area    - City 232. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Chinese Anarchism. ... A graphical timeline is available here: Timeline of the Mexican Revolution Many portions of this article are translations of excerpts from the article Revolución Mexicana in the Spanish Wikipedia. ... Ricardo Flores Magón (September 16, 1874 – November 21, 1922) was born on Mexican Independence Day, in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca, Mexico. ...

Anarchism and Nationalism in China

Main article: Anarchism in China

Anarchists in China were deeply involved in the nationalist movement and many served as "movement elders" in the KMT right up until the defeat of the nationalists by the Maoists. A minority of Chinese Anarchists associated with the Paris Group funneled large sums of money to Sun Yet Sen to help finance the Nationalist revolution of 1911. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Chinese Anarchism. ... KMT might stand for: Kuomintang, is a centre-right political party in the Republic of China on Taiwan. ... Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought (Chinese: 毛澤東思想, pinyin: Máo Zédōng Sīxiǎng), also called Marxism-Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought or Marxism-Leninism-Maoism (MLM), is a variant of communism derived from the teachings of Mao Zedong (1893&#8211... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ...

Anarchist involvement with the Kuomintang from 1911 on remained relatively minor, not only because the majority of Anarchists opposed nationalism on principle but because the KMT government was more then willing to level repression against anarchist organizations whenever and wherever they challenged state power. Still, a few prominent anarchists, notably Jing Meijiu and Zhang Ji (both affiliated with the Tokyo Group) were elected to positions within the KMT government and continued to call themselves Anarchists while doing so. The response from the larger anarchist movement was decidedly mixed. The "Diligent Work and Frugal Study" program in France, a series of businesses and educational programs organized along anarchist lines that allowed Chinese students from working-class backgrounds to come to France and receive a European education that had previously been only available to a tiny wealthy elite, was one product of this collaboration of the anarchists with nationalists. The program educated thousands of Chinese workers and students, including many future communist leaders such as Deng Xiaoping. The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3)[1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Deng Xiaoping   (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Teng Hsiao-ping; August 22, 1904–February 19, 1997) was a leader in the Communist Party of China (CCP). ...

Following the success of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution anarchism went into decline in the Chinese labour movement. In 1924 the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) allied itself with the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT). Originally composed of many former anarchists, it soon attracted a mass base, becoming increasingly critical of anarchism. When the Kuomintang purged the CPC from its ranks in 1927, the group of anarchists who had long participated in the KMT urged their younger comrades to join the movement and utilize it in the same way that the stalinists had been using it gain membership and influence. Despite opposition from other anarchist groups originally critical of this opportunism, most anarchists eventually joined in. Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... Russian Revolution can refer to the following events in the history of Russia: The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a series of strikes and anti-government violence against Tsar Nicholas II The Russian Revolution of 1917, which included: February Revolution, which resulted in the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Communist Party of China flag The Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: 中国共产党; Traditional Chinese: 中國共産黨; pinyin: Zhōnggu ngchǎndǎng) is the ruling party of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The Kuomintang of China (abbreviation KMT) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung1-kuo2 Kuo2-min2-tang3)[1], also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is a political party in the Republic of China, now on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Joseph Stalin Stalinism is the political and economic system named after Joseph Stalin, who implemented it in the Soviet Union. ...

It may be no coincidence that the meeting in Shanghai at which anarchists drew up their plans for activity within the Guomindang followed shortly on the heels of Chiang Kai-shek's suppression of communism, followed by a massacre not only of Communists but of Shanghai laborers as well.^[2].

The result of this last collaboration was the creation of China's first Labor University, which was intended to be a domestic version of the Paris groups educational program and sought to create a new generation of Labor Intellectuals who would finally overcome the gap between "those who work with their hands” and “those who work with their minds." The university would only function for a very few years before the Nationalist government decided that the project was to subversive to allow it too continue and pulled funding. When the KMT initiated a second wave of repression against the few remaining mass movements, anarchists left the organization en masse and were forced underground as hostilities between the KMT and CPC — both of whom were hostile towards anti-authoritarians — escalated. A repressed memory, according to some theories of psychology, a memory (often traumatic) of an event or environment which is stored by the unconscious mind but outside the awareness of the conscious mind. ...

Anarchism and Nationalism in Mexico

Main article: Anarchism in Mexico

Ricardo Flores Magón, one of the early leaders of the Mexican left-nationalist movement which eventually culminated in the Mexican Revolution, based his anarchism primarily on the works of early anarchists Mikhail Bakunin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was also influenced by his anarchist contemporaries: Élisée Reclus, Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, Fernando Tarrida del Mármol and Max Stirner. However, he was most influenced by Peter Kropotkin. Flores Magón also read from the works of Karl Marx and Henrik Ibsen. Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread, which he considered a kind of anarchist bible, served as basis for the short-lived revolutionary communes in Baja California during the "Magonista" Revolt of 1911. History In 1824 The British Robert Owen tried to develop his colony in the Mexican province of Tejas New Harmony. ... Ricardo Flores Magón (September 16, 1874 – November 21, 1922) was born on Mexican Independence Day, in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca, Mexico. ... A graphical timeline is available here: Timeline of the Mexican Revolution Many portions of this article are translations of excerpts from the article Revolución Mexicana in the Spanish Wikipedia. ... For the character on the TV series Lost, see Mikhail Bakunin Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Russian — Михаил Александрович Бакунин, Michel Bakunin — on the grave in Bern), (May 18 (30 N.S.), 1814–June 19 (July 1 N.S.), 1876) was a well-known Russian revolutionary, and often considered one of the “fathers of modern... Pierre Joseph Proudhon. ... Élisée Reclus (March 15, 1830 - July 4, 1905) was a French geographer and anarchist. ... Errico Malatesta Errico Malatesta (December 14, 1853 – July 22, 1932) was an anarchist with an unshakable belief, which he shared with his friend Peter Kropotkin, that the anarchist revolution would occur soon. ... Anselmo Lorenzo, sometimes called the grandfather of Spanish Anarchism, was one of the original Spanish Anarchists. ... Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) aka Red Emma, was a Lithuanian-born anarchist known for her writings and speeches. ... Fernando Tarrida del Mármol (1861 - 1915), was a Cuban anarchist writer. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Peter Kropotkin Prince Peter Alexeevich Kropotkin (In Russian Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин) (December 9, 1842 - February 8, 1921) was one of Russias foremost anarchists and one of the first advocates of what he called anarchist communism: the model of society he advocated for most of his life was that of a communalist society... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818, Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883, London) was a German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... Ibsen redirects here. ... Cover of Elephant Editions reprint of Conquest Of Bread, 1985. ... Baja California (literally lower California in Spanish) is the northernmost state of Mexico. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ...

In addition to his work with the Partido Liberal Mexicano, Magón organised with the Wobblies (IWW) and edited Regeneración, which aroused the workers against the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz. The Partido Liberal Mexicano (or the Mexican Liberal Party) was an anarchist group founded by Ricardo Flores Magón in 1906, in opposition to the rule of Porfirio Díaz. ... The IWW Label A Wobbly membership card The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, having much in common with anarcho-syndicalist unions, but also many differences. ... Porfirio Díaz José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori (15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915) was President of Mexico, considered a dictator, who ruled Mexico from 1876 until 1911 (with the exception of one single four-year period). ...

Har Dayal

In the 1910s Lala Har Dayal became an anarchist agitator in San Francisco, joining the IWW before becoming a pivotal figure in the Ghadar Party. A long-time advocate of Hindu nationalism, he developed a vision of anarchism based upon a return to the principles of ancient Aryan society (Puri 1983). Lala Hardayal (b. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... The IWW Label A Wobbly membership card The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, having much in common with anarcho-syndicalist unions, but also many differences. ... The Ghadar Party was an organization founded by the Indians(mostly Punjabis, of the United States and Canada in June, 1913 with the aim to liberate India from British rule. ... Hindu nationalism is a nationalist ideology that sees the modern state of the Republic of India as a Hindu nation (Hindu Rashtra), and seeks to preserve the Hindu heritage. ... Aryan (/eərjən/ or /ɑːrjən/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ...

Modern fusions of Anarchism and Nationalism

Modern fusions of Anarchism and Nationalism have been generally perceived as "outside" of the larger Anarchist movement as the perception of Nationalism itself has shifted from being a left-wing ideology aimed at liberation to a right-wing ideology aimed at strengthening the state. Most modern Anarchists resoundingly denounce Nationalism for its Stateism, and position Anarchism as an alternative to nationalism which can actually achieve the self-determination that nationalism argues for but fails to deliver. Modern Attempts to fuse the two are thus relatively trivial by historical standards and extremely limited in influence.

Völkisch anarchism

A concept of nationalist anarchism independent of anti-semitism or far right input can be traced back to the populist revolutionary nationalisms of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as the Russian narodniks (themselves a cradle of many political strains and tendencies with anarchistic leanings) and the völkisch movement of Germany and Austria. The latter inherited its Romantic outlook from Johann Gottfried von Herder whose own philosophy, which also inspired Mazzini (Hearder 1966: 44, 46), affirmed both the particularity of national cultures (nationalism) and their value within a universal context (internationalism). It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into far right. ... Populism is a political ideology or rhetorical style that holds that the common person is oppressed by the elite in society, which exists only to serve its own interests, and therefore, the instruments of the State need to be grasped from this self-serving elite and instead used for the... Narodniks was the name for Russian revolutionaries of the 1860s and 1870s. ... The völkisch movement is the German interpretation of the Populist movement, with a romantic focus on folklore and the organic. ... Wanderer above the sea of fog by Caspar David Friedrich Romanticism is an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in 18th century Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution. ... Johann Gottfried Herder Johann Gottfried von Herder (August 25, 1744 - December 18, 1803), German poet, critic, theologian, and philosopher, is best known for his concept of the Volk and is generally considered the father of ethnic nationalism. ...

As the völkisch movement developed, sections of it focussed on to theories of anti-semitism and racial supremacy which claimed a foundation in biology. Others, however, repudiated racism and preserved Herder's emphasis upon the equality of all nations. Among these prophets of international nationalism was the German-Jewish völkisch anarchist Gustav Landauer. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into racism. ... Gustav Landauer (7 April 1870 in Karlsruhe, Germany — 2 May 1919 in Munich, Germany) was a German anarchist. ...

A recent revival of völkisch anti-racism can be found in the Alternative Socialist Movement, an alliance of British radicals formed during the 1970s in which Keith Motherson (formerly Keith Paton) and the controversial artist Monica Sjöö were key members. Alternative Socialism sought to synthesise a range of seeming contraries: dissident Marxism with anarchism, socialism with libertarianism, Christianity with paganism, and reformism with revolution. Radical Left can refer to: 18th century Radicalism was a separate ideology, which was absorbed into liberalism and socialism. ... Monica Sjöö, (December 31, 1938 – 8 August 2005), was a Swedish painter who died of cancer. ... Marxism takes its name from the praxis (the synthesis of philosophy and political action) of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community. ... This article does not adequately cite its references. ...

It espoused the love of homeland and country from a nonviolent and feminist perspective which Motherson dubbed 'matriotism', and drew upon an interpretation of German völkisch thought as an essentially cosmopolitan current of ideas celebrating ethnic and cultural diversity. The movement rejected every form of patriarchal machismo from the left as well as the right, and therefore it advocated countering fascism through dialog. Feminism is a social theory and political movement primarily informed and motivated by the experience of women. ... A patriarch (from Greek: patria means father; arché means rule, beginning, origin) is a male head of an extended family exercising autocratic authority, or, by extension, a member of the ruling class or government of a society controlled by senior men. ...

Black Ram

Anarcho-swastika, symbol of the Black Ram Group

Alternative Socialism is an evident precursor to a similar concept of völkisch anarchism which surfaced briefly in the British anarchist movement in 1982 when the Black Ram Group (formerly Derby Anarchist Group) published the first and only edition of its journal Black Ram. This publication made connections between anarchism, neo-paganism and völkisch nationalist ideas (Landauer in particular), with further exploration of these themes promised. However the group disbanded in the following year without further elaboration. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 615 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1785 × 1739 pixel, file size: 102 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Nationalist anarchism ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 615 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1785 × 1739 pixel, file size: 102 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Nationalist anarchism ... Neopaganism (sometimes Neo-Paganism, meaning New Paganism) is a heterogeneous group of religions which attempt to revive ancient, mainly European pre-Christian religions. ...

The Black Ram Group remained within the mainstream anarchist consensus of anti-racism and anti-sexism. Its positive evaluation of nationalism derived not from any roots in far right political organisations, but from the theoretical consideration that: Anti-racism refers to beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted or developed to oppose racism. ... Manifestations Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching Hate speech · Hate crime Genocide · Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing · Pogrom · Race war Religious persecution · Gay bashing The Holocaust · Armenian Genocide Blood libel · Black Legend Pedophobia · Ephebiphobia Movements Discriminatory Aryanism · Neo-Nazism · Ku Klux Klan National Party (South Africa) American Nazi Party · Hate groups Kahanism · Supremacism Anti...

"the pseudo-'nationalism' of the 'nation-State' - which anarchists unequivocally oppose...must be distinguished from the nationalism of the people (Volk) which in its more consistent expressions is a legitimate rejection of both foreign domination and internal authoritarianism, i.e. the State." - Black Ram^[3]

The term 'anarcho-nationalist' is introduced in Black Ram 1:12 to describe the outlook of American Odinists with whom the paper's editors were in sympathy and, since then, it has been reused as a general term covering nationalist anarchisms. The term national anarchism was also used in the title of an article projected for publication in the second edition, 'Towards an Anarchist Nationalism: provisional manifesto of the National Anarchist Pagan Resurgence',^[4] but no further editions appeared and so it was never formally defined. Other material in the first issue leaves no doubt of the direction that was intended. Wotan, 'Fylfots for Freedom', Black Ram 1:7-8 sets out a programme aiming to subvert fascism by reclaiming symbols and concepts for libertarian ends. The group's emblem was a in the centre of a swastika ('anarcho-swastika'). Ásatrú describes a number of attempts to reconstruct the indigenous religions of Northern Europe. ... Image File history File links Anarchy-symbol. ... A right-facing Swastika in a decorative Hindu form The swastika (from Sanskrit ) is an equilateral cross with its arms bent at right angles, in either right-facing () or left-facing () forms. ...

The use of the swastika was not just about taking back a symbol, it stood for the reclaiming of ideas too. The point, for Black Ram, was that the Nazis stole those principles and language from early 20th-century populists and counterculturalists in the first place, Nazis have no right to them. For the Black Ram group, they are important because they signpost the continuation of older currents of socialism concerned with ethnicity, land and culture, which Marxist economic determinism sidelined. As a result, socialists withdrew from activism across a whole range of fronts, and what remained of the old pre-Marxist, utopian socialisms — finding no other outlet — was forced into opposition to the Marxist-monopolised Left. One of the things which they turned into was fascism. But it didn't have to happen that way, and if we don't want it to happen again — so runs the Alternative Socialism/Black Ram analysis — then socialists of a more libertarian persuasion have to get back into the whole volkisch, ethno-cultural arena. If we nowadays think these concerns sound Nazi, that's because "the Nazis nicked them from us, not us from them".

Critics point out that the Black Ram group only ever printed one issue of their paper and never constituted anything even approaching a mass movement, and therefore are not particularly significant or relevant to the study of Anarchism and Anarchist thought.

Black Anarchism or Panther Anarchism

Main article: Black anarchism

Black anarchism opposes the existence of a state and subjugation and domination of people of color, and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society. Black anarchists seek to abolish white supremacy, capitalism, and the state. Theorists include Ashanti Alston, Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin, Kuwasi Balagoon, many former members of the Black Panther Party, and Martin Sostre. Black anarchism rejects the traditional anarchist movement. Black anarchism opposes the existence of a state and subjugation and domination of people of color, and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society. ... Anti-statism refers to all philosophies that in some degree reject or oppose the establishment of a state, or territorial national governments. ... Anarchists can refer to several things, among which: The movie Anarchists Supporters of the principles of anarchism The Anarchists (Les Anarchistes), a famous song from Léo Ferré A List of anarchists This is a disambiguation page—a list of articles associated with the same title. ... White supremacy is a racist ideology which holds the belief that white people are superior to other races. ... It has been suggested that Definitions of capitalism be merged into this article or section. ... Ashanti Alston Omowali is an anarchist activist, speaker, and writer, and former member of the Black Panther Party. ... Lorenzo Komboa Ervin is an American writer, activist, and Black anarchist. ... Kuwasi Balagoon was a Black Panther, a member of the Black Liberation Army, a New Afrikan anarchist, and a defendant in the Panther 21 case in the late sixties. ... The Black Panther Party (originally called the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was an African American organization founded to promote civil rights and self-defense. ... Martin Gonzales Sostre (born in Harlem on March 20, 1923) served time in Attica prison during the early 1960s, where he embraced doctrines as diverse as Black Muslimism, Black Nationalism, Internationalism, and finally anarchism. ...

Black anarchists have criticized both the hierarchical organization of the Black Panther party, and the anarchist movement, on the grounds that it has traditionally been European and/or white-based. They oppose the anti-racist conception, based on the universalism of the Enlightenment, which is proposed by the anarchist workers' tradition, arguing that it is not adequate enough to struggle against racism and that it disguises real inequalities by proclaiming a de jure equality. For example, Pedro Ribeiro has criticized the whole of the anarchist movement by declaring that: Chehel Sotouns Wall painting, that dates back to the Safavid era, depicts a Chaharshanbe Suri celebration. ... Anti-racism, like other general social attitudes, ideas and movements, has many variations and faces. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Universality (philosophy). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Because racism carries connotations of race-based bigotry, prejudice, violence, oppression, stereotyping or discrimination, the term has varying and often hotly contested definitions. ... EQUAL is a popular artificial sweetener Equal (sweetener) Equality can mean several things: Mathematical equality Social equality Racial equality Sexual equality Equality of outcome Equality, a town in Illinois See also Equity Egalitarianism Equals sign This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might...

"It is a white, petty-bourgeois Anarchism that cannot relate to the people. As a Black person, I am not interested in your Anarchism. I am not interested in individualistic, self-serving, selfish liberation for you and your white friends. What I care about is the liberation of my people." [3]

Black anarchists are thus influenced by the civil rights movement and Black nationalism, and seek to forge their own movement that represents their own identity and tailored to their own unique situation. However, in contrast to black activism that was, in the past, based in leadership from hierarchical organizations such as the Black Panther Party, black anarchism rejects such methodology in favor of developing organically through communication and cooperation to bring about an economic and cultural revolution that does away with racist domination, capitalism, and the state. From Alston's @narchist Panther Zine: This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

"Panther anarchism is ready, willing and able to challenge old nationalist and revolutionary notions that have been accepted as ‘common-sense.’ It also challenges the bullshit in our lives and in the so-called movement that holds us back from building a genuine movement based on the enjoyment of life, diversity, practical self-determination and multi-faceted resistance to the Babylonian Pigocracy. This Pigocracy is in our ‘heads,’ our relationships as well as in the institutions that have a vested interest in our eternal domination." From @narchist Panther Zine, October 1999, Edition 1, Volume 1

National Anarchism and Third-Positionism

Main article: National anarchism

By far the most controversial modern attempt to fuse Nationalism and Anarchism is National-Anarchism, a position developed in the 1990s by the National Revolutionary Faction, an organization with links to the far right in Britain and the former Soviet Union. The National-Anarchists worked with Albion Awake, Alternative Green (published by former Green Anarchist editor, Richard Hunt) and Jonathan Boulter to develop the Anarchist Heretics Fair. Their membership and influence were entirely limited to the UK and they were roundly condemned by Anarchist organizations around the world. See Nationalist anarchism for more general article. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Nationalist anarchism. ... The National Revolutionary Faction (NRF) was a United Kingdom-based national-anarchist group led by Troy Southgate. ... Alternative Green is a UK magazine set up by former Green Anarchist contributor and editor Richard Hunt. ... The magazine Green Anarchist was for a while the principle voice in the UK advocating an explicit fusion of libertarian socialist and ecological thinking (Green anarchism), although such ideas had arguably been co-sympathetic for decades if not generations beforehand. ... Richard Hunt is an green anarchist activist, and editor of various environmentalist magazines, such as Green Anarchist and Alternative Green. ...

While most mainstream anarchist groups have denounced the National-Anarchists as contrary to everything that anarchism stands for, SchNEWS ran adverts for them. Their position within the anarchist movement is roughly analogous to that of anarcho-capitalism, another attempt to incorporate an anarchist analysis of the state into a fundamentally right-wing world view. Both groups are vehemently condemned and disowned by the majority in the anarchist movement. SchNEWS is a weekly anarchist publication published in Brighton, England as a double sided A4 newspaper and an online edition. ... Anarcho-capitalism refers to an anti-statist philosophy that embraces capitalism as one of its foundational principles. ...

The emergence of right-wing analogues of anarchism especially recalls the historical split between Marxism and fascism. Mussolini, and many other prominent fascists, began their careers as socialists before abandoning the class war in favour of a third-way alternative to both capitalism and Marxism: effectively, a 'socialism of the right'. They brought with them a powerful ideological authoritarianism that re-invigorated the far-right and led to the rise of fascist regimes around the world. Perhaps because of this origin, the relationship between Marxists and fascists was especially bitter. The divide between the leftist majority within the anarchist movement and right-wing groups that have adopted the name anarchist is, if possible, even more hostile. Marxism takes its name from the praxis (the synthesis of philosophy and political action) of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... This article needs additional references or sources to facilitate its verification. ... Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. ... Socialism is any economic system in which the means of production are owned and controlled collectively or a political philosophy advocating such a system. ...

The argument against the inclusion of National-Anarchism is essentially that appropriating a name is not enough to make one part of a tradition of thought. Very few scholars would argue that the German National-Socialist Party (the Nazi's) was actually socialist or that the Democratic Republic of Congo is actually a Democracy, so it is absurd to include National-Anarchism as a type of Anarchism just because of its name. National Socialism redirects here. ...

See also

• Carlo Carrà painter of The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli.
• National syndicalism

Carlo Carrà Carlo Carrà (11 February 1881-13 April 1966) was an Italian painter, a leading figure of the futurist movement that flourished in Italy during the beginning of the 20th century. ... The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli (Funerali dell’anarchico Galli) is a painting by Italian futurist Carlo Carrà. It currently resides in New York Citys Museum of Modern Art. ... National Syndicalism is typically associated with the right-wing labor movement in Italy which would later become the basis for Mussolini’s Fascist Party. ...

Notes

References

• Hampson, Norman. 1968. The Enlightenment. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books.
• Hearder, Harry. 1966. Europe in the Nineteenth Century 1830-1880. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-48212-7
• Puri, Karish K. 1983. Ghadar Movement: Ideology, Organisation and Strategy. Guru Nanak Dev University Press.

External links

• Anarchists against nationalism and anarchists and nationalism at flag.blackened.net
• Are anarchists against nationalism? at spunk press
• Anarchist Integralism
• Anarchist Notions of Nationalism and Patriotism
• Beyond Nationalism, But Not Without It Nationalism and Anarchism from a Black anarchist perspective, from Anarchist Panther by Ashanti Alston
• Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, Nationalism, and National liberation from an APOC perspective.