Part of the Politics series on Anarchism Politics is the process by which groups make decisions. ... It has been suggested that Origins of anarchism and History of anarchism be merged into this article or section. ...
Schools of thought
Black • Buddhist Capitalist • Christian Collectivist • Communist Eco • Feminist Green • Individualist Jewish • Mutualist Nationalist • Primitivist Philosophical • Social Syndicalist • Without adjectives Image File history File links Anarchy-symbol. ... Black anarchism opposes the existence of a state and subjugation and domination of people of color, and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society. ... Some anarchists believe that Buddhism forms a philisophical ground for anarchism, as a result of basic Buddhist teachings. ... Anarcho-capitalism refers to an anti-statist philosophy that embraces capitalism as one of its foundational principles. ... Christian anarchism is the belief that the only source of authority to which Christians are ultimately answerable is God, embodied in the teachings of Jesus. ... Left Anarchism is a term used almost exclusively by opponents of traditional anarchism to denominate philosophies that oppose private ownership of the means of production (or capitalism). ... Anarchist communism is a form of anarchism that advocates the abolition of the State and capitalism in favor of a horizontal network of voluntary associations through which everyone will be free to satisfy his or her needs. ... Eco-anarchism argues that small eco-villages (of no more than a few hundred people) are a scale of human living preferable to civilization, and that infrastructure and political systems should be re-organized to ensure that these are created. ... Anarcha-feminism combines anarchism with feminism. ... Green anarchism is a set of related political theories that is derived from philosophical and social movements such as social ecologists, feminism, egoism, situationism, surrealism, the Luddites, Anarcho-primitivism, post- and anti-leftists, indigenous, anti-industrialism, and pre-civilized people. ... Individualist Anarchism is an anarchist philosophical tradition that has a strong emphasis on sovereignty of the individual[1] and is generally opposed to collectivism[2]. The tradition appears most often in the United States, most notably in regard to its advocacy of private property. ... Freie Arbeiter Stimme, vol 1 no 4, Friday, July 25, 1890. ... Mutualism is an economic theory or system, largely associated with Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, based on a labor theory of value which holds that in extreme laissez-faire, market competition will cause the market values (prices) of commodities and services to align with the amount of labor embodied in those things. ... Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of civilization. ... Philosophical anarchism is a type of anarchism that sees the state as lacking moral legitimacy but does not recommend any immediate revolutionary action for its elimination. ... Social anarchism is a term self-applied by many anarchists of the libertarian socialist thread of anarchism. ... Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Anarchism in culture
Religion • Society • Arts History • Popular Education Criticisms This article discusses the anarchist critiques of society and proposed solutions from the anarchist perspective. ... Anarchism has long had an association with the arts, particularly in music and literature. ... Anarcho-primitivists assert that, for the longest period before recorded history, human society was organized on anarchist principles. ... Popular education is an educational technique designed to raise the consciousness of its participants and allow them to become more aware of how an individuals personal experiences are connected to larger societal problems. ... The theory and practice of anarchism has been controversial since it came to prominence in the 19th century. ...
Anarchist theory
Origins • Economics Anarchism and capitalism Anarchism and Marxism Co-operatives Symbolism • Post-left Especifismo • Platformism Propaganda of the deed Spontaneous order Workers' self-management Long before anarchism emerged as a distinct perspective, human beings lived for thousand of years in societies without government. ... Anarchist economics entails theory and practice relating to economic activity within the philosophical outlines of anarchism. ... Though the libertarian socialist critique of capitalism is rooted in socialist theory, there are certain key distinctions in their critiques, which this article attempts to elucidate. ... Even though anarchist communism and Marxism are two very different political philosophies, there is some similarity between the methodology and ideology of some anarchists and some Marxists, and the history of the two have often been intertwined. ... A cooperative (also co-operative or co-op) is an association of persons who join together to carry on an economic activity of mutual benefit, in an egalitarian fashion. ... Post-left anarchy is a recent current in anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchisms relationship to traditional leftism. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Platformism is a tendency within the wider anarchist movement which shares an affinity with organising in the tradition of Nestor Makhnos Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists. ... Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a concept of anarchist origin, which appeared towards the end of the 19th century, that promoted terrorism against political enemies as a way of inspiring the masses and catalyzing revolution. ... Spontaneous order (sometimes called self-organization) is a phenomenon that happens when individuals each follow a set of self-interest-based rules without a central authority designing a plan for everyone. ... Worker Self-Management is a form of workplace decision-making in which the employees themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care, general production methods, scheduling, division of labour etc. ...
Anarchism by region
Africa • Austria • China English Tradition • France Greece • Ireland • Mexico Russia • Spain • Sweden Ukraine • United States African Anarchism This article is about the historical and contemporary Anarchist movement in Africa. ... In English speaking countries, anarchist ideas and practises initially developed within the context of radical Whiggery and Protestant religious dissent. ...
Anarchism lists
Books • Communities Concepts • Organizations Anarchist Daniel Guérin, Anarchism Robert Graham Anarchism. ... This is a list of anarchist communities, past and present. ... These are concepts which, although not exclusive to anarchism, are significant in historical and/or modern anarchist circles. ... This list uses the word organization in its loosest sense. ...
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Nationalist anarchism (also called anarcho-nationalism) is an umbrella term covering various political viewpoints which seek to unite nationalism and anarchism, two ideologies which emerged in Europe following the French Revolution. Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution. ... It has been suggested that Origins of anarchism and History of anarchism be merged into this article or section. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...

The nationalist component may include an advocacy of cultural or ethnic separatism, although this is not always the case. Adherents of the separatist position propose that those preventing political activists from organizing in separate autonomous ethnic or racial groupings should be resisted. This separation may go as far as excluding those of other groups from settling in those areas.

Nationalist anarchists typically argue that a nation is first and foremost a people; that the state is parasitic upon the nation and should not be confused with it; and that states rarely coincide with national entities. Traditional anarchists militantly oppose nationalism, as they equate nation with state. The vast majority of contemporary anarchists therefore consider nationalist anarchism to be a contradiction. There has nevertheless been a long history of anarchist involvement with nationalism: One of the most influential doctrines in history is that all humans are divided into groups called nations. ... A state is a set of institutions that possess the authority to make the rules that govern the people in one or more societies, having internal and external sovereignty over a definite territory. ...

Origins in the 19th century

In the early 19th century, the ideas of nationalism, socialism and liberalism were closely intertwined. Revolutionaries and radicals like Giuseppe Mazzini aligned with all three in about equal measure. The early pioneers of anarchism participated in the spirit of their times: they had much in common with both liberals and socialists, and they shared much of the outlook of early nationalism as well. Moreover, as anti-semitism came to infuse itself into 19th-century political thought, it supplied a common focus which united many across all radical movements - socialists and anarchists as well as nationalists. Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... Giuseppe Mazzini. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ...

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was anti-semitic and influenced the proto-fascist Cercle Proudhon set up in 1911. Mikhail Bakunin had a long career as a pan-Slavic nationalist before adopting anarchism, and retained his anti-semitism whilst an anarchist. Following his involvement with Russian colonial expansionism in Siberia, he returned to Europe and agitated for a United States of Europe (a vision originated by Mazzini). Har Dayal became an anarchist agitator in San Francisco, joining the IWW before becoming a pivotal figure in the Ghadar Party. He developed a vision of anarchism based upon a return to the principles of ancient Aryan society.^[1] Pierre Joseph Proudhon. ... Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... The Cercle Proudhon was founded in 1911 and included such people as Pierre Drieu La Rochelle, George Valois, and Georges Sorel. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Russian — Михаил Александрович Бакунин, Michel Bakunin — on the grave in Bern), (May 18 (30 N.S.), 1814–June 19 (July 1 N.S.), 1876) was a well-known Russian revolutionary, and often considered one of the “fathers of modern anarchism. // In the spring of 1814, Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin was born... Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic people. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Siberian Federal District (darker red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) arctic northeast Siberia Udachnaya pipe Siberia (Russian: , Sibir; Tatar: ) is a vast region of Russia constituting almost all of Northern Asia and comprising a large part of the Euro-Asian Steppe. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... Har Dayal (b. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... The IWW Label A Wobbly membership card The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, having much in common with anarcho-syndicalist unions, but also many differences. ... The Ghadar Party was an organization founded by the Indians(mostly Punjabis, of the United States and Canada in June, 1913 with the aim to liberate India from British rule. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Although anarchism is often regarded as a movement of the left, the nationalist side of Proudhon's and Bakunin's thought would feed into 20th-century parties and movements of the radical right, some of which indeed claimed these early anarchists as their own. The term far-right refers to the relative position a group or person occupies within a political spectrum. ...

Völkisch anarchism

A concept of nationalist anarchism independent of anti-semitism or far right input can be traced back to the populist revolutionary nationalisms of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as the Russian narodniks (themselves a cradle of many political strains and tendencies with anarchistic leanings) and the völkisch movement of Germany and Austria. The latter inherited its Romantic outlook from Johann Gottfried von Herder whose own philosophy, which also inspired Mazzini, affirmed both the particularity of national cultures (nationalism) and their value within a universal context (internationalism). It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into far right. ... Populism is a political ideology or rhetorical style that holds that the common person is oppressed by the elite in society, which exists only to serve its own interests, and therefore, the instruments of the State need to be grasped from this self-serving elite and instead used for the... Narodniks was the name for Russian revolutionaries of the 1860s and 1870s. ... The völkisch movement is the German interpretation of the Populist movement, with a romantic focus on folklore and the organic. ... Romantic and romanticism have a number of uses: Titles: Romantic (song) by Karyn White. ... Johann Gottfried Herder Johann Gottfried von Herder (August 25, 1744 - December 18, 1803), German poet, critic, theologian, and philosopher, is best known for his concept of the Volk and is generally considered the father of ethnic nationalism. ...

As the völkisch movement developed, sections of it focussed on to theories of anti-semitism and racial supremacy which claimed a foundation in biology. Others, however, repudiated racism and preserved Herder's emphasis upon the equality of all nations. Among these prophets of international nationalism was the German-Jewish völkisch anarchist Gustav Landauer. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into racism. ... Gustav Landauer (7 April 1870 in Karlsruhe, Germany — 2 May 1919 in Munich, Germany) was a German anarchist. ...

A recent revival of völkisch anti-racism can be found in the Alternative Socialist Movement, an alliance of British radicals formed during the 1970s in which Keith Motherson (formerly Keith Paton) and the controversial artist Monica Sjöö were key members. Alternative Socialism sought to synthesise a range of seeming contraries: dissident Marxism with anarchism, socialism with libertarianism, Christianity with paganism, and reformism with revolution. Since the early 20th century, Radical Left has been used as an umbrella term to describe those on the political left who adhere explicitly and openly to revolutionary socialism, communism, or anarchism. ... Monica Sjöö, (December 31, 1938 – 8 August 2005), was a Swedish painter who died of cancer. ... Marxism refers to the philosophy and social theory based on Karl Marxs work on one hand, and the political practice based on Marxist theory on the other hand (namely, parts of the First International during Marxs time, communist parties and later states). ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... This article is becoming very long. ...

It espoused the love of homeland and country from a nonviolent and feminist perspective which Motherson dubbed 'matriotism', and drew upon an interpretation of German völkisch thought as an essentially cosmopolitan current of ideas celebrating ethnic and cultural diversity. The movement rejected every form of patriarchal machismo from the left as well as the right, and therefore it advocated countering fascism through dialogue instead of dehumanising vilification. Feminism is a social theory and political movement primarily informed and motivated by the experience of women. ... A patriarch (from Greek: patria means father; arché means rule, beginning, origin) is a male head of an extended family exercising autocratic authority, or, by extension, a member of the ruling class or government of a society controlled by senior men. ...

Black Ram

Anarcho-swastika, symbol of the Black Ram Group

Alternative Socialism is an evident precursor to a similar concept of völkisch anarchism which surfaced briefly in the British anarchist movement in 1982 when the Black Ram Group (formerly Derby Anarchist Group) published the first and only edition of its journal Black Ram. This publication made connections between anarchism, neo-paganism and völkisch nationalist ideas (Landauer in particular), with further exploration of these themes promised. However the group disbanded in the following year without further elaboration. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 615 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1785 × 1739 pixel, file size: 102 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Nationalist anarchism ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 615 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1785 × 1739 pixel, file size: 102 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Nationalist anarchism ... Neopaganism (sometimes Neo-Paganism, meaning New Paganism) is a heterogeneous group of religions which attempt to revive ancient, mainly European pre-Christian religions. ...

The Black Ram Group remained within the mainstream anarchist consensus of anti-racism and anti-sexism. Its positive evaluation of nationalism derived not from any roots in far right political organisations, but from the theoretical consideration that: Anti-racism refers to beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted or developed to oppose racism. ... It has been suggested that Sex discrimination be merged into this article or section. ...

"the pseudo-'nationalism' of the 'nation-State' - which anarchists unequivocally oppose...must be distinguished from the nationalism of the people (Volk) which in its more consistent expressions is a legitimate rejection of both foreign domination and internal authoritarianism, i.e. the State." - Black Ram^[2]

The term 'anarcho-nationalist' is introduced in Black Ram 1:12 to describe the outlook of American Odinists with whom the paper's editors were in sympathy and, since then, it has been reused as a general term covering nationalist anarchisms. The term national anarchism was also used in the title of an article projected for publication in the second edition, 'Towards an Anarchist Nationalism: provisional manifesto of the National Anarchist Pagan Resurgence',^[3] but no further editions appeared and so it was never formally defined. Other material in the first issue leaves no doubt of the direction that was intended. Wotan, 'Fylfots for Freedom', Black Ram 1:7-8 sets out a programme aiming to subvert fascism by reclaiming symbols and concepts for libertarian ends. The group's emblem was a in the centre of a swastika ('anarcho-swastika'). Ásatrú describes a number of attempts to reconstruct the indigenous religions of Northern Europe. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Anarchism Anarchy Individualist anarchism Libertarianism Anarcho-Communism Libertarian socialism The Angry Brigade Haymarket Riot Anarcho-syndicalism Anarchist law Anarcho-punk List of creative works about anarchism Spanish Revolution Freedom Press Confederación Nacional del Trabajo Primitivism Green anarchism WOMBLES Squamish Five... A right-facing Swastika in a decorative Hindu form In the Western world, since World War II, the swastika is usually associated with the flag of Nazi Germany and the Nazi Party. ...

More recent groups

The most publicised nationalist anarchism viewpoint is National-Anarchism, a position developed in the 1990s by the National Revolutionary Faction, an organization with links to the far right in Britain and the former Soviet Union. The National-Anarchists worked with Albion Awake, Alternative Green (published by former Green Anarchist editor, Richard Hunt) and Jonathan Boulter to develop the Anarchist Heretics Fair. While some mainstream anarchist groups renounced them, SchNEWS ran adverts for them. Other contemporary combinations of anarchism with nationalism include some strains of Black anarchism. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Nationalist anarchism. ... The National Revolutionary Faction (NRF) was a United Kingdom-based national-anarchist group led by Troy Southgate. ... Alternative Green is a UK magazine set up by former Green Anarchist contributor and editor Richard Hunt. ... The magazine Green Anarchist was for a while the principle voice in the UK advocating an explicit fusion of libertarian socialist and ecological thinking (Green anarchism), although such ideas had arguably been co-sympathetic for decades if not generations beforehand. ... Richard Hunt is an green anarchist activist, and editor of various environmentalist magazines, such as Green Anarchist and Alternative Green. ... SchNEWS is a weekly anarchist publication published in Brighton, England as a double sided A4 newspaper and an online edition. ... Black anarchism opposes the existence of a state and subjugation and domination of people of color, and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society. ...

Notes

1. ^ Ghadar Movement: Ideology, Organisation and Strategy by Karish K. Puri, Guru Nanak Dev University Press, 1983
2. ^ Editorial comment, Black Ram 1:5.
3. ^ Black Ram 1:18.

References

• Hampson, Norman. 1968. The Enlightenment. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books.
• Hearder, Harry. 1966. Europe in the Nineteenth Century 1830-1880. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-48212-7

See also

• Carlo Carra painter of The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli.
• National syndicalism

Carlo Carrà (1881-1966) was an Italian painter, a leading figure of the futurist movement that flourished in Italy during the beginning of the 20th century. ... The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli (Funerali dell’anarchico Galli) is a painting by Italian futurist Carlo Carrà. It currently resides in New York Citys Museum of Modern Art. ... National Syndicalism is typically associated with the right-wing labor movement in Italy which would later become the basis for Mussolini’s Fascist Party. ...

External links

• Anarchists against nationalism and anarchists and nationalism at flag.blackened.net
• Are anarchists against nationalism? at spunk press
• Anarchist Integralism
• Anarchist Notions of Nationalism and Patriotism
• Beyond Nationalism, But Not Without It Nationalism and Anarchism from a Black anarchist perspective, from Anarchist Panther by Ashanti Alston