The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (or NAGPRA) is a United States federal law passed in 1990 requiring that Native Americans cultural items be returned to their respective peoples if and when they have been excavated, and allows archeological teams a short time for analysis before the remains must be returned. "Cultural items" include human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony. Consequently, this legislation also applies to many Native American artifacts, especially burial items and religious artifacts. It has necessitated massive cataloguing of the Native American collections of many museums in order to identify the living heirs, culturally affiliated Indian tribes, and Native Hawaiian organizations of remains and artifacts. The United States Code (U.S.C.) is a compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal Law of the United States. ... MCMXC redirects here; for the Enigma album, see MCMXC a. ... Native Americans are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States, including parts of Alaska. ... Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech/discourse) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... I archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor. ...

Some archaeologists charge that NAGPRA has severely limited their ability to complete their research. Another camp, however, agree that this legislation is necessary in order to show respect for Native religions and different religious beliefs in general. Contemporary American archaeologists believe that many of their predecessors were grave robbers, and some Native Americans believe that that label can be applied to the profession today. In some cases, NAGPRA-mandated repatriation has greatly improved relations between archaeologists and Native Americans, and this improved trust has occasionally been reported to have paid dividends in archaeological knowledge whereas the Act has placed serious constraints on archaeologists and anthropologists in the fields of Native Study.

Controversies

There have been some issues raised by the legislation; most notably in the case of Kennewick Man, where the direct descendants of the person/remains can not be certain. Kennewick Man is a skeleton found near Kennewick, Washington. The Umatilla, Colville, Yakima, and Nez Perce tribes claim that Kennewick Man is their ancestor, and that they should thus be permitted to rebury him. Archaeologists claim that because of Kennewick Man's great age and his caucasoid appearance, there is no evidence of sufficient connection between him and the modern tribes. The age of the remains makes them very valuable scientifically. The reconstructed face of the Kennewick Man. ... Colville is the name of several places: In the United States: Colville Township in North Dakota Colville in Washington In New Zealand: Colville on the Coromandel Peninsula, and the nearby Cape Colville, Colville Bay and Colville Channel. ... Yakima Tribe - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Nez Perce (pronounced ) are a tribe of Native Americans who inhabited the Pacific Northwest region of the United States at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. ... Typical Caucasoid skull Caucasoid is a racial classification usually used as part of a phenotypal system, also including other classifications such as Australoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, and sometimes others such as Capoid. ...

See also

• American Indian Religious Freedom Act

The American Indian Religious Freedom Act (commonly abbreviated to AIRFA) is a 1978 United States federal law and a joint resolution of Congress which pledged to protect and preserve the traditional religious rights of American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, and Native Hawaiians. ...

External links

• NAGPRA information from the National Park Service
  • Summary of NAGPRA laws from the National Park Service
• NAGPRA database at cast.uark.edu
• Basic NAGPRA information warehouse