Native Hawaiians (Kānaka Maoli)
From left to right: Kamehameha the Great, James "Duke" Aiona, Daniel Akaka, Queen Liliʻuokalani.
Total population
alone: 140,652, any combination: 401,162 (U.S. census 2000 Native Hawaiian alone or in any combination)[1] Image File history File links Native_Hawaiians. ... “Kamehameha” redirects here. ... An infamous drug court judge, James Aiona became the first Republican elected Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii in forty years. ... Daniel Kahikina Dan Akaka (Chinese: 阿卡卡 李碩, Hanyu pinyin: akaka lishuo) (born September 11, 1924) is a U.S. Senator from Hawaiʻi and a member of the Democratic Party. ... Liliʻuokalani, Queen of Hawaiʻi (September 2, 1838 – November 11, 1917), originally named Lydia Kamakaʻeha, also known as Lydia Kamakaʻeha Paki, with the chosen royal name of Liliʻuokalani, and later named Lydia K. Dominis, was the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. ...
Regions with significant populations
United States (Hawaii, California, Nevada)
Language(s)
English, Hawaiian, Hawaiian Pidgin English
Religion(s)
Roman Catholic, Protestant, Other
Related ethnic groups
Marquesans, Māori, Tahitians, Samoans and other Polynesian peoples

Native Hawaiians (in Hawaiian, kānaka ʻōiwi or kānaka maoli) are "member[s] or descendant[s] of the indigenous Polynesian people of the Hawaiian Islands".^[2] Native Hawaiians trace their ancestry back to the first Marquesan and Tahitian settlers of Hawaii (possibly as early as AD 400), before the arrival of British explorer Captain James Cook in 1778. Official language(s) English, Hawaiian Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area  Ranked 43rd  - Total 10,931 sq mi (29,311 km²)  - Width n/a miles (n/a km)  - Length 1,522 miles (2,450 km)  - % water 41. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Nevada. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Hawaiian language is an Austronesian language that takes its name from HawaiÊ»i, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. ... Hawaii Pidgin English, Hawaii Creole English, HCE, or simply Pidgin, is a creole language based in part on English used by most local residents of Hawaii (Hawaiian Pidgin English is considered an inaccurate label). ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The Other or constitutive other (also referred to as othering) is a key concept in continental philosophy, opposed to the Same. ... National motto: Mau‘u‘u ha‘e iti Official languages French, Tahitian Political status Dependent territory, administrative division of French Polynesia Capital Tai o Hae Largest City Tai o Hae Area 1,274 km² ( 492 sq. ... Languages Māori, English Religions Māori religion, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Polynesian peoples, Austronesian peoples The word Māori refers to the indigenous people of New Zealand and their language. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Polynesian is an adjectival form which refers variously to: Polynesian pie Polynesian sauce, a food condiment available at Chick-fil-A the aboriginal inhabitants of Polynesia, and their: Polynesian culture Polynesian mythology Polynesian languages Category: ... The Hawaiian language is an Austronesian language that takes its name from HawaiÊ»i, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. ... National motto: Mau‘u‘u ha‘e iti Official languages French, Tahitian Political status Dependent territory, administrative division of French Polynesia Capital Tai o Hae Largest City Tai o Hae Area 1,274 km² ( 492 sq. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... “AD” redirects here. ... Captain James Cook may refer to: James Cook - British explorer, navigator, and map maker Captain James Cook (TV miniseries) - 1987 Australian television miniseries This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ...

According to the U.S. Census Bureau report for 2000, there are 401,162 people who identified themselves as being "native Hawaiian" alone or in any combination.^[1] 140,652 people identified themselves as being "native Hawaiian" alone.^[3] The overwhelming majority of native Hawaiians are residents of the United States in the State of Hawaiʻi, and in California, Nevada and Washington. Two-thirds live in the State of Hawaiʻi while the other one-third is split among mainland states. Almost half of the mainland share of the population is in California. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title ) is a part of the United States Department of Commerce. ... For the 1959 novel and 1966 movie, see Hawaii (novel). ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Nevada. ... For the capital city of the United States, see Washington, D.C.. For other uses, see Washington (disambiguation). ...

The history of native Hawaiians, and of Hawaiʻi in general, is classified into four major periods: antiquity (Ancient Hawaiʻi), monarchy (Kingdom of Hawaiʻi), territorial (Territory of Hawaiʻi), and statehood (State of Hawaiʻi). Early Polynesians settled in HawaiÊ»i circa A.D. 7th century, having traveled from Tahiti and Marquesas on double-hulled voyaging canoes Ancient HawaiÊ»i refers to the period of Hawaiian history preceding the unification of the Kingdom of HawaiÊ»i by Kamehameha the Great in 1810. ... Motto Ua mau ke ea o ka āina i ka pono Anthem Hawaii Ponoi Kingdom of Hawaii Capital Lahaina (until 1845) Honolulu (from 1845) Language(s) Hawaiian, English Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1795–1819 Kamehameha I  - 1891–1893 Liliuokalani Provisional Government  - 1893-1894 Committee of Safety History  - Inception 1795  - Unification... On August 12, 1898, the flag of the Kingdom of Hawai‘i over ‘Iolani Palace was lowered to raise the United States flag to signify annexation. ... For the 1959 novel and 1966 movie, see Hawaii (novel). ...

Terminology

Identifying and classifying native Hawaiians is a delicate issue. Different government agencies have different methods of classifying native Hawaiians. ^[4]. However, it is widely accepted that such classifications are necessary to facilitate laws, trusts and wills governing native Hawaiian programs. For example, programs administered by the Hawaiʻi State Department of Hawaiian Homelands are legally bound by trusts to provide services only to Hawaiians claiming over 50% ancestry back to pre-1778 settlers of the Hawaiian Islands. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ...

In the context of the Hawaiʻi Revised Statutes, section 10-2, Hawaiians are defined as:

any descendant of the aboriginal peoples inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands which exercised sovereignty and subsisted in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778, and which peoples thereafter have continued to reside in Hawaiʻi.

Native Hawaiians are defined as:

any descendant of not less than one-half part of the races inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands previous to 1778, as defined by the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act, 1920, as amended; provided that the term identically refers to the descendants of such blood quantum of such aboriginal peoples which exercised sovereignty and subsisted in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 and which peoples thereafter continued to reside in Hawaii.

The Office of Hawaiian Affairs also differentiates between: The Office of Hawaiian Affairs, also popularly known by its acronym OHA, is a semi-autonomous entity of the state of Hawaii charged with the administration of 1. ...

• "Native Hawaiian" (capitalized, referring to any person of native Hawaiian ancestry regardless of blood quantum) and
• "native Hawaiian" (uncapitalized, referring to a native Hawaiian with at least 50% blood quantum).^[4]

In general usage, however, this distinction is often ignored, with both capitalizations being used to describe the native Hawaiian population as a whole regardless of bloodline. Blood Quantum Laws is an umbrella term that describes legislation enacted to define membership in Native American groups. ...

The term "Hawaiian" first existed as a geographic identity limited to the Big Island, and upon the unification of the Hawaiian Islands, as either an ethnic or political identity. The term “Hawaiian” is today mainly used to describe people of partial or total Native Hawaiian ethnicity or ancestry,^[5]. Less commonly, and seen by some as less acceptable because of its political connotations, it can also describe Hawaii-born or Hawaii residents without any Native Hawaiian ancestry.^[6] In April of 1990, Daniel K. Akaka became the first native Hawaiian and Chinese American to serve in the United States Congress as a Senator from the State of Hawaii. ... In April of 1990, Daniel K. Akaka became the first native Hawaiian and Chinese American to serve in the United States Congress as a Senator from the State of Hawaii. ...

The use of the term "indigenous" to describe native people, including Kanaka Maoli, is the subject of some political controversy, with some seeing that label as clearly demanding special considerations. The Akaka Bill currently pending in Congress draws upon the "indigenous" nature of native Hawaiians for its rationale, and is of particular debate.^[7][8][9] The Akaka Bill is the common name applied to legislation proposed in the United States Congress between 2000 and the present that seeks to achieve for Native Hawaiians the same federal recognition and right to self-governance that most Native American tribes possess. ...

For further discussion about terminology commonly used to describe Native Hawaiians, see the article Native American name controversy. The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. ...

Demographics

At the time of Captain Cook's arrival, native Hawaiians may have numbered some 250,000 to 800,000; there has been debate over such estimates. ^[10] Over the span of the first century after first contact, the native Hawaiians were nearly wiped out by new diseases introduced to the islands. Native Hawaiians did not have resistance to influenza, measles, and whooping cough, among others. The census of 1900 identified only 40,000 native Hawaiians. The census of 2000 identified 400,000 native Hawaiians, demonstrating a trend of dramatic growth since annexation by the U.S. in 1898. Influenza, commonly known as flu, is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by an RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses). ...

An Office of Hawaiian Affairs survey in 1984 reported that 61% of Native Hawaiians had less than 50% native Hawaiian blood. That same report indicated that only 8,244 pure blood native Hawaiians existed out of the 208,476 total native Hawaiians surveyed.

The Hawaiian language was once the primary language of the native Hawaiian people. Today, native Hawaiians predominately speak the English language as a result of both the emphasis that the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi placed on learning English, as well as over a century of being a part of the United States of America, as a Territory and then as a State of the Union. Another contributing factor was an 1896 law which provided that English "be the only medium and basis of instruction in all public and private schools." This law did not prevent Hawaiian language from being taught as a second language, but further accelerated the trend of native Hawaiian families insisting on English first. Some native Hawaiians (as well as non-native Hawaiians) have learned the native Hawaiian language as a second language. As with others local to Hawaii, native Hawaiians often speak Hawaiian Creole English, referred to as pidgin English, a creole which developed during Hawaiʻi's plantation era in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with the influence of the various ethnic groups living in Hawaii during that time. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Motto Ua mau ke ea o ka āina i ka pono Anthem Hawaii Ponoi Kingdom of Hawaii Capital Lahaina (until 1845) Honolulu (from 1845) Language(s) Hawaiian, English Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch  - 1795–1819 Kamehameha I  - 1891–1893 Liliuokalani Provisional Government  - 1893-1894 Committee of Safety History  - Inception 1795  - Unification... The Hawaiian language is an Austronesian language that takes its name from HawaiÊ»i, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. ... Hawaiian Pidgin English, also known as Hawaiian Creole English or simply Pidgin, is a creole language based on English that is widely used by residents of Hawai‘i. ...

The Hawaiian language has been promoted for revival most recently by a state program of cultural preservation enacted in 1978. Programs included the opening of Hawaiian language immersion schools and the establishment of a Hawaiian language department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. As a result, Hawaiian language learning has climbed among all races in Hawaiʻi. The University of HawaiÊ»i at Mānoa is a public, co-educational university and is the main campus of the greater University of HawaiÊ»i system. ...

In 2002, the University of Hawaii at Hilo established a masters program in the Hawaiian Language.^[11] In fall 2006, they established a doctoral (Ph.D) program in the Hawaiian Language. In addition to being the first doctoral program for the study of Hawaiian, it is the first doctoral program established for the study of any native language in the United States of America. Both the masters and doctoral programs are considered by global scholars as pioneering in the revival of native languages. Also see: 2002 (number). ... The University of Hawaii at Hilo is one of ten branches of the University of Hawaii System anchored by the University of Hawaii at Mānoa in Honolulu, Hawaii. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ...

Hawaiian is still spoken as the primary language by the residents on the private island of Niihau. Niihau is the smallest of the inhabited Hawaiian Islands in the U.S. State of Hawaiʻi, having an area of 179. ...

In all U.S. states, native Hawaiian children are publicly educated under the same terms as any other children. In Hawaii, native Hawaiians are publicly educated by the Hawaiʻi State Department of Education, an ethnically diverse school system that is the United States' largest and most centralized.

Hawaiʻi is the only state without local community control of schools. Under the administration of Governor Benjamin J. Cayetano (D-HI) from 1994 to 2002, the state's educational system established special Hawaiian language immersion schools. In these schools, all subject courses are taught in the Hawaiian language and use native Hawaiian subject matter in curricula. These schools were created in the spirit of cultural preservation and are not exclusive to native Hawaiian children. Currently, these schools are challenged by a relative lack of native speakers of the Hawaiian language and a dearth of educational materials in Hawaiian, since olelo Hawaii is typically only a first language for those who live on Niihau. Benjamin Jerome Cayetano was the first Filipino American and second Asian American elected state governor in the United States. ... Niihau is the smallest of the inhabited Hawaiian Islands in the U.S. State of HawaiÊ»i, having an area of 179. ...

Some native Hawaiians are educated by the Kamehameha Schools, established through the last will and testament of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, a princess of the Kamehameha Dynasty. Arguably, the largest and wealthiest private school in the United States, Kamehameha Schools was intended to benefit indigents and orphans, with preference given to native Hawaiians. Kamehameha provides a quality education to thousands of children of whole and part native Hawaiian ancestry at its campuses during the regular school year, and also has quality summer and off-campus programs that are not restricted by ancestry. Since the late 1990s, Kamehameha Schools has been facing several high profile legal battles. One involved the choice and payment of trustees. Others have concerned the admission of non-Hawaiians to the school. A few non-Hawaiians have sued for admission, claiming that the last will and testament of Bernice Pauahi Bishop has been misinterpreted, and the policies of race-based admissions are discriminatory and should be struck down.^[12] In 2007, Kamehameha's Maui campus graduated it's first non-Hawaiian student. The student's 2002 admission to the school created an uproar within the Hawaiian community.^[13] Lady Bernice Pauahi Bishop was the last surviving member of the Kamehameha dynasty. ... Kamehameha the Great established his dynasty in 1810 upon unifying the islands of Hawaii to become the Kingdom of Hawaii. ...

As with other children in Hawaiʻi, some native Hawaiians are educated by other prominent private academies in the Aloha State. They include: Punahou School, Saint Louis School, Mid-Pacific Institute and Iolani School. The school was originally called Oahu College, and the main gate at the corner of Wilder and Punahou Street reflects this. ... Name Saint Louis School Address 3142 WaiÊ»alae Avenue Town Honolulu, HawaiÊ»i 96816 Established 1846 Community Urban Type Independent Religion Roman Catholic Society of Mary Students Boys Grades 5 to 12 Accreditation Western Association of Schools and Colleges District None Subdistrict None Nickname Crusaders Mascot Crusader Colors Blue and... Name Mid-Pacific Institute Address 2445 Kaala Street Town Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Established 1908 Community Urban Religion Christian (non-denominational) Students Coeducational Grades Pre-K to 12 Accreditation Western Association of Schools and Colleges Nickname Mid-Pac or MPI Mascot Pueo (Hawaiian Short-eared Owl) Colors Green and White Motto... Name Iolani School Address 563 Kamoku Street Town Honolulu, Hawaii 96826 Established 1863 Community Urban Type Independent Religion Episcopal Church Students Coeducational Grades K to 12 Accreditation Western Association of Schools and Colleges Nickname Raiders Mascot Io (Hawaiian Hawk) Colors Black, Red and White Motto One Team, humble in victory...

Hawaiiana revival

Native Hawaiian culture saw a revival in recent years as an outgrowth of decisions made at the 1978 Hawaiʻi State Constitutional Convention, held exactly 200 years after the arrival of Captain Cook. At the convention, the Hawaiʻi state government committed itself to a progressive study and preservation of native Hawaiian culture, history and language. The 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention launched the careers of over a dozen politicians who would become legends in modern Hawaiian history. ...

A comprehensive Hawaiian culture curriculum was introduced into the State of Hawaiʻi's public elementary schools teaching: ancient Hawaiian art, lifestyle, geography, hula and Hawaiian language vocabulary. Intermediate and high schools were mandated to impose two sets of Hawaiian history curricula on every candidate for graduation.

Statutes and charter amendments were passed acknowledging a policy of preference for Hawaiian place and street names. For example, with the closure of Barbers Point Naval Air Station in the 1990s, the region formerly occupied by the base was renamed Kalaeloa. Kalaeloa Airport, also called John Rodgers Field and formerly Barbers Point Naval Air Station, is a regional airport of the State of Hawaii established on July 1, 1999 to replace the Ford Island NALF facilities which closed on June 30 of the same year. ... Kalaeloa is the modern name given to the former Barbers Point Naval Air Station after the military base was listed for closing in 1993 and subsequently transferred to the State of Hawaii. ...

Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA)

Another important outgrowth of the 1978 Hawaiʻi State Constitutional Convention was the establishment of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, more popularly known as OHA. Delegates that included future Hawaiʻi political stars Benjamin J. Cayetano, John D. Waihee III and Jeremy Harris enacted measures to fulfil the terms of the statehood act in terms of Hawaiians. OHA was established as a trust, administered with a mandate to better the conditions of both native Hawaiians and the Hawaiian community in general. Office of Hawaiian Affairs logo This work is copyrighted. ... The Office of Hawaiian Affairs, also popularly known by its acronym OHA, is a semi-autonomous entity of the state of Hawaii charged with the administration of 1. ... Benjamin Jerome Cayetano was the first Filipino American and second Asian American elected state governor in the United States. ... John David Waihee III was the first American of Native Hawaiian descent to be elected governor in the United States. ... Richard Owen served as Mayor of Honolulu from 1994 to 2004. ...

While some believe that OHA controls the so-called "ceded lands," OHA only owns and controls lands it has directly acquired, such as the recently acquired Waimea Valley, previously known as Waimea Falls Park.^[14][15]

Native Hawaiians Study Commission

The Native Hawaiians Study Commission was created by the Congress of the United States on December 22, 1980 (Title III of Public Law 96-565). The purpose of the Commission was to "conduct a study of the culture, needs and concerns of the Native Hawaiians." The Commission published and released to the public a Draft Report of Findings on September 23, 1982. Following a 120-day period of public comment, a final report was written and submitted on June 23, 1983 to the U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and to the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.

United States apology resolution

On 23 November 1993, U.S. President Bill Clinton signed United States Public Law 103-150 also known as the Apology Resolution which had previously passed Congress. This resolution "apologizes to Native Hawaiians on behalf of the people of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii".^[16] is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... President Bill Clinton signed United States Public Law 103-150, apologizing on behalf of the American people for its alleged role in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy. ...

Washington-based constitutional scholar Bruce Fein has outlined a number of counter-arguments disputing the accuracy of the assertions made in the Apology Resolution, stating "The apology wrongly insinuates that the overthrown 1893 government was for Native Hawaiians alone".^[17] Bruce Fein is a lawyer in the United States who specializes in constitutional and international law. ...

Akaka Bill

In the early 2000s, the Congressional delegation of the State of Hawaiʻi introduced the Native Hawaiian Federal Recognition Bill named after U.S. Senator Daniel K. Akaka (D-HI). The Akaka Bill would establish the process of recognizing and forming a native Hawaiian government entity to negotiate with state and federal governments. The significance of the bill is that it would establish, for the first time in the history of the islands, a new political and legal relationship between a native Hawaiian entity and the federal government. This native Hawaiian entity would be a newly created one without any historical precedent in the islands or direct institutional continuity with previous political entities (unlike many native American Indian groups, for example). Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Daniel Kahikina Dan Akaka (Chinese: 阿卡卡 李碩, Hanyu pinyin: akaka lishuo) (born September 11, 1924) is a U.S. Senator from HawaiÊ»i and a member of the Democratic Party. ... The Akaka Bill is the common name applied to legislation proposed in the United States Congress between 2000 and the present that seeks to achieve for Native Hawaiians the same federal recognition and right to self-governance that most Native American tribes possess. ...

This bill came under significant scrutiny by the Bush Administration's Department of Justice as well as the United States Senate Judiciary Committee. The political context surrounding the Akaka Bill is both controversial and complex. Proponents, who consider the legislation an acknowledgement and (partial) correction of past injustices, include Hawaiʻi's Congressional delegation as well as the current Republican Governor Linda Lingle. Opponents include the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights who question the constitutionality of creating race-based governments, libertarian activists who challenge the historical accuracy of any claims of injustice, and other native Hawaiian sovereignty activists who feel the legislation would thwart their hopes for complete independence from the United States. The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... Linda Lingle (born Linda Cutter on June 4, 1953) has been Governor of Hawaii since December 2, 2002. ... Native Hawaiians gather at Ê»Iolani Palace on August 12, 1998 to remember the centennial anniversary of the American annexation of HawaiÊ»i. ...

 A poll commissioned in 2005 by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs showed that 68 percent of Hawaiʻi residents support the bill, 17 percent do not support it and 15 percent refused to answer or had no opinion. However, a poll conducted earlier that year by the The Grassroot Institute indicated that 67% of Hawaiʻi residents were against the Akaka bill. It has been speculated that the phrasing of the questions asked in both of the respective polls influenced the results, and so no definitive survey to determine levels of public support has yet been carried out in Hawaiʻi. 

Notable contributions

Main article: List of Native Hawaiians

This is a list of notable Native Hawaiians: James Aiona, politician Daniel K. Akaka, politician Eddie Aikau, famous surfer Akebono, sumo wrestler D. G. Anderson, politician S. Haunani Apoliona, activist Donne Dawson, head of Hawaii Film Office Brickwood Galuteria, entertainer and party chairman Clayton Hee, politician Don Ho, entertainer Hoku...

Culture and arts

There have been established several cultural preservation societies and organizations over the course of the twentieth century. The largest of those institutions is the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, established in 1889 and designated as the Hawaiʻi State Museum of Natural and Cultural History. Bishop Museum houses the largest collection of native Hawaiian artifacts, documents and other information available for educational use. Most objects are held for preservation alone. The museum has links with major colleges and universities throughout the world to facilitate research. The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum is home to the worlds largest collection of Polynesian artifacts. ...

See also

• Hawaiian sovereignty movement
• Population history of American indigenous peoples

Native Hawaiians gather at ʻIolani Palace on August 12, 1998 to remember the centennial anniversary of the American annexation of Hawaiʻi. ... Millions of indigenous people lived in the Americas when the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus began an historical period of large-scale European contact with the Americas. ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b} U.S. 2000 Census
2. ^ native hawaiian. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved September 26, 2007, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/native%20hawaiian
3. ^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFIteratedFacts?_event=&geo_id=01000US&_geoContext=01000US&_street=&_county=&_cityTown=&_state=&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&_submenuId=factsheet_2&ds_name=DEC_2000_SAFF&_ci_nbr=052&qr_name=DEC_2000_SAFF_R1010&reg=DEC_2000_SAFF_R1010%3A052&_keyword=&_industry=
4. ^ ^{a b} OHA Databook Appendix 1998
5. ^ Linda Lingle State of the State 2006
6. ^ Senator Jeff Sessions Akaka bill 2005 comments
7. ^ Honolulu Advertiser, 9/6/2007 Akaka bill testimony mixed
8. ^ Honolulu Star Bulletin August 19, 2007 New panel to hear revised Akaka Bill
9. ^ Hawaii Reporter, 9/1/2007 Akaka Bill Will Harm Landowners Throughout America
10. ^ Archaeology and Prehistory in Kahikinui, Maui, Hawaiian Islands by Patrick V. Kirch
11. ^ Master's Degree in Hawaiian, npr.org
12. ^ The latest round of litigation against the school was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, following an 8-7 en banc ruling of the 9th circuit court in favor of upholding the admissions policy. The precedent often cited by plaintiffs is that of Stephen Girard, whose racially exclusive school was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1968 when challenged by two African-American youths, Foust and Felder.
13. ^ Kamehameha-Maui grad is first non-Hawaiian
14. ^ OHA GAINS TITLE TO WAIMEA VALLEY OHA is a semi-autonomous government body administered by a nine-member board of trustees, elected by the people of the State of Hawaiʻi through popular suffrage. Originally, trustees and the people eligible to vote for trustees were restricted to native Hawaiians. Rice V. Cayetano reached the United States Supreme Court suing the state to allow non-Hawaiians to sit on the board of trustees and for non-Hawaiians to be allowed to vote in trustee elections. Justices ruled in favor of Rice on 23 February 2000 forcing OHA to open its elections to all residents of the State of Hawaiʻi regardless of ethnicity.

    Federal developments

    Native American Programs Act

    In 1974, the Native American Programs Act was amended to include native Hawaiians. This paved the way for native Hawaiians to become eligible for some, but not all, federal assistance programs originally intended for Native Americans. Today, Title 45 CFR Part 1336.62 defines a Native Hawaiian as "an individual any of whose ancestors were natives of the area which consists of the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778." The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ...

    
    There is some controversy as to whether or not native Hawaiians should be considered in the same light as Native Americans.<ref>[http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=73 Indian Country Today August 13, 2001], asserting native Hawaiians should be recognized as "aboriginal"</li> <li id="_note-conklin">'''[[#_ref-conklin_0|^]]''' [http://kenconklin.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Are_kanaka_maoli_indigenous_to_Hawai%27i%3F Questions regarding the indigenous nature of Hawaiians]</li> <li id="_note-12">'''[[#_ref-12|^]]''' http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/US_Public_Law_103-150</li> <li id="_note-13">'''[[#_ref-13|^]]''' [http://www.hawaiireporter.com/file.aspx?Guid=aefef5f6-a533-486a-9459-691138355dd1 PDF file (592 KB): Hawai{{okina}}i Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand]</li></ol></ref>

    Further reading

    • Maenette K. Nee-Benham and Ronald H. Heck, Culture and Educational Policy in Hawaiʻi: The Silencing of Native Voices, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1998
    • Scott Cunningham, Hawaiian Magic and Spirituality, Llewellyn Worldwide, Ltd., 2000
    • Rona Tamiko Tamiko Halualani, In the Name of Hawaiians: Native Identities and Cultural Politics], University of Minnesota Press, 2002
    • Marshall D. Sahlins, How Natives Think: About Captain Cook, for Example, University of Chicago Press, 1995
    • Thomas G. Thrum, Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends, International Law & Taxation Publishers, 2001
    • Thomas G. Thrum, More Hawaiian Folk Tales: A Collection of Native Legends and Traditions, International Law & Taxation Publishers, 2001
    • Houston Wood, Displacing Natives: The Rhetorical Production of Hawaiʻi, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1999
    • Kanalu G. Terry Young Rethinking the Native Hawaiian Past, Taylor & Francis, Inc., 1998
    • Patrick W. Hanifin
      • PDF: TO DWELL ON THE EARTH IN UNITY: Rice, Arakaki, AND THE GROWTH OF CITIZENSHIP AND VOTING RIGHTS IN HAWAIʻI
      • PDF: HAWAIIAN REPARATIONS: NOTHING LOST, NOTHING OWED XVII HAWAIʻI BAR JOURNAL No. 2 (1982)

    External links

    • Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA)
    • U.S. Department of Interior Native Hawaiian Issues
    • Council for Native Hawaiian Advancement

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