Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War Part of the American Revolutionary War The area of action; the Gulf Coast of the Floridas is not fully shown Date 1778–1782 Location West Indies and Gulf Coast Result Treaty of Paris (1783) Territorial changes Spain regains East and West Florida; France acquires Tobago Combatants Spain, France, United States Kingdom of Great Britain Commanders Bernardo de Gálvez, Matías de Gálvez, Comte de Grasse, Comte d'Estaing George Rodney

Gulf Coast campaigns Fort Bute – Baton Rouge – Fort Charlotte – San Fernando – Fort San Juan – St. Louis – Mobile – Pensacola

European waters, 1778–1782 North Channel duel – First Ushant – Flamborough Head - Cape St. Vincent – Dogger Bank – Second Ushant – Cape Spartel – Fort St. Philip

West Indies campaign Nassau – St. Lucia – Grenada – Martinique – Fort Royal – St. Kitts – The Saintes

Campaign in North American Waters 1778–1782 Newport – Penobscot – Cape Henry – Chesapeake

East Indies Campaign 1778–1783 Porto Praya – Sadras – Providien – Negapatam – Trincomalee – Cuddalore

The naval operations of the American Revolutionary War, also known as the American War of Independence, divide themselves naturally into two periods. The first ranges from 1775 until the summer of 1778, as the Royal Navy was engaged in cooperating with the troops employed against the American revolutionaries, on the coasts, rivers and lakes of North America, or in endeavouring to protect British commerce against the enterprise of American privateers. During the second period, the successive interventions of France, Spain, and the Netherlands extended the naval war until it ranged from the West Indies to the Bay of Bengal. This second period lasted from the summer of 1778 to the middle of 1783, and it included both such operations as had already been in progress in America or for the protection of commerce, and naval campaigns on a great scale carried out by the fleets of the maritime powers. This article is about military actions only. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 783 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1392 × 1066 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... The Gulf of Mexico is a major body of water bordered and nearly landlocked by North America. ... Painting by Benjamin West depicting (from left to right) John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Franklin. ... Map of East and West Florida in 1810. ... This article is about the region. ... Castara village beach looking south, Tobago Tobago is the smaller of the two main islands that make up the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. ... For an explanation of terms such as Scotland, Wales, England, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom, see British Isles (terminology). ... Bernardo de Gálvez Bernardo de Gálvez, conde de Galvez (23 July 1746 born in Macharaviaya, a mountain village in the province of Málaga, Spain – 1786) was Spanish governor of Louisiana from 1777 to 1785, and Viceroy of New Spain 1785-1786. ... Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo, Viceroy of New Spain Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo (ca. ... François Joseph Paul, marquis de Grasse Tilly, comte de Grasse François Joseph Paul, marquis de Grasse Tilly, comte de Grasse (1722 - Paris, 14th of January 1788), French admiral, was born at Bar, in the present départment of the Alpes-Maritimes. ... Comte Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector d Estaing Portrait by Benson John Lossing in The pictorial field-book of the revolution Comte Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector d Estaing Comte Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector d Estaing (November 1729 - April 28, 1794) was a French admiral. ... Admiral Lord George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney, 1719-1792 by Jean-Laurent Mosnier, painted 1791 George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney Bt (February 1718 – May 24, 1792) – British naval officer. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War. ... Combatants Spain Britain Commanders Bernardo de Gálvez Unknown Strength 900 regulars, militia, and natives 27 regulars Casualties None 27 captured The capture of Fort Bute signalled the opening of Spanish intervention in the American Revolutionary War on the side of France and (nominally) the United States. ... The Battle of Baton Rouge was decided on September 21, 1779 during the American Revolutionary War. ... Combatants Spain Britain Commanders Bernardo de Gálvez Elias Durnford Strength 754 regulars and militia 98 regulars 169 militia Casualties Unknown 267 dead, wounded, or captured. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War. ... Combatants Spain Britain Commanders Fernando De Leyba Emanuel Hesse Strength 21 regulars, 281 militia 750 natives, regulars, and militia Casualties 21 dead, 71 captured Unknown The Battle of Saint Louis (Spanish San Luis) was an unsuccessful British-led attack on St. ... The Battle of Mobile was part of a British counter-offensive aimed at recapturing the town of Mobile from the Spanish during the American Revolutionary War. ... Combatants Spain Britain Commanders Bernardo de Gálvez John Campbell Strength 7,000 regulars and militia 3,000 regulars, sailors, militia, and natives Casualties 74 dead, 198 wounded 105 dead, 382 wounded, 2,213 captured The Battle of Pensacola marked the culmination of Spains reconquest of Florida from Britain... Combatants USA Britain Commanders John Paul Jones George Burdon Strength sloop of war, 18 guns sloop of war, 20 guns (officially 16) Casualties 3 killed, 5 wounded 5 killed, 20 wounded The North Channel naval duel was the fight between the United States Continental Navy sloop of war Ranger (Captain... The Battle of Ushant (or First Battle of Ushant) took place on 27 July 1778 during the American War of Independence, fought between French and British fleets 100 miles west of Ushant, a French island at the mouth of the English Channel off the north-westernmost point of France. ... Combatants USA Britain Commanders John Paul Jones Richard Pearson Strength ship, 2 frigates, brigantine & schooner 5th-rate equiv. ... Combatants Britain Spain Commanders George Rodney Juan de Lángara Strength 18 ships of the line 9 ships of the line 2 frigates Casualties 32 dead 102 wounded 1 ship destroyed 4 ships captured The naval Battle of Cape St Vincent, or Battle of Cape Santa Maria, took place on... The naval Battle of the Dogger Bank took place on 5 August 1781 during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, part of the American War of Independence, in the North Sea. ... The Second Battle of Ushant was a naval battle fought between French and British squadrons near Ushant on 12 December 1781 during the American War of Independence. ... Combatants Britain Spain France Commanders Richard Howe José de Cordóba Strength 35 ships of the line 46 ships of the line Casualties about 600 dead or wounded about 600 dead or wounded The Battle of Cape Spartel was an indecisive naval battle between a Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War. ... Map of the Bahamas The Battle of Nassau (March 2 – March 3, 1776) was a naval action and amphibious assault by American forces against British-occupied Nassau, The Bahamas during the American Revolutionary War. ... Combatants Britain France Commanders Sir Samuel Hood Comte de Grasse Strength 18 ships of the line 24 ships of the line Casualties The Battle of Fort Royal was a naval battle fought off Fort Royal, Martinique in the West Indies during the American War of Independence on April 29, 1781... The Battle of St. ... The Battle of the Saintes, 12 April 1782: surrender of the Ville de Paris by Thomas Whitcombe, painted 1783, shows Hoods Barfleur, centre, attacking the French flagship Ville de Paris, right. ... Combatants Britain United States Commanders Colonel Francis McLean General Solomon Lovell and Captain Dudley Saltonstall Strength 600 regulars 1,000 regulars, 43 warships Casualties 13 killed and wounded 474 killed, wounded, and captured; all ships lost The Penobscot Expedition was the largest American naval expedition of the American Revolutionary War... Combatants Great Britain France Commanders Marriott Arbuthnot Des Touches Strength 8 ships of the line 7 ships of the line & 1 frigate The Battle of Cape Henry was naval battle in the American War of Independence which took place near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay on 16 March 1781 between... Combatants France Great Britain Commanders Comte de Grasse Sir Thomas Graves Strength 24 ships 19 ships Casualties none some ships damaged The Battle of the Chesapeake, also known as Battle of the Virginia Capes, was a crucial naval battle in the American Revolutionary War which took place near the mouth... The Battle of Porto Praya was a naval battle that took place during the American War of Independence on April 16, 1781 between a British squadron under Commodore Johnstone and a French squadron under the Bailli de Suffren. ... The Battle of Sadras was the first of five indecisive naval battles fought between a British fleet under Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and French fleet under the Bailli de Suffren off the coast of India during the American War of Independence. ... The Battle of Providien was the second in the series of battles fought between a British fleet under Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and a French fleet under the Bailli de Suffren off the coast of India during the American War of Independence. ... The Battle of Negapatam was the third in the series of battles fought between a British fleet under Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and a French fleet under the Bailli de Suffren off the coast of India during the American War of Independence. ... The Battle of Trincomalee was the fourth in the series of battles fought between a British fleet under Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and a French fleet under the Bailli de Suffren off the coast of India during the American War of Independence. ... The Battle of Cuddalore was an indecisive battle between a British fleet under Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and a slightly smaller French fleet under the Bailli de Suffren off the coast of India near Cuddalore during the American War of Independence. ... This article is about military actions only. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... This article concerns Patriots in the American Revolutionary War. ... North America North America is a continent [1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

American war, 1775–1778

Admiral Lord Howe was the British naval commander in America in 1776. He resigned in 1778, declining further service while Lord Sandwich was First Lord of the Admiralty. He returned in 1782 and relieved the siege of Gibraltar.

Before France entered the conflict in 1778, the naval war consisted of many small operations. When the war began, the British had 131 ships of the line, but the Royal Navy was in neglect ^[1] from rapid and poor quality ship construction during the Seven Years' War. It was estimated that only 39 ships of the line could be battle ready in the first year of a conflict. The administration of Lord Sandwich, the First Lord of the Admiralty, had ambitious plans to upgrade the fleet, but it was not done in time for the American Revolution.^[2] The naval force at the disposal of the British admirals commanding on the station, was insufficient to patrol the long coastline. During the first three years of the war, therefore, the Royal Navy was primarily used in support of operations on land, aiding General Thomas Gage and General Sir William Howe during the siege of Boston by seeking stores for the army and in supplying naval brigades. Image File history File links Admiral_howe. ... Image File history File links Admiral_howe. ... Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe (8 March 1726 – 5 August 1799) was a British admiral. ... John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, 1783, by Sir Thomas Gainsborough For other persons of the same name, see John Montagu. ... The First Lord of the Admiralty was a British government position in charge of the Admiralty. ... For the painting, see The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar, September 1782. ... Ships of the line were 1st, 2nd, or 3rd-rated ships in the rating system of the Royal Navy. ... Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Great Britain and its American Colonies Electorate of Hanover Iroquois Confederacy Kingdom of Portugal Electorate of Brunswick Electorate of Hesse-Kassel Philippines Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of France Empire of Russia Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and... John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, 1783, by Sir Thomas Gainsborough For other persons of the same name, see John Montagu. ... The First Lord of the Admiralty was a British government position in charge of the Admiralty. ... John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia The American Revolution refers to the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen... Sir Thomas Gage (1719 – April 2, 1787) was a British general and commander in chief of the North American forces from 1763 to 1775 during the early days of the American Revolution. ... Sir William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, KB, PC (August 10, 1729 – July 12, 1814) was an English General who was Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American Revolutionary War, one of the three Howe brothers. ... Combatants New England militia, Continental Army Great Britain Commanders Artemas Ward, George Washington Thomas Gage, William Howe Strength 17,000 The Siege of Boston (April 19, 1775 – March 17, 1776) was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War, in which New England militiamen—and then the Continental Army—surrounded...

At other points of the coast, the British navy was employed in punitive expeditions against coastal towns—such as the burning of Falmouth (now Portland, Maine) in October 1775—which served to exasperate rather than to weaken the enemy, or the unsuccessful attack on Charleston, South Carolina, in June 1776. It was wholly unequal to the task of blockading the many towns from which privateers could be fitted out. British commerce therefore suffered severely, even as far off as the Irish coasts, where it was necessary to supply convoy to the Belfast linen trade. Nickname: Motto: Resurgam (Latin for I will rise again) Coordinates: , Country State County Cumberland Settled 1632 Incorporated 1786 Government  - Mayor Nicholas M. Mavodones, Jr Area  - City  52. ... Nickname: Motto: Aedes Mores Juraque Curat (She cares for her temples, customs, and rights) Location of Charleston in South Carolina. ... This article is about the concept in naval history. ...

The American colonists had no ships of the line of its own and had to rely on privateering to harass British shipping. On March 23, 1776, several months before the Declaration of American Independence, the Continental Congress issued letters of marque and reprisal. American privateers took about 600 British vessels during the war. These privateers were not always working directly for the American cause, since prizes were often sold to the highest bidder, and the British sometimes bought back their own captured cargoes.^[3] Ships of the line were 1st, 2nd, or 3rd-rated ships in the rating system of the Royal Navy. ... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ... U.S. Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is the document in which the Thirteen Colonies declared themselves independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain and explained their justifications for doing so. ... The Continental Congress was the first national government of the United States. ... For the Patrick OBrian novel, see The Letter of Marque. ...

Engraving based on the painting "Action Between the Serapis and Bonhomme Richard" by Richard Paton, published 1780.

The Continental Congress also authorized the creation of a small Continental Navy on October 13, 1775. The Continental Navy never launched any ships of the line, so the small vessels were primarily used for commerce raiding. On December 22, 1775, Esek Hopkins was appointed the naval commander-in-chief. With his small fleet, Hopkins led the first major naval action of the Continental Navy, in early March 1776, against Nassau, Bahamas, where stores of much-needed gunpowder were seized for the use of the Continental Army. On April 6, 1776, the squadron unsuccessfully encountered the 20-gun HMS Glasgow in the first major sea battle of the Continental Navy. Captain John Paul Jones soon emerged as the first well-known American naval hero, capturing the HMS Drake on April 24, 1778, the first victory for any American military vessel in British waters. He also captured the HMS Serapis on September 23, 1779, while in command of the USS Bonhomme Richard. Image File history File links Serapis_and_Bonhomme_Richard. ... Image File history File links Serapis_and_Bonhomme_Richard. ... Patons depiction of the Battle of Cape Passaro (11 August 1718) (oil on canvas, painted 1767 - half a century after the event) Richard Paton (1717–1791) was a British marine painter. ... Continental Navy Jack The Continental Navy was authorized by the Continental Congress on October 13, 1775. ... is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1775 (MDCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Commerce raiding or guerre de course is a naval strategy of attacking an opponents commercial shipping rather than contending for control of the seas with its naval forces. ... is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1775 (MDCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... French portrait of Commodore Esek Hopkins Esek Hopkins (26 April 1718 – 26 February 1802), was Commander in Chief of the Fleet throughout the American Revolutionary War. ... Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... Map of the Bahamas The Battle of Nassau (March 2 – March 3, 1776) was a naval action and amphibious assault by American forces against British-occupied Nassau, The Bahamas during the American Revolutionary War. ... For other uses of Nassau, see Nassau (disambiguation). ... Illustration depicting uniforms and weapons used during the 1779 to 1783 period of the American Revolution by showing four soldiers standing in an informal group General George Washington, was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army on June 15, 1775. ... is the 96th day of the year (97th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ... Eight ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Glasgow after the city in Scotland. ... John Paul Jones (July 11, 1747–July 18, 1792) was Americas first well-known naval hero in the American Revolutionary War. ... HMS Drake was a twenty-gun sloop-of-war of the Royal Navy. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1778 (MDCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... 169. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1779 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The first USS Bonhomme Richard, formerly Duc de Durae, was a east indiaman, a merchant ship built in France for the French East India Company in 1765, for service between France and the Orient. ...

In 1778, the American Navy, led by John Paul Jones, raided the Cumbrian port of Whitehaven. The landing was a surprise attack, taken as an action of revenge by Jones, and was never intended as an invasion. Nevertheless, it caused hysteria in England, with the attack showing a weakness that could be exploited by other states such as France or Spain. Its result was an intense period of fortification in British ports. Evolution and Extinction Cumbric was the Brythonic Celtic language spoken in much of Cumbria, Northern Northumbria, and parts of lowland Scotland until about the 11th century. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...

In America, the British navy was able to cover the retreat of the British Army from Boston to Halifax in April 1776, and to convey it to New York City in June. It assisted in the expedition to Philadelphia in July 1777. On the St Lawrence and the Great Lakes, it was able to play a more aggressive part. The relief of Quebec by British Captain Charles Douglas, in May 1776, forced the American General Benedict Arnold to retreat. The destruction of his squadron on Lake Champlain in October secured the frontier of Canada and supplied a basis for the advance of British General John Burgoyne in 1777, which ended, however, in his surrender at Saratoga. Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area    - City 232. ... The City of Halifax (1841-1996) was the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, and the largest city in Atlantic Canada. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Combatants United States Great Britain Commanders George Washington William Howe Henry Clinton The Philadelphia campaign (1777–1778) was a British initiative in the American Revolutionary War. ... a broat veiew of the St LAwrence River, with a Quebec City on a background The Saint Lawrence River (In French: fleuve Saint-Laurent) is a large south west-to-north east flowing river in the middle latitudes of North America, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... The Great Lakes from space The Laurentian Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... This article is about the Canadian province. ... Rear Admiral Sir Charles Douglas, 1st Baronet of Carr (b. ... For other persons named Benedict Arnold, see Benedict Arnold (disambiguation). ... The Battle of Valcour Island, 11 October 1776, also known as Battle of Valcour Bay, was a naval engagement fought on Lake Champlain in a narrow strait between the New York mainland and Valcour Island. ... Landsat photo Lake Champlain (French: lac Champlain) is a large lake in North America, mostly within the borders of the United States (states of Vermont and New York) but partially situated across the US-Canada border in the province of Quebec. ... General John Burgoyne (February 24, 1722 – August 4, 1792) was a British army officer, politician and dramatist. ... Combatants British 9th/Hill, 20th/Lynd, 21st/ Hamilton, 62nd/Ansthruter, Simon Fraser Brunswick Major Generals V. Riedesel, 1st Brigade (Brunswickers) Brig. ...

France enters the war, 1778

Ben Franklin had been in France for over a year before France decided to join the war. The surrender at Saratoga was followed, in 1778, by war with France, which had already given much private help to the American privateers and to their forces in the field. The rupture came in March when British ambassador Lord Stormont was recalled from Paris, but since neither fleet was ready for service, actual conflict did not take place until July. This article is about the capital of France. ...

The French government was somewhat more ready than the British. On April 13, it dispatched a squadron of twelve sail of the line and four frigates from Toulon to America under the command of the Comte d'Estaing. No attempt was made to stop him in the Straits of Gibraltar, he passed them on May 16, and, though the rawness of his crews and his own error in wasting time in pursuit of prizes delayed his passage, he reached the mouth of the Delaware on July 8 unopposed. is the 103rd day of the year (104th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Panorama of Toulon area. ... Comte Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector d Estaing Portrait by Benson John Lossing in The pictorial field-book of the revolution Comte Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector d Estaing Comte Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector d Estaing (November 1729 - April 28, 1794) was a French admiral. ... The Strait of Gibraltar as seen from space. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Delaware River in Kansas, see Delaware River (Kansas) The Delaware River is a river on the Atlantic coast of the United States. ... is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The French government had three goals in view: to help the Americans; to expel the British from the West Indies; and to occupy the main strength of the naval forces of Britain in the English Channel. Therefore, a second and more powerful fleet was fitted out at Brest under the command of Louis Guillouet, comte d'Orvilliers. The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... For the Thoroughbred racehorse of the same name, see English Channel (horse). ... Brest is a city in Brittany, or the Bretagne région, north-west France, sous-préfecture of the Finistère département. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The British government, having neglected to occupy the Straits of Gibraltar in time, despatched Admiral John Byron from Plymouth on June 9 with thirteen sail of the line to join Admiral Lord Howe, Sir William's brother, in America. He collected a strong force at home, called the Western Squadron, under Augustus Keppel. John Byron (November 8, 1723 – April 10, 1786) was a British vice-admiral. ... This article is about the city of Plymouth in England. ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe (March 8, 1726 - August 5, 1799) was a British admiral. ... Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel (25 April 1725 - 2 October 1786), was a British admiral who held sea commands during the Seven Years War and the War of American Independence. ...

Keppel, after a preliminary cruise in June, brought d'Orvilliers to action off Brest on July 27, 1778, in the Battle of Ushant. The fleets were equal and the action was indecisive, as the two forces merely passed one another, cannonading. A violent quarrel exacerbated by political differences broke out among the British commands, which led to two courts-martial and to the resignation of Keppel, and did great injury to the discipline of the navy. No further event of note occurred in European waters. Combatants USA Britain Commanders John Paul Jones George Burdon Strength sloop of war, 18 guns sloop of war, 20 guns (officially 16) Casualties 3 killed, 5 wounded 5 killed, 20 wounded The North Channel naval duel was the fight between the United States Continental Navy sloop of war Ranger (Captain... The Battle of Ushant (or First Battle of Ushant) took place on 27 July 1778 during the American War of Independence, fought between French and British fleets 100 miles west of Ushant, a French island at the mouth of the English Channel off the north-westernmost point of France. ... Combatants USA Britain Commanders John Paul Jones Richard Pearson Strength ship, 2 frigates, brigantine & schooner 5th-rate equiv. ... Combatants Britain Spain Commanders George Rodney Juan de Lángara Strength 18 ships of the line 9 ships of the line 2 frigates Casualties 32 dead 102 wounded 1 ship destroyed 4 ships captured The naval Battle of Cape St Vincent, or Battle of Cape Santa Maria, took place on... The naval Battle of the Dogger Bank took place on 5 August 1781 during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, part of the American War of Independence, in the North Sea. ... The Second Battle of Ushant was a naval battle fought between French and British squadrons near Ushant on 12 December 1781 during the American War of Independence. ... Combatants Britain Spain France Commanders Richard Howe José de Cordóba Strength 35 ships of the line 46 ships of the line Casualties about 600 dead or wounded about 600 dead or wounded The Battle of Cape Spartel was an indecisive naval battle between a Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral... is the 208th day of the year (209th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1778 (MDCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Battle of Ushant (or First Battle of Ushant) took place on 27 July 1778 during the American War of Independence, fought between French and British fleets 100 miles west of Ushant, a French island at the mouth of the English Channel off the north-westernmost point of France. ...

On the coast of America, the news of the approach of d'Estaing compelled the British commanders to evacuate Philadelphia on June 18, 1778. Howe then concentrated his force of nine small line-of-battle ships at Sandy Hook on June 29, and on July 11, he learned that d'Estaing was approaching. The French admiral did not venture to make an attack, and on July 22, he sailed to cooperate with the Americans in an effort to expel the British garrison from Rhode Island. Howe, who had received a small reinforcement, followed. The French admiral, who had anchored above Newport, came to sea to meet him, but both fleets were scattered by storms. D'Estaing sailed to Boston on August 21. Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area    - City 369. ... is the 169th day of the year (170th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1778 (MDCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Sandy Hook from the top of Twin Lights Lighthouse, Highlands, NJ. Sandy Hook is a narrow coastal spit of land, approximately 6 miles in length and 0. ... is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 192nd day of the year (193rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 203rd day of the year (204th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants United States British Commanders John Sullivan Robert Pigot Strength 10,100 7,139 Casualties 30 killed, 137 wounded, 44 missing 38 killed, 210 wounded, 12 missing The Battle of Rhode Island, also known as the Battle of Quaker Hill, took place on August 29, 1778, when units of the... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Newport, Rhode Island Newport is a city in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States, about 30 miles (48 km) south of Providence. ... is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Howe received no help from Byron, whose badly equipped fleet was damaged and scattered by a gale on July 3 in the mid-Atlantic. His ships slowly arrived during September. Howe resigned on July 25 and was succeeded by Byron. is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

West Indies, 1778–1779

The approach of winter made a naval campaign on the coast of North America dangerous. June to October are the hurricane months in the West Indies, while October to June includes the stormy winter of the northern coast. This largely dictated the movements and actions of naval forces during the war. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War. ... Map of the Bahamas The Battle of Nassau (March 2 – March 3, 1776) was a naval action and amphibious assault by American forces against British-occupied Nassau, The Bahamas during the American Revolutionary War. ... Combatants Britain France Commanders Sir Samuel Hood Comte de Grasse Strength 18 ships of the line 24 ships of the line Casualties The Battle of Fort Royal was a naval battle fought off Fort Royal, Martinique in the West Indies during the American War of Independence on April 29, 1781... The Battle of St. ... The Battle of the Saintes, 12 April 1782: surrender of the Ville de Paris by Thomas Whitcombe, painted 1783, shows Hoods Barfleur, centre, attacking the French flagship Ville de Paris, right. ...

On November 4, 1778, d'Estaing sailed for the West Indies, to the surprise and consternation of the Americans, who hoped to launch operations against Halifax and Newfoundland. On the same day, Commodore William Hotham was dispatched from New York to reinforce the British fleet in the West Indies. On September 7, the French governor of Martinique, the Marquis de Bouille, had surprised the British island of Dominica. Admiral Samuel Barrington, the British admiral in the Leeward Islands, had retaliated by seizing Saint Lucia on December 13-14, after the arrival of Hotham from North America. D'Estaing, who followed Hotham closely, was beaten off in two feeble attacks on Barrington at the Cul-de-Sac of Santa Lucia on December 15. is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1778 (MDCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Newfoundland —   IPA: [nuw fÉ™n lænd] (French: , Irish: ) is a large island off the east coast of North America, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Admiral William Hotham, 1st Baron Hotham (1736–1813), was an officer in the Royal Navy. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Samuel Barrington (1729 — 1800), British admiral, was the fourth son of the 1st Viscount Barrington. ... The Leeward Islands are the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles. ... is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On January 6, 1779, Admiral Byron reached the West Indies. During the early part of this year the naval forces in the West Indies were mainly employed in watching one another. But in June, while Byron had gone to Antigua to guard the trade convoy on its way home, d'Estaing first captured St Vincent, and then Grenada. Admiral Byron, who had returned, sailed in hopes of saving the island but arrived too late. An indecisive action was fought off Grenada on July 6, 1779. The war died down in the West Indies. Byron returned home in August. D'Estaing, after co-operating unsuccessfully with the Americans in an attack on Savannah in September, also returned to Europe. is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1779 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Kingstown, St. ... Combatants Britain France Commanders Hon. ... is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1779 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Savannah redirects here. ...

Spain enters the war, 1779–1780

In European waters, the English Channel had been invaded by a combined French and Spanish fleet of sixty-six sail of the line, Spain having now joined the coalition against Britain. Only thirty-five sail of the line could be collected against them under the command of Sir Charles Hardy. But they came late and did nothing. The allies retired early in September and were not even able to molest the British trade convoys. In the meantime, the Spaniards had formed the siege of Gibraltar. Sir Charles Hardy (c. ... For the painting, see The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar, September 1782. ...

So far, the British navy had been on the defensive, without material loss--except in the West Indies-- but also without triumph. The operations of 1780 went on much the same lines. The British government, not feeling strong enough to blockade Brest and the Spanish ports, was compelled to regulate its movements by those of its opponents. In the Channel, it was saved from disaster by the ineptitude of the French and Spanish fleets. The only real success achieved by this numerically imposing French-Spanish force was the capture on August 8-9 of a large British convoy of ships bound for the East and West Indies carrying troops. is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

But on the American coast and in the West Indies, more vigour was displayed. Early in the year, Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot was sent to take command in North America. On the French side, the Comte de Guichen was sent with reinforcements to the West Indies to take command of the ships left in the previous year by d'Estaing. He arrived in March and was able to confine the small British force under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, 5th Baronet at Gros Islet Bay in Santa Lucia. Admiral Marriott (or Mariot) Arbuthnot (1711 – 31 January 1794) was a British admiral, who commanded the Royal Navys North American station during the American War for Independence. ... Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen (June 21, 1712 – January 13, 1790), French admiral, entered the navy in 1730 as garde de la Marine, the first rank in the corps of royal officers. ... Image:Romney, Hyde Parker. ...

After Spain entered the war, Major General John Dalling, the British governor and commander-in-chief of Jamaica, proposed in 1789 an expedition to the Spanish province of Nicaragua. The goal was to sail up the San Juan River to Lake Nicaragua and capture the town of Granada, which would effectively cut Spanish America in half as well as provide potential access to the Pacific Ocean. Because of disease and logistical problems, the expedition proved to be a costly debacle.^[5] General Sir John Dalling, 1st Baronet, (c. ... // 1655-1661 (Commanders) English Commanders ruled Jamaica after the end of rule by Spanish Governor of Jamaica. ... The San Juan River is a 180 kilometer river located in Nicaragua which connects the Caribbean with Lake Nicaragua. ... Lake Nicaragua (Spanish: Lago de Nicaragua) or Lake Cocibolca (Lago Cocibolca) is a freshwater lake in Nicaragua and it is of tectonic origin. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Granada, Granada, Nicaragua. ... Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Americas of Christopher Columbus in 1492. ... Military logistics is the art and science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of military forces. ...

The expedition sailed from Jamaica on February 23, 1780, escorted by twenty-one year-old Captain Horatio Nelson in the Hinchinbroke. Nelson was the highest ranking officer present, but his authority was limited to naval operations. The overall commander was Captain (local rank of major) John Polson of the 80th Regiment, who recognized young Nelson's abilities and worked closely with him. Polson had about three to four hundred regulars of the 80th and the 39th Regiments, about 8000 men of the Loyal Irish Corps raised by Dalling, as well as several hundred local recruits, including blacks and Miskito Indians. is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Lord Nelson Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (September 29, 1758 – October 21, 1805) was a British admiral who won fame as a leading naval commander. ... The Kings Royal Rifle Corps was a British Army formation. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... For other uses, see Mosquito (disambiguation). ...

After many delays, the expedition began to move up the San Juan River on March 17, 1780. On April 9, Nelson—in the first hand-to-hand combat of his career—led an assault which captured a Spanish battery on the island of Bartola. Five miles (8 km) upstream was Fort San Juan, with about 1150 armed defenders and 86 others, which was besieged beginning on April 13. Because of poor planning and lost supplies, the British soon began to run low on ammunition for the cannons as well as rations for the men. After the tropical rains started on April 20, men began to sicken and die, probably from malaria and dysentery, and perhaps typhoid fever. is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Episode no. ... The Barton Organ Company was an American pipe organ manufacturer during the age of silent movies. ... A siege is a military blockade of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition, often accompanied by an assault. ... is the 103rd day of the year (104th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. ... Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is frequent, small-volume, severe diarrhea that shows blood in the feces along with intestinal cramping and tenesmus (painful straining to pass stool). ... For a similar disease with a similar name, see typhus. ...

Nelson was one of the first to become ill, and he was shipped upriver on April 28, the day before the Spanish surrendered the fort. About 4,500 British reinforcements arrived on May 15, but the blacks and the Indians serged back and were able to take an advantage. Although Dalling persisted in trying to gather reinforcements, still sickness continued to take a heavy toll on their toops, and the expedition was abandoned on November 30, 1780. The Spanish reoccupied the remains of the fort after the British blew it up on departure. In all, more than 3,500 men died, which "made the San Juan expedition the costliest British disaster of the entire war." is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

In May 1784, d'Arzac de Ternay was sent from Brest with seven line-of-battle ships and a convoy carrying 8,000 French troops to act with the Americans. He had a brush with a small British force under Cornwallis near Bermuda on June 28 and reached Rhode Island on July 04. is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. ...

During the rest of the year and part of the next, the British and French naval forces in North American waters remained at their respective headquarters of New York and Newport, watching one another. The West Indies was again the scene of the most important operations of the year. In February and March, a Spanish force from New Orleans, under Bernardo de Gálvez, invaded West Florida with success, but the allies made no further progress. New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... Bernardo de Gálvez Bernardo de Gálvez, conde de Galvez (23 July 1746 born in Macharaviaya, a mountain village in the province of Málaga, Spain – 1786) was Spanish governor of Louisiana from 1777 to 1785, and Viceroy of New Spain 1785-1786. ... This article is about the region. ...

The moonlight Battle off Cape St Vincent, 16 January 1780 by Francis Holman, painted 1780 shows the Santo Domingo exploding, with Rodney's flagship Sandwich in the foreground.

At the close of 1779, Sir George Rodney had been appointed to command a large naval force which was to relieve Gibraltar and send stores to Minorca. Rodney was to go on to the West Indies with part of the fleet. He sailed on December 29, 1789, with the trade for the West Indies under his protection. He captured a Spanish convoy on his way off Finisterre on January 8, defeated a larger Spanish force at Cape St Vincent on January 16, relieved Gibraltar on January 19, and left for the West Indies on February 13. The moonlight Battle off Cape St Vincent, 16 January 1780 by Francis Holman, painted 1780 The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... The moonlight Battle off Cape St Vincent, 16 January 1780 by Francis Holman, painted 1780 The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Combatants Britain Spain Commanders George Rodney Juan de Lángara Strength 18 ships of the line 9 ships of the line 2 frigates Casualties 32 dead 102 wounded 1 ship destroyed 4 ships captured The naval Battle of Cape St Vincent, or Battle of Cape Santa Maria, took place on... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Admiral Lord George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney, 1719-1792 by Jean-Laurent Mosnier, painted 1791 George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney Bt (February 1718 – May 24, 1792) – British naval officer. ... Admiral Lord George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney, 1719-1792 by Jean-Laurent Mosnier, painted 1791 George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney Bt (February 1718 – May 24, 1792) – British naval officer. ... Capital Maó Official languages Catalan & Spanish Area  -  Total 694. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1789 (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Britain Spain Commanders George Rodney Juan de Lángara Strength 18 ships of the line 9 ships of the line 2 frigates Casualties 32 dead 102 wounded 1 ship destroyed 4 ships captured The naval Battle of Cape St Vincent, or Battle of Cape Santa Maria, took place on... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On March 27, he joined Sir Hyde Parker at Santa Lucia, and Guichen retired to Fort Royal in Martinique. Until July, the fleets of Rodney and Guichen, of inadaquite strength, were engaged in operations around the island of Fuji. The British admiral endeavoured to force on a close engagement. But in the first encounter on April 17 to leeward of the island, Rodney's orders were executed by his captains, and the action was decisive. He wished to concentrate on the rear of the enemy's line, and his captains scattered themselves along the French formation brilantly, and got the upper hand. In two subsequent actions, on May 11 and May 12, to windward of Martinique, the French admiral could not be brought to close action. is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 132nd day of the year (133rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The arrival of a Spanish squadron of twelve ships of the line, in June, gave a great numerical superiority to the allies, and Rodney naver retired to Gros Islet Bay in Santa Lucia. So nothing decisive occurred. The Spanish fleet was in great shape, and the French needed no rest. The Spanish went on to Havana and the French to San Domingo. In July, on the approach of the hurricane season, Rodney sailed for North America, reaching New York on September 11. Guichen returned home with the most of his war-ready ships. On December 26, Rodney was back at Barbada from the North American station, where he was greatly effective against the French in Narragansett Bay. This article is about the capital of Cuba. ... Saint-Domingue was a French colony from 1697 to 1804 that is today the independent nation of Haiti. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 360th day of the year (361st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Narragansett Bay, shown in pink. ...

Final New World operations, 1781–1782

The rambling operations of the naval war until the close of 1780 began to assume a degree of coherence in 1781. The allies directed to such secondary objects as the capture of West Indian islands and of Minorca and Gibraltar; Britain resorted to defensive movements. The Netherlands joined the allies, and the British government was compelled to withdraw part of its fleet from other purposes to protect the North Sea trade. A desperate battle was fought on the Dogger Bank on August 5 between Sir Hyde Parker and Dutch Admiral Zoutman, both being engaged in protecting trade; but the Netherlands did not affect the general course of the war. The allies again failed to make a vigorous attack on the British forces in the Channel. They could not prevent Admiral George Darby from relieving Gibraltar and Minorca in April. Minorca was closely invested later and was compelled to surrender on February 5, 1782. A vigorous policy was carried out by France in the West Indies and America, while she began a most resolute attack on the British position in the East Indies. The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ... is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Vice-Admiral George Darby (c. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

In the West Indies, Rodney, having received news of the breach with the Netherlands early in the year, took the island of Sint Eustatius, which had been a great depot of contraband of war, on February 3, 1781. The British admiral was accused of applying himself so entirely to seizing and selling his booty that he would not allow his second in command, Sir Samuel Hood, who had recently joined him, to take proper measures to impede the arrival of French forces known to be on their way to Martinique. The French admiral, the count de Grasse, reached the island with reinforcements in April. Until July, he was engaged in a series of skilful operations directed to menacing the British islands while he avoided being brought to battle by Rodney. In July, he sailed for the coast of North America, whither he was followed in August by Hood; Rodney returned home in ill-health. Map showing location of Sint Eustatius relative to Saba and Sint Maarten/Saint Martin. ... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1781 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Admiral Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, 1724–1816 by James Northcote, painted 1784. ...

On the coast of North America, the war came to its climax. In the earlier part of the year the British at New York and the French at Newport continued to watch one another. In April, British Admiral Arbuthnot did indeed succeed in stopping an attempt of the French to carry reinforcements to the American cause in Virginia. The action he fought off the capes of Virginia on April 16 was ill conducted, but his main purpose was achieved. Washington, who was wisely anxious to concentrate attack on one or other of the centres of British power in Virginia or New York, had to wait till the arrival of Grasse before he could see his ideas applied. The French admiral gave the allies a superiority of naval strength on the coast of Virginia, and Lord Cornwallis, the British commander, was beleaguered in Yorktown. Admiral Thomas Graves, Arbuthnot's successor, who had been joined by Hood from the West Indies, endeavoured to drive off the French fleet. But the feeble battle he fought on September 5 failed to shake the French hold on the Chesapeake. Grasse received reinforcements, and Graves sailed away. Yorktown fell on October 19, and the war was settled as far as the coast of North America was concerned. Combatants Britain United States Commanders Colonel Francis McLean General Solomon Lovell and Captain Dudley Saltonstall Strength 600 regulars 1,000 regulars, 43 warships Casualties 13 killed and wounded 474 killed, wounded, and captured; all ships lost The Penobscot Expedition was the largest American naval expedition of the American Revolutionary War... Combatants Great Britain France Commanders Marriott Arbuthnot Des Touches Strength 8 ships of the line 7 ships of the line & 1 frigate The Battle of Cape Henry was naval battle in the American War of Independence which took place near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay on 16 March 1781 between... Combatants France Great Britain Commanders Comte de Grasse Sir Thomas Graves Strength 24 ships 19 ships Casualties none some ships damaged The Battle of the Chesapeake, also known as Battle of the Virginia Capes, was a crucial naval battle in the American Revolutionary War which took place near the mouth... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Combatants Great Britain France Commanders Marriott Arbuthnot Des Touches Strength 8 ships of the line 7 ships of the line & 1 frigate The Battle of Cape Henry was naval battle in the American War of Independence which took place near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay on 16 March 1781 between... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... York Hall is a government building on Yorktowns historic Main Street. ... Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves (ca. ... Combatants France Great Britain Commanders Comte de Grasse Sir Thomas Graves Strength 24 ships 19 ships Casualties none some ships damaged The Battle of the Chesapeake, also known as Battle of the Virginia Capes, was a crucial naval battle in the American Revolutionary War which took place near the mouth... is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Chesapeake Bay The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. ... is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Battle of the Saintes, April 12, 1782: surrender of the Ville de Paris by Thomas Whitcombe, painted 1783, shows Samuel Hood's Barfleur, center, attacking the French flagship Ville de Paris, right.

The French admiral returned to the West Indies, where he was followed by Hood, and resumed the attacks on the British islands. In January and February 1782, he conquered St Christopher, in spite of the most determined opposition of Hood, who with a much inferior force first drove him from his anchorage at Basseterre and then repulsed his repeated attacks. The next purpose of the French was to combine with the Spaniards for an attack on Jamaica. Sir George Rodney, having returned to his command with reinforcements, baffled this plan by the series of operations which culminated in the Battle of the Saintes on April 12, 1782. No further operations of note occurred in the West Indies. At home, Howe relieved Gibraltar for the last time in September and October 1782. The Battle of the Saints, 12 April 1782: surrender of the Ville de Paris by Thomas Whitcombe, painted 1783 The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the... The Battle of the Saints, 12 April 1782: surrender of the Ville de Paris by Thomas Whitcombe, painted 1783 The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the... The Battle of the Saintes, 12 April 1782: surrender of the Ville de Paris by Thomas Whitcombe, painted 1783, shows Hoods Barfleur, centre, attacking the French flagship Ville de Paris, right. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Admiral Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, 1724–1816 by James Northcote, painted 1784. ... The Battle of the Saintes, 12 April 1782: surrender of the Ville de Paris by Thomas Whitcombe, painted 1783, shows Hoods Barfleur, centre, attacking the French flagship Ville de Paris, right, at the Battle of the Saintes. ... The Battle of the Saintes, 12 April 1782: surrender of the Ville de Paris by Thomas Whitcombe, painted 1783, shows Hoods Barfleur, centre, attacking the French flagship Ville de Paris, right. ... Country Saint Kitts and Nevis Archipelago Leeward Islands Region Caribbean Area 65 sq. ... Distinguish from Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe. ... The Battle of the Saintes, 12 April 1782: surrender of the Ville de Paris by Thomas Whitcombe, painted 1783, shows Hoods Barfleur, centre, attacking the French flagship Ville de Paris, right. ... is the 102nd day of the year (103rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

East Indies campaign, 1778–1783

The war in the East Indies formed a separate series of episodes. In 1778, the British authorities had little difficulty in seizing the French settlement of Pondicherry. A naval engagement of a very feeble kind took place on August 10 in the Bay of Bengal, between the British naval officer in command and M. de Tronjoly. But the French were too weak in these seas for offensive movements and remained quiescent at Bourbon and Mauritius until the beginning of 1782. The Battle of Porto Praya was a naval battle that took place during the American War of Independence on April 16, 1781 between a British squadron under Commodore Johnstone and a French squadron under the Bailli de Suffren. ... The Battle of Sadras was the first of five indecisive naval battles fought between a British fleet under Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and French fleet under the Bailli de Suffren off the coast of India during the American War of Independence. ... The Battle of Providien was the second in the series of battles fought between a British fleet under Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and a French fleet under the Bailli de Suffren off the coast of India during the American War of Independence. ... The Battle of Negapatam was the third in the series of battles fought between a British fleet under Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and a French fleet under the Bailli de Suffren off the coast of India during the American War of Independence. ... The Battle of Trincomalee was the fourth in the series of battles fought between a British fleet under Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and a French fleet under the Bailli de Suffren off the coast of India during the American War of Independence. ... The Battle of Cuddalore was an indecisive battle between a British fleet under Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and a slightly smaller French fleet under the Bailli de Suffren off the coast of India near Cuddalore during the American War of Independence. ... The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and Southeast Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the Maldives... Map of Pondicherry Region, Union Territory of Pondicherry, India Pondicherry (Tamil:புதுவை,Hindi: पॉण्डिचेरी) is a Union Territory of India. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Saint-Denis Regional President Paul Vergès (PCR) (since 1998) Departments Réunion Arrondissements 4 Cantons 49 Communes 24 Statistics Land area1 2,512 km² Population (Ranked 21st)  - January 1, 2006 est. ...

In the spring of 1781, French Admiral Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez was sent to the East with a small squadron. On his way, he fell upon a British force which had been sent to take the Cape from the Dutch, and which he found in the Portuguese anchorage of Porto Praya, on April 16. Having provided for the security of the Cape, Suffren went on to the French islands. He sailed from them early in 1782 to carry out a vehement attack on the British forces in the Bay of Bengal. From February 17, 1782 to June 20, 1783, he fought a series of actions against Sir Edward Hughes, by which he secured a marked superiority on the water. Though he had no port in which to refit and no ally save Hyder Ali, he kept the sea and did not even return to the French islands during the north-easterly monsoon. Suffren captured of Trincomalee in July 1782, in spite of Hughes and the heavy loss he inflicted on the British fleet in several of the actions he fought. Statue of Suffren - Museum of the Navy, Toulon. ... The Battle of Porto Praya was a naval battle that took place during the American War of Independence on April 16, 1781 between a British squadron under Commodore Johnstone and a French squadron under the Bailli de Suffren. ... Praia, population 61,644 (1990), is the capital of Cape Verde, an island nation in the Atlantic Ocean west of Senegal. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1783 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Sir Edward Hughes (c. ... Hyder Ali or Haidar Ali (c. ... Trincomalee District Map Trincomalee (Tamil: (Thirukonamalai, hist: Sirigonakanda); Sinhala: (Thirikunamalaya)) is a port city on the northeast coast of Sri Lanka, about 110 miles northeast of Kandy. ...

See also

• Naval tactics in the Age of Sail

Naval tactics in the Age of Sail were used from the early 1600s when sailing ships replaced oared galleys to the 1860s when steam-powered ironclad warships rendered sailing line of battle ships obsolete. ...

Notes

References

• Black, Jeremy. War for America: The Fight for Independence, 1775–1783. St. Martin's Press (New York) and Sutton Publishing (UK), 1991. ISBN 0-312-06713-5 (1991), ISBN 0-312-12346-9 (1994 paperback), ISBN 0-7509-2808-5 (2001 paperpack).
• Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. New York: McKay, 1966; revised 1974. ISBN 0-8117-0578-1.
• Rodger, N.A.M. "The Insatiable Earl: A Life of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich". W.W. Norton & Company (New York), 1993, ISBN 0-393-03587-5.
• Sugden, John. Nelson: A Dream of Glory, 1758–1797. New York: Holt; London: Jonathan Cape, 2004. ISBN 0-224-06097-X.

Further reading

• Allen, Gardner W. A Naval History of the American Revolution. 2 volumes. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1913. (available online)
• Augur, Helen. The Secret War of Independence. New York: Duell, 1955.
• Chevalier, Louis E. Histoire de la marine francaise pendant la Guerre de l'Independence americaine. Paris, 1877.
• Dull, Jonathan R. The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, 1774–1787. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1975.
• James, William Milbourne. The British Navy in Adversity: A Study of the War of American Independence. London: Longmans, 1926.
• Knox, Dudley Wright. The Naval Genius of George Washington. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1932.
• Lewis, Charles Lee. Admiral de Grasse and American Independence. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1945.
• Mahan, Alfred T. The Influence of Sea Power upon History. 1890.
• Mahan, Alfred T. The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence. Boston: Little, Brown, and company: 1913.
• Middlebrook, Louis F. History of Maritime Connecticut during the American Revolution, 1775-1783. 2 volumes. Salem, Mass.: Essex, 1925.
• Paullin, Charles Oscar. The Navy of the American Revolution: Its Administration, its Policy, and its Achievements. Cleveland: Burrows, 1906.
• Tuchman, Barbara. The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution. New York: Knopf, 1988. ISBN 0-394-55333-0.

Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan (27 September 1840 - 1 December 1914) was a United States Navy officer, naval strategist, and educator, widely considered the foremost theorist of sea power. ... Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan (27 September 1840 - 1 December 1914) was a United States Navy officer, naval strategist, and educator, widely considered the foremost theorist of sea power. ... Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (January 30, 1912 – February 6, 1989) was an American historian and author. ...

External links

• "West Indies Score Card during the American War for Independence", details the changes in possession of various islands during the war; includes maps.