Map showing the districts affected by the Naxalite movement

Naxalite or Naxalism is an informal name given to radical, often violent, revolutionary communist groups that were born out of the Sino-Soviet split in the Indian communist movement. Ideologically they belong to various trends of Maoism. Initially the movement had its epicentre in West Bengal. In recent years, they have spread into less developed areas of rural central and eastern India, such as Chattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh through the activities of underground groups like the Communist Party of India (Maoist).^[1] The CPI(Maoist) and some other Naxal factions are considered terrorists by the Government of India and various state governments in India.^[2] Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... , West Bengal (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchimbôŋgo) is a state in eastern India. ... Chhattisgarh (छत्तीसगढ़), a state in central India, formed when the sixteen southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh gained statehood on November 1, 2000. ... , Andhra Pradesh (Telugu: , Urdu: ), the Rice Bowl of India, is a state in southern India. ... The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is an underground Maoist political party in India. ... Terrorism refers to the use of violence for the purpose of achieving a political, religious, or ideological goal. ... The Government of India (Hindi: भारत सरकार [1]Bhārat Sarkār), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories, collectively called the Republic of...

History

The term comes from Naxalbari, a small village in West Bengal, where a section of Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) led by Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal led a violent uprising in 1967, trying to develop a "revolutionary opposition" in opposition to the official CPI(M) leadership. The insurrection started on May 25, 1967 in Naxalbari village when a tribal was attacked by local authorities over a land issue. The tribals attacked the opposing landlords and the violence escalated.^[2] Majumdar greatly admired Mao Zedong of China and advocated that Indian peasants and lower classes must follow in his footsteps and overthrow the government and upper classes whom he held responsible for their plight. He engendered the Naxalite movement through his writings, the most famous being the 'Historic Eight Documents' which formed the basis of Naxalite ideology ^[3]. In 1967 'Naxalites' organized the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR), and later broke away from CPI(M). Uprisings were organized in several parts of the country. In 1969 AICCCR gave birth to Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist). ... , West Bengal (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchimbôŋgo) is a state in eastern India. ... The Communist Party of India (Marxist) (usually abbreviated to CPI(M) or CPM) is a political party in India. ... Charu Majumdar Charu Majumdar(Bangla: চারু মজুমদার) (1918-1972) was an Indian Maoist revolutionary born in 1918 in Siliguri, West Bengal. ... Kanu Sanyal Kanu Sanyal is one of the founding leaders of Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) formed in 1969. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... “Mao” redirects here. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ... All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries was formed in 1967 as a pro-China splinter-group of Communist Party of India (Marxist). ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... The Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) was formed by the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries at a congress in Calcutta in 1969. ...

Practically all Naxalite groups trace their origin to the CPI(ML). A separate tendency from the beginning was the Maoist Communist Centre, which evolved out of the Dakshin Desh-group. MCC later fused with People's War Group to form Communist Party of India (Maoist). A third tendency is that of the Andhra revolutionary communists, which was mainly presented by UCCRI(ML), following the mass line legacy of T. Nagi Reddy. That tendency broke with AICCCR at an early stage. Terrorism in India can be attributed to Indias many low intensity conflicts within its borders. ... The Himalayas in Sikkim North-East India is the easternmost region of India consisting of the contiguous Seven Sister States and the state of Sikkim. ... The United Liberation Front of Asom is a separatist organization from Assam. ... Dark green region marks the approximate extent of northern India while the regions marked as light green lies within the sphere of north Indian influence. ... The Khalistan Liberation Force was one of the leading Sikh freedom fighting organisations that was especially active in the Indian state of Punjab throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. ... This article contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is an underground Maoist political party in India. ... Babbar Khalsa International logo Babbar Khalsa International logo variation The Babbar Khalsa (Punjabi: , ) is a militant group considered to be among the oldest and most prominent of Sikh organisations calling for the formation of an independent Sikh state. ... The Khalistan Zindabad Force is a Sikh militant outfit comprised mainly of Jammu based Sikhs that advocates the creation of an independent Sikh majority state called Khalistan by achieving the independence of the Punjab state in India and adjoining Punjabi-speaking areas of neighbouring Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan via... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... Lashkar-e-Toiba (Urdu: لشكرِ طيبه laÅ¡kar-Ä• ṯaiyyiba, literally The Army of Pure, also transliterated as Lashkar-i-Tayyaba, Lashkar-e-Tayyaba, Lashkar-e-Tayyiba or Lashkar-i-Toiba) is one of the largest and most active Islamic terrorist organizations in South Asia. ... Jaish-e-Mohammed (Arabic:جيش محمد, literally The Army of Muhammad, transliterated as Jaish-e-Muhammed, Jaish-e-Mohammad or Jaish-e-Muhammad, often abbreviated as JEM) is a major Islamic militant organization in South Asia. ... The Hizbul Mujahideen (حزب المجاھدین) (created 1989) is a militant group active in Kashmir. ... Harkat-ul-Mujahideen is a Pakistani-Kashmiri guerrilla group. ... Also known as the Muttahida Jihad Council (MJC), this is a group created in the summer of 1994 by Pakistans Inter Services Intelligence. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... The geography of India is extremely diverse, with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts, plains, hills and plateaus. ... Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Peoples War, usually called Peoples War Group (PWG). ... CPI(ML) poster in Kolkata Naxalite or Naxalism is an informal name given to revolutionary communist groups that were born out of the Sino-Soviet split in the Indian communist movement. ... The Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) was formed by the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries at a congress in Calcutta in 1969. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is an underground Maoist political party in India. ... Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist-Leninist) was created through the merger of Andhra Pradesh Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries, Northern Zone Committee RCUC (ML), West Bengal Communist Unity Centre and WBCCR. The formation took place at a unity conference in April 1975. ... The Mass Line is the political/organizational/leadership method developed by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party (CPC) during the Chinese revolution. ... Tarimala Nagi Reddy was a communist politician from the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries was formed in 1967 as a pro-China splinter-group of Communist Party of India (Marxist). ...

During the 1970s the movement was fragmented into several disputing factions. By 1980 it was estimated that around 30 Naxalite groups were active, with a combined membership of 30 000.^[4] A 2004 home ministry estimate puts numbers at that time as "9,300 hardcore underground cadre… [holding] around 6,500 regular weapons beside a large number of unlicensed country-made arms".^[5] According to Judith Vidal-Hall (2006), "More recent figures put the strenth of the movement at 15,000, and claim the guerrillas control an estimated one fifth of India's forests, as well as being active in 160 of the country's 604 administrative districts."^[6] The divisions of a district. ...

Today some groups have become legal organisations participating in parliamentary elections, such as Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation. Others, such as Communist Party of India (Maoist) and Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Janashakti, are engaged in armed guerrilla struggles. Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation is a communist political party in India. ... The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is an underground Maoist political party in India. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Bengal Insurgency

The Naxalites gained a strong presence amongst the radical sections of the students movement in Calcutta.^[7] Large number of students left their education to join revolutionary activities. Majumdar adjusted the tactics of CPI(ML), and claimed that the revolutionary warfare was to take place not only in the rural areas but everywhere and spontaneously. Thus the 'annihilation line', that the revolutionaries should assassinate individual class enemies as a part of the revolutionary warfare was put into practice not only against landlords, but also against university teachers, police officers, politicians, etc.. This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ...

Throughout Calcutta, schools were shut down. Naxalite students took over Jadavpur University and used the machine shop facilities to make pipe guns to fight the police. Their headquarters became Presidency College in Calcutta. They are also presumed to have assassinated the vice chancellor of Jadavpur University, Dr. Gopal Sen.^[8] Jadavpur University (Bengali: যাদবপুর বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) (JU) is a state-funded university and a premier educational and research institution in India. ... Presidency College could refer to: Presidency College, Chennai Presidency College, Kolkata This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Jadavpur University (Bengali: যাদবপুর বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) (JU) is a state-funded university and a premier educational and research institution in India. ...

The strategy of individual terrorism soon proved counterproductive. Eventually, the Chief Minister, Siddhartha Shankar Ray, began to institute draconian counter-measures against the Naxalites. The police committed several civil and human rights violations on the Naxalites, up to and including detention without counsel, torture, staged shootouts and others. Siddhartha Shankar Ray (born 1920) is an Indian politician associated with the Indian National Congress political party. ...

In a matter of months, the Naxal uprising was quelled. The view of the police and the state was that the only language the Naxals understood was that of deadly force. They also argued that effectively the state was fighting a civil war with these communists and democratic pleasantries had no place in a war, especially when the opponent did not fight within the norms of democracy and civility. This insurrection tarnished the image of the radical Maoists and their support dwindled.^[2]

Moreover, the movement was torn about by internal disputes. Large sections began to question Majumdar's line of struggle. In 1971 CPI(ML) was split in two, as Satyanarayan Singh revolted against Majumdar's leadership. In 1972 Majumdar was captured and tortured to death by police forces. After his death the fragmentation of the movement accelerated.

Recent Activities

Naxalite propaganda poster in Kolkata

The past few years has seen the insurgents spreading Naxal influence from 76 districts in nine states to 118 Districts in 12 States. The Communist Party of India (Maoist) was formed on September 21, 2004 through the merger of two prominent naxalite outfits - the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) People's War (PWG) and the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI).The Research and Analysis Wing alleges that many Naxalites have tried to maintain links with groups like the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, with whom they have engaged in weapons transactions^[9][10][11]. The president of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Rajnath Singh, alleges links between the Naxalites and the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence.^[12] The CPI(maoist) has been banned in Andhra Pradesh, a ban that they have protested ^[13]. They have also been attacked by anti-Naxalite paramilitary groups.^[14] One such group is Salwa Judum , active in Chattisgarh. Download high resolution version (960x1280, 222 KB)CPI(ML) poster in Kolkata. ... Download high resolution version (960x1280, 222 KB)CPI(ML) poster in Kolkata. ... , “Calcutta” redirects here. ... The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is an underground Maoist political party in India. ... Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Peoples War, usually called Peoples War Group (PWG). ... The Maoist Communist Centre was one of the largest two armed Maoist groups in India, and fused with the other, the Peoples War Group in September 2004, to form the Communist Party of India (Maoist). ... Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)[1] is Indias external intelligence agency. ... Tamil Tigers emblem The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), also known as the Tamil Tigers, is a military and political organization that has waged a violent secessionist campaign against the Sri Lankan Government since the 1970s in order to secure independence for the Tamil portions of Sri Lanka. ... The Bharatiya Janata Party [BJP] (Hindi: , English: ), created in 1980, is a major Indian political party. ... The Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (also Inter-Services Intelligence or ISI) is the among the top well organised,resourceful,largest and most powerful intelligence service in the world. ... , Andhra Pradesh (Telugu: , Urdu: ), the Rice Bowl of India, is a state in southern India. ... Salwa Judum (translates as peace mission) is a civil militia supported by the state government in Indian state of Chhattisgarh State. ... Chhattisgarh (छत्तीसगढ़), a state in central India, formed when the sixteen southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh gained statehood on November 1, 2000. ...

There are concerns that there is a plan to set up a Compact Revolutionary Zone extending from Nepal , Bihar , Jharkhand , through the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh to Andhra Pradesh. A consolidation in West Bengal and Bihar is key to the achievement of the CRZ. The Naxalites plan to use West Bengal as a corridor between their areas of domination in India and Nepal.^[15] The Compact Revolutionary Zone is a region that the Communist Party of India (Maoist) aims to establish as a continuous revolutionary base area from which to advance the peoples war in India. ... Chhattisgarh (Chhattisgarhi/Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़, IPA: )  , a state in central India, formed when the sixteen Chhattisgarhi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh gained statehood on November 1, 2000. ... , Andhra Pradesh (Telugu: , Urdu: ), the Rice Bowl of India, is a state in southern India. ...

The Naxalites intensified their insurgency in 2007 and are now active in half of India's states, mostly in rural areas, in an attempt to encourage a peasant revolt in response to a government plan to expropriate large tracts of peasant land in eastern India in order to create special economic zones to attract industry.^[16] Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has said the Naxalites pose the biggest internal security threat to India since Independence.^[17] Dr. Manmohan Singh (Punjabi: , Hindi: ) is the 17th and current Prime Minister of India. ...

• On 5 March 2007, Sunil Mahato, a member of the national parliament was shot dead by Naxalite rebels while watching a football match on the Hindu festival of Holi near Kishanpur, some 160km (100 miles) east of state capital, Ranchi.^[18] The Naxalite leadership has declined to take responsibility for the incident.

• On March 15, 2007, at least 49 police officers were reported killed in an attack on a police outpost in the village of Radi Bodli by Maoist rebels.^[19] The dead included 15 personnel of the Chhattisgarh Armed Forces and 34 Special Police Officers (SPOs). 12 others were injured in the attack.^[20] The total forces present during the time of the attack were 23 regular officers and 55 SPOs.^[21]

Sunil Kumar Mahato (11 January 1966 – 4 March 2007) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. ... , For the ship, see SS Ranchi. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought (Chinese: 毛澤東思想, pinyin: Máo Zédōng Sīxiǎng), also called Marxism-Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought or Marxism-Leninism-Maoism (MLM), is a variant of communism derived from the teachings of Mao Zedong (1893&#8211...

Cultural References

The British musical group Asian Dub Foundation have a song called Naxalite. This song was part of the soundtrack to the 1999 film Brokedown Palace. Asian Dub Foundation is a British alternative electronica band, that play a mix of breakbeat, dub, dancehall and ragga, also using rock instruments, acknowledging a punk influence. ... Brokedown Palace is an American film directed by Jonathan Kaplan and starring Claire Danes and Kate Beckinsale. ...

References

Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 21 is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... -1... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 2 is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Rediff. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... , This article is about the urban region that is the capital of India. ... (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ... January 11 is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 329th day of the year (330th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 10 is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... This article is about the day. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... Bloomberg Television is a cable television network that broadcasts business and financial news 24 hours a day. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). ...

See Also

• Salwa Judum
• Compact Revolutionary Zone

Salwa Judum (translates as peace mission) is a civil militia supported by the state government in Indian state of Chhattisgarh State. ... The Compact Revolutionary Zone is a region that the Communist Party of India (Maoist) aims to establish as a continuous revolutionary base area from which to advance the peoples war in India. ...

External links

• Indian Maoist
• 'History of Naxalism', Hindustan Times
• Resistance India (pro-Naxal Blog)
• Naxal Terror Watch
• Status Paper on the Naxalite problem - South Asia Terrorism Portal
• West Bengal, districts affected by Naxalite violence - South Asia Terrorism Portal
• Economist magazine article
• Guardian article
• Vice article
• Naxal Issues page of Peoples Website of Chhattisgarh