This article is part of the Nazism series.

Nazi organizations The term National Socialism has been used in self-description by a number of different political groups and ideologies, some of which have no connection with the Nazis; see National socialism (disambiguation). ... A Nazi swastika. ... The term National Socialism has been used in self-description by a number of different political groups and ideologies, some of which have no connection with the Nazis; see National socialism (disambiguation). ... National Socialist German Workers Party Sturmabteilung Schutzstaffel Hitler Youth Lebensborn National Socialist Motor Corps The National Socialist German Workers Party (German: â–¶(?)), better known as the NSDAP or the Nazi Party was a political party that was led to power in Germany by Adolf Hitler in 1933. ... The seal of SA The (?) (SA, German for Storm Division and is usually translated as stormtroops or stormtroopers) functioned as a paramilitary organisation of the NSDAP – the German Nazi party. ... The infamous double-sig rune SS insignia. ... Flag of the Hitler Youth The Hitler Youth (German: Hitler-Jugend, abbreviated HJ) was a paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party that existed from 1922 to 1945. ... Lebensborn was one of several programs initiated by Nazi leader Heinrich Himmler to secure the racial heredity of the Third Reich. ... The National Socialist Motor Corps (Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps), also known as the National Socialist Drivers Corps, was a paramilitary organization of the Nazi party that existed between the years of 1931 and 1945. ... Nazism in history Early Nazi Timeline Beer Hall Putsch Nuremberg rally Third Reich Night of the Long Knives Nur für Deutsche This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Beer Hall Putsch occurred in the evening of Thursday, November 8 to early afternoon of Friday, November 9, 1923 when the nascent Nazi partys Führer Adolf Hitler, the popular World War I General Erich Ludendorff, and other leaders of the Kampfbund, unsuccessfully tried to gain power in... The Nuremberg Rally (officially, Reichsparteitag, literally imperial party congress) was the annual rally of the National Socialist German Workers Party in the years 1923 to 1938 in Germany. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... The Night of the Long Knives (June 30 and Sunday July 1, 1934) (German, Nacht der langen Messer), also known as Reichsmordwoche or the Blood Purge, was a lethal purge of Adolf Hitlers potential political rivals in the Sturmabteilung (SA; also known as storm troopers or brownshirts). ... Nur für Deutsche (German: For Germans only): during World War II, in many German-occupied countries, signs bearing this admonition were posted at entrances to parks, cafes, cinemas, theaters and other facilities reserved for Germans only. ... Nazi concepts Glossary of the Third Reich National Socialist Program Racial policy of Nazi Germany Führerprinzip Lebensraum Volk This is a list of words, terms, concepts, and slogans that were specifically used in Nazi Germany. ... The National Socialist Program, also referred to as the 25-point program, was developed to formulate the party policies of, first, the Austrian German Workers Party (or DAP) and was copied later by Adolf Hitlers Nazi party. ... The racial policy of Nazi Germany was the set of rascist policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany primarily against Jews. ... Adolf Hitler strongly emphasised the Führerprinzip The Führerprinzip â–¶, the German name for the leader principle, refers to a system with a hierarchy of leaders that resembles a military structure. ... Lebensraum (from the German word for living space) is an idea that is most commonly known for being one of Nazi Germanys main justifications of its expansionist policies. ... Volk is a German (and Dutch) word meaning people or folk. It is commonly used as prefix in words such as Volksentscheid (plebiscite) or Völkerbund (League of Nations), or the car manufacturer Volkswagen (literally, peoples car). A number of völkisch movements were set up in Germany after... Relevant Lists List of Nazi Party leaders and officials List of fascists List of Adolf Hitler books List of Adolf Hitler speeches Nazi Party (NSDAP) leaders and officials Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Gunter dAlquen Ludolf von Alvensleben Max Amann Benno von Arent Heinz Auerswald... This is a list of persons who self-identify as Fascists or a variant (e. ... List of Adolf Hitler Books is a summary of the many books related to Adolf Hitler. ... List of Adolf Hitler speeches is an attempt to aggregate all of Adolf Hitlers speeches. ... Nazi political parties and movements outside Germany Canadian National Socialist Unity Party German-American Bund Nasjonal Samling Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging National Socialist Bloc National Socialist League The Parti national social chrétien was a Canadian political party formed by Adrien Arcand in February 1934. ... The German-American Bund, or German American Federation, was an American Nazi organization established in the 1930s. ... Nasjonal Samling (Norwegian for National Gathering or National Unification) was a fascist party in Norway before and during World War II, founded on May 17, 1933 by Vidkun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort. ... The Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (NSB, National Socialist Movement) was a Nazi political party in the Netherlands during the 1930s and during the German occupation in World War II, when it was the only allowed political party. ... National Socialist Bloc (in Swedish: Nationalsocialistiska Blocket), a Swedish national socialist political party formed in the end of 1933 by the merger of Nationalsocialistiska Samlingspartiet, Nationalsocialistiska Förbundet and local nazi units connected to the advocate Sven Hallström in Umeå. Later Svensk Nationalsocialistisk Samling merged into NSB. The leader... The National Socialist League was a short lived political movement in the United Kingdom immediately before the Second World War. ... Related Subjects Nazism in relation to other concepts Nazi propaganda Nazi architecture Nazi mysticism Hitler salute Mein Kampf Aryan race Swastika Völkisch movement Racial purity Anti-Semitism Führer Awards and decorations of Nazi Germany National Bolshevism Neo-Nazism See: Nazi Germany Nazism Propaganda - contains a large section on Nazi propaganda Propagandaministerium Joseph Goebbels Karl Hanke ... Nazi architecture was an integral part of the Nazi partys plans to create a cultural and spiritual rebirth in Germany as part of the Third Reich. ... Thule Society emblem Nazi mysticism is a term used to describe a quasi-religious undercurrent of Nazism; it denotes the combination of Nazism with occultism, esotericism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal. ... The Hitler salute (Hitlergruß), also known in English as the Nazi salute, is a variant of the Roman salute adopted by the Nazi party as a sign of loyalty to its leader Adolf Hitler. ... Cover of Mein Kampf Mein Kampf (German for My Struggle) is a book written by Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitlers political ideology of Nazism. ... The term Aryan race refers to a model of racial identity that was prevelant in Europe from around the 1880s through to 1945, most notably in Nazi Germany. ... A right-facing Swastika in decorative Hindu form For the town in Ontario, see Swastika, Ontario. ... The hard-to-translate word völkisch has connotations of folksy, folkloric, and populist. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Führer (often written Fuehrer or Fuhrer in English when umlauts are not used) is a proper noun meaning leader or guide in the German language. ... Between 1933 and 1945, the Nation State of Nazi Germany created and bestowed a new era of military decorations which have since become synonymous with the entity known as the Third Reich. ... Flag of the National Bolsheviks. ... The terms Neo-Nazism and Neo-Fascism refer to any social or political movement to revive Nazism or Fascism, respectively, and postdates the Second World War. ...

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This article is about Nazism (National Socialism), in relation to other concepts. Specifically, it discusses the relationships between Nazism and religion, fascism, socialism and race. The term National Socialism has been used in self-description by a number of different political groups and ideologies, some of which have no connection with the Nazis; see National socialism (disambiguation). ... National socialism may refer to: Nazism, the political ideology of the German Nazi Party of the 1930s to 1940s. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Socialism is an ideology with the core belief that society should exist in which popular collectives control the means of power, and therefore the means of production. ... A race is a population of humans distinguished from other populations. ...

Nazism and religion

The relationship between Nazism and mysticism has provoked both curiosity and controversy over the years, as has the relationship between Nazism and Christianity. Thule Society emblem Nazi mysticism is a term used to describe a quasi-religious undercurrent of Nazism; it denotes the combination of Nazism with occultism, esotericism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal. ... See also: Timeline of Christianity Beliefs Jesus crucifixion as portrayed by Diego Velázquez. ...

Hitler and other Nazi leaders clearly made use of both Christian and Pagan symbolism and emotion in propagandizing the Germanic public, and it remains a matter of controversy whether Hitler believed himself a Christian, a heathen, or something else entirely. Some historians have typified Hitler as a Satanist or occultist, whereas other writers have referred to Nazism's occasional outward use of Christian doctrine, regardless of what its inner-party mythology may have been. The existence of a Ministry of Church Affairs, instituted in 1935 and headed by Hanns Kerrl, was hardly recognized by ideologists such as Alfred Rosenberg or by other political decision-makers. Paganism (from Latin paganus) and Heathenry are catch-all terms which have come to connote a broad set of spiritual/religious beliefs and practices of a natural religion, as opposed to the Abrahamic religions. ... Heathen is a term used both to describe a person who does not follow an organized religion, and also a modern practitioner of Heathenry. ... Gustave Dores depiction of Satan from John Miltons Paradise Lost Satan (שָׂטָן Standard Hebrew Satan, Greek and Latin Sátanas, Tiberian Hebrew Śāṭān; Aramaic שִׂטְנָא Śaṭanâ: both words mean Adversary; accuser) is an angel, demon, or minor god in many religions. ... The word occult comes from Latin occultus (hidden), referring to the knowledge of the secret or knowledge of the hidden and often meaning knowledge of the supernatural, as opposed to knowledge of the visible or knowledge of the measurable, usually referred to as science. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Hanns Kerrl (December 11, 1887 - December 12, 1941) was a German Nazi politician. ... Alfred Rosenberg in 1933 Alfred Rosenberg (January 12, 1893–October 16, 1946) was an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi party, who later held several important posts in the Nazi government. ...

The level of ties between Nazism and the Protestant churches has been a contentious issue for decades. One difficulty is that Protestantism includes a vast number of religious bodies many of whom had little relation to each other. Added to that, Protestantism tends to allow more variation among individual congregations then Catholicism or Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which makes statements about "official positions" of denominations problematic. Still, many Protestant organizations or denominations were solidly opposed to Nazism and many Protestants died fighting it. The forms or offshoots of Protestantism that advocated pacificism, anti-nationalism, or racial equality tended to oppose in the strongest terms. Prominent Protestant, or Protestant offshoot, groups known for their efforts against Nazism include the Jehovah's Witnesses and the Confessing Church. Many of their members died in the camps or struggled fiercely against the Nazis. Confessing Church (Bekennende Kirche) was a Christian resistance movement in Nazi Germany. ...

Yet Lutherans voted for Hitler more than Catholics. Different German states possessed regional social variations as to class densities and religious denomination (see Jackson J. Spielvogel, Hitler and Nazi Germany ISBN: 0131898779; books like Richard Steigmann-Gall The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945 ISBN:0521823714 allege a linkage between several Protestant churches and Nazism, the main aspect Hitler's citing anti-Semitic pamphlets by Martin Luther and accusations that the Lutheran establisment supported Hitler). The small Methodist population at times was deemed foreign, this stemmed from the fact that Methodism began in the England while in Germany it largely began in the nineteenth century with Christoph Gottlob Müller and Louis Jacoby.[1][2][3] Because of this history they felt the urge to be "more German than the Germans" to avoid suspicion. Methodist Bishop John L. Nuelsen toured the U.S. on Hitler's behalf to protect his church, but in private letters indicated he feared or hated Nazism and so retired to Switzerland. Methodist Bishop F. H. Otto Melle took a far more collaborationist position that included apparently sincere support for Nazism. He felt that serving the Reich was both a patriotic duty and a means of advancement. To show his gratitude, Hitler made a gift of 10,000 marks in 1939 to a Methodist congregation to purchase an organ.[4] Outside of Germany, Melle's views were overwhelmingly rejected by most Methodists. The leader of pro-Nazi segment of Baptists was Paul Schmidt. Hitler also led to the unification of Pro-Nazi Protestants in the Protestant Reich Church which was led by Ludwig Müller. The idea of such a "national church" was possible in the history of mainstream German Protestantism, but National Churches devoted primarily to the state were generally forbidden among the Anabaptists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and in Catholicism. The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... Luther at age 46 (Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1529) The Luther seal Martin Luther (November 10, 1483–February 18, 1546) was a German theologian, an Augustinian monk, and an ecclesiastical reformer whose teachings inspired the Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines and culture of the Lutheran and Protestant traditions. ... The Methodist movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: England Travel guide to England from Wikitravel English language English law English (people) List of monarchs of England – Kings of England family tree List of English people Angeln (region in northern Germany, presumably the origin of the Angles for whom England is named) UK... Christoph Gottlob Müller(1785–1858) is generally considered to be the founder of the Wesleyan Church in Germany. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Protestant Reich Church was founded by Adolf Hitler in 1933. ... Ludwig Müller(1883-1945) was a German who headed the Protestant Reich Church. ... Anabaptists (re-baptizers, from Greek ana and baptizo; in German: Wiedertäufer) are Christians of the so-called radical wing of the Protestant Reformation. ... This article considers Catholicism in the broadest ecclesiastical sense. ...

The nature of the Nazi Party's relations with the Catholic Church is also complicated. Before Hitler rose to power, many Catholic priests and leaders vociferously opposed Nazism on the grounds of its incompatibility with Christian morals. Nazi Party membership was forbidden until the takeover and a policy reversal. At his trial Franz von Papen said that until 1936 the Catholic Church hoped for a Christian alignment to the beneficial aspects he said they saw in national socialism. (This statement came after Pope Pius XII ended Von Papen's appointment as Papal chamberlain and ambassador to the Holy See, but before his restoration under Pope John XXIII.) In 1937 Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical Mit brennender Sorge condemning Nazi ideology. The Catholic opposition to the euthanasia programs led them to be quietly ended in August 28, 1941, (according to Spielvogel pp. 257-258,) but the German Catholics never protested Nazi Anti-Semitism in any comparable way. In Nazi Germany, all known political dissenters were imprisoned, and many priests were sent to the concentration camps for their opposition, including the parson of the Berlin Cathedral Bernhard Lichtenberg. (Among the punished priests were Poles persecuted for their nationality.) However, Hitler was never excommunicated by the Catholic Church and several Catholic bishops in Germany or Austria are recorded as encouraging prayers of support for "The Führer." This despite the fact the original accord with the Holy See proscribed any political character to the priesthood. It has been suggested that Catholic teachings be merged into this article or section. ... Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen (October 29, 1879–May 2, 1969) was a German politician and diplomat associated with the Centre Party. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City from March 2, 1939 to 1958. ... Pope John XXIII (Latin: ), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (November 25, 1881 – June 3, 1963), reigned as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City from October 28, 1958 until his death in 1963. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Pius XI (born Achille Ratti May 31, 1857 - Rome, February 10, 1939) was Pope from February 6, 1922 until February 10, 1939. ... In the ancient Church, an encyclical was a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area. ... Mit brennender Sorge (German for With deep anxiety, word by word: With burning worry) is an encyclical of Pope Pius XI, published on March 10, 1937 (but bearing a date of Passion Sunday, March 14). ... Euthanasia (Greek: ευθανασία - ευ good, θανατος death) refers to assisted dying. ... August 28 is the 240th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (241st in leap years), with 125 days remaining. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Bernhard Lichtenberg (December 3, 1875 _ November 5, 1943) was a German Catholic priest and theologian. ... Excommunication is a religious censure which is used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ...

Criticism also arises in that the Vatican pontificate headed by Pope Pius XI and Pope Pius XII remained circumspect about the national-scale race hatred before 1937. A statement by Pius XI on 8 Sept 1938 spoke of the "inadmissability" of anti-semitism, but Pius XII is criticised by people like John Cornwell for being unspecific. Pius XI may have underestimated the degree of Hitlerism's influence on the laity in light of hopes the Concordant would preserve Catholic influences amongst them. The evolution of the Vatican's understanding has faced criticism of weakness, slowness, or even culpability. On culpability this is perhaps clearest with regards to the German hierarchy as after the Concordant there was a radical reversal of the episcopal condemnation, according to Daniel Goldhagen and others. It is less certain in other cases. From the other extreme the hierarchy in the Netherlands officially condemned Nazism and so faced violence. Most nations hierarchy took a mixture of the two positions. Pope Pius XI (Latin: ), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (May 31, 1857 – February 10, 1939), reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922 and sovereign of Vatican City from 1929 until February 10, 1939. ... Pope Pius XII (Latin: ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City from March 2, 1939 to 1958. ... John Cornwell is an English Catholic writer who has written extensively on various topics including his interpretations of the modern history of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Goldhagen Daniel Jonah Goldhagen (born 1959) is an American political scientist most famous for his controversial book, Hitlers Willing Executioners, which posits that ordinary Germans not only knew about but were actively in favour of the Holocaust because of a supposedly unique and virulent eliminationist antisemitism in the German...

Tangential to the more extreme of collaborationist accusations is the characterisation that Nazism actively based itself on a similar pontifical structure and corps of functionaries. For example the special clothing, ghettoization, and badges demanded of Jews were once common or even began in the Papal States. Also that the Nazis saw themselves as an effective replacement of Catholicism that would co-opt its unity and respect for hierarchy. Hence attempts were made to unite other religions, as in the earlier example of the Protestant Reich Church. The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, States of the Church) was one of the major historical states of Italy before the boot-shaped peninsula was unified under the Piedmontese crown of Savoy (later a republic). ... Protestant Reich Church was founded by Adolf Hitler in 1933. ...

As Nazism continued to rule Germany, for many people it became a kind of religion in and of itself, sometimes called Esoteric Hitlerism, and sometimes associated with Germanic Neopaganism. Nazi mysticism is a term used to describe a philosophical undercurrent of National Socialism, it denotes the combining of it with occultism, esotericism, cryptohistory, and/or the paranormal. ... Reconstructions of the traditions of Germanic paganism began with 19th century Romanticism. ...

Nazism and fascism

The term Nazism is often used interchangeably with fascism, but this usage is controversial. Some use the word Fascism (spelled with a capital F), only to describe Italian Fascism, while generic fascism (spelled with a small f) may include many different movements, in many different countries. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Nazism and Italian Fascism both employed a similar style of propaganda, including military parades and uniforms, and the ancient Roman salute. The ideologies of both ostensibly included an extreme nationalism and a rebirth of their own nation to some former, past state of national greatness. Both movements, when in power, also put in place authoritarian governments that pursued wars of territorial expansion. North Korean propaganda showing a soldier destroying the United States Capitol building. ... The Oath of the Horatii, by Jacques-Louis David The Roman salute is a gesture in which the arm is held out forward straight, with palms down. ... // Nationalism is an ideology which holds that the nation, ethnicity or national identity is a fundamental unit of human social life, and makes certain political claims based upon that belief; above all, the claim that the nation is the only legitimate basis for the state, and that each nation is...

There were also many important differences between the two movements. For example, the concept of Aryan supremacy was central to Nazism but of less significance in Italian Fascism. Fascist Italy did not adopt anti-semitic laws until it followed Hitler's example. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Nazism and socialism

Nazism is an abbreviation for "National Socialist German Workers Party", and Nazi leaders described their ideology as socialist. Thus, a number of people believe that Nazism was a form of socialism, or that there are similarities between Nazism and socialism or in this case communism. This correlation has been rejected to by virtually all who consider themselves socialist in any sense other than "national socialism", then and now. The National Socialist German Workers Party (German: â–¶(?)), better known as the NSDAP or the Nazi Party was a political party that was led to power in Germany by Adolf Hitler in 1933. ... The color red and particularly the red flag are traditional symbols of Socialism. ... Communism refers to a theoretical system of social organization and a political movement based on common ownership of the means of production. ...

It has for example been argued that the Nazi war economy, large public works projects, demand for total employment, and state interventions such as the National Labour Law of January 20, 1934 [5] are indicative of socialism. War economy is the term used to describe the contingencies undertaken by the modern state to mobilize its economy for war production. ... The notion of internal improvements or public works is a concept in economics and politics. ... In economics, full employment has more than one meaning. ...

Much depends on the definition that one chooses to give to the term "socialism". Definitions of socialism can range from the very restrictive to the very broad.

Under an economic definition of Socialism — for example one stating that only a system adhering to the principles of Marxism can qualify as socialist — there is a well-defined gap between Nazism and socialism. Nazi leaders were opposed to the Marxist idea of class conflict and opposed the idea that capitalism should be abolished and that workers should control the means of production. For those who consider class conflict and the abolition of capitalism as essential components of socialism, these factors alone are sufficient to categorize "National Socialism" as non-socialist. Marxism is the social theory and political practice based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century German philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Marxism is the social theory and political practice based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century German philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Class conflict is both the friction that accompanies social relationships between members or groups of different social classes and the underlying tensions or antagonisms which exist in society. ... The means of production are physical, non-human, inputs used in production. ...

For socialists who consider democracy a core tenet of socialism, Nazism is often seen as a polar opposite of their views. Primo Levi argued that there was an important distinction between the policies of Nazi Germany and those of the Soviet Union or the People's Republic of China: while they were all arguably totalitarian, and all had their idea of what kind of parasitic classes or races society ought to be rid of, Levi saw the Nazis assigning a place given by birth (since one is born into a certain race), while the Soviets and Chinese determined their enemies according to their social position (which people may change within their life). There are many other philosophical differences betwen Nazism and Marxism. Primo Levi Primo Levi (July 31, 1919 - April 11, 1987) was an Italian chemist and author of memoirs, short stories, poems, and novels. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

There were however ideological shades of opinion within the Nazi Party, particularly before their seizure of power in 1933, but a central tenet of the party was always the leader principle or Führerprinzip. The Nazi Party did not have party congresses in which policy was deliberated upon and concessions made to different factions. What mattered most was what the leader, Adolf Hitler, thought and decreed. Those who held opinions which were at variance with Hitler's either learned to keep quiet or were purged, particularly after 1933. This is comparable to the behavior of certain Communist states such as that of Stalin in the Soviet Union or Mao Zedong in China. Adolf Hitler strongly emphasised the Führerprinzip The Führerprinzip â–¶, the German name for the leader principle, refers to a system with a hierarchy of leaders that resembles a military structure. ... A faction is a group of people connected by a shared belief or opinion within a larger group. ... Hitler redirects here. ... In history and political science, to purge is to remove undesirable people from a government, political party, profession, or from community/society as a whole, usually by violent means. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... A Communist state is a term for a state governed by a single political party which declares its allegiance to the principles of Marxism-Leninism. ... (?) (Russian, in full: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин (Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin), real name: Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили (Joseph Vissarionovich Djugashvili), Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი (Ioseb Jughashvili); (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878 – March 5, 1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from mid-1920s to his death in 1953 and General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party... â–¶(?) (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death. ...

Under an economic definition — for example one stating that socialism is any economic system based on extensive central planning of the economy and public ownership over the means of production — the distinction becomes less clear. Advocates of the view that Nazism was a typical instance of socialism often hold a broad definition of socialism; for example, they may argue that many forms of economic interventionism by the government necessarily constitute socialist policy. However, state capitalism would then be a more accurate description of the Nazi economy. This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Public ownership (also called government ownership or state ownership) is government ownership of any asset, industry, or corporation at any level, national, regional or local (municipal). ... The means of production are physical, non-human, inputs used in production. ... Economic interventionism is a term used to describe activity undertaken by a central government to affect a countrys economy in an attempt to increase economic growth and/or standards of living. ... There are multiple definitions of the term state capitalism. ...

Industries and trusts were not nationalised in Nazi Germany, with the exception of private rail lines (nationalised in the late 1930s to meet military contingencies). The only private holdings that were expropriated were those belonging to Jews. These holdings were then sold or awarded to businessmen who supported the Nazis and satisifed their ethnic and racial policies. Military production and even film production remained in the hands of private industries whilst serving the Nazi government, and many private companies flourished during the Nazi period. The Nazis never interfered with the profits made by such large German firms as Krupp, Siemens AG, and IG Farben. The Krupp family, a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their steel production and for their manufacture of ammunition and armaments. ... Siemens AG (FWB: SIE, NYSE: SI) is the worlds largest electronics company. ... IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie AG) was a German conglomerate of companies formed in 1925 and even earlier during World War I. IG Farben held nearly a total monopoly on the chemical production, later during the time of Nazi Germany. ...

Nevertheless, efforts were made to coordinate business's actions with the needs of the state, particularly with regard to rearmament, and the Nazis established some state-owned concerns such as Volkswagen. The Nazis also engaged in an extensive public works program including the construction of the Autobahn system. Independent trade unions were outlawed, as were strikes, much like the labour practices of State Communism. Volkswagen [literally: peoples car] (also known as VW) is an automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Germany. ... The German and Austrian autobahn sign The Swiss autobahn sign Autobahn (pronounced in IPA) is the German word for a major high-speed road confined to motor vehicles and having full control of access, similar to a motorway or freeway in English-speaking countries. ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... This article is about one-party states governed by Communist Parties. ...

Since the fall of the Nazi regime, many theorists have argued that there are similarities between the government of Nazi Germany and that of Stalin's Soviet Union. In most cases this has taken the form of arguing that both Nazism and Stalinism are forms of totalitarianism. This view was advanced most famously by Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism. (?) (Russian, in full: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин (Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin), real name: Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили (Joseph Vissarionovich Djugashvili), Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი (Ioseb Jughashvili); (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878 – March 5, 1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from mid-1920s to his death in 1953 and General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party... Stalinism is a political theory, and the political and economic system implemented by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. ... Totalitarianism is a typology employed by political scientists, especially those in the field of comparative politics, to describe modern regimes in which the state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior. ... Hannah Arendt in her early adulthood Hannah Arendt (October 14, 1906 – December 4, 1975) was a German political theorist. ... The Origins of Totalitarianism is a book by Hannah Arendt, dedicated to her husband Heinrich Blücher. ...

For more information see the articles on Totalitarianism and Fascism and ideology. Totalitarianism is a typology employed by political scientists, especially those in the field of comparative politics, to describe modern regimes in which the state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior. ... There are numerous debates concerning fascism and ideology and where fascism fits on the political spectrum. ...

The politics of the time

Marxist movements in Germany - the largest of whom were the Social Democrats (SPD) and Communists (KPD) - viewed the Nazis as enemies and argued that they were thinly disguised reactionaries. SPD redirects here. ... The Communist Party of Germany (in German, Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands – KPD) was formed in December of 1918 from the Spartacist League, which originated as a small factional grouping within the Social Democratic Party (SPD), and the International Communists of Germany (IKD). ... Reactionary (or reactionist) is a political epithet typically applied to conservatism. ...

Hitler despised Karl Marx and condemned Communism and Marxism as a Judeo-Bolshevist conspiracy. He pledged to block its rise in Germany and argued that the nation's downfall was due to Marxism and its Jewish influence. These political views prompted some prominent conservatives and capitalists to fund and support the Nazis because they saw them as a bulwark against Communism. Marxs view of history, which came to be called the materialist interpretation of history (and which was developed further as the philosophy of dialectical materialism) is certainly influenced by Hegels claim that reality (and history) should be viewed dialectically, through a clash of opposing forces. ... As a legal term, a conspiracy is an agreement of two or more people to commit a crime, or to accomplish a legal end through illegal actions. ...

Nazism and conservatism

Some of the traditional center and right-wing political parties of the Weimar Republic accused the Nazis of being socialists citing planks in the Nazis' party program which called for nationalization of trusts and other social measures. However, the German National People's Party (DNVP), the most important party on the mainstream right, usually treated the Nazis as a respected potential ally. In politics, centrism usually refers to the political ideal of promoting moderate policies which land in the middle ground between different political extremes. ... The examples and perspective in this article do not represent a worldwide view. ... The period of German history from 1919 to 1933 is known as the Weimar Republic (IPA , German Weimarer Republik). ... The German National Peoples Party (German: Deutschnationale Volkspartei) (DNVP) was a right wing national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic. ...

Historians such as Ian Kershaw note the links between the Nazis and the German political and economic establishment, as well as the significance of the Night of the Long Knives in which Hitler purged much of the left elements (such as the Strasserites and homosexuals) in the Nazi Party. This was done at the insistence of the SS, the German military establishment and conservatives. For the British actor, please see Ian Kershaw (actor). ... The term establishment has several meanings: An establishment is a place of business or residence, or the founding of such a place or business. ... The Night of the Long Knives (June 30 and Sunday July 1, 1934) (German, Nacht der langen Messer), also known as Reichsmordwoche or the Blood Purge, was a lethal purge of Adolf Hitlers potential political rivals in the Sturmabteilung (SA; also known as storm troopers or brownshirts). ... The examples and perspective in this article do not represent a worldwide view. ... Otto Strasser Gregor Strasser The Strasser Brothers were Gregor (1892-1934) and Otto Strasser (1897-1974). ... SS or ss or Ss may be: The Schutzstaffel, a Nazi paramilitary force Steamship (SS) (ship prefix) The United States Secret Service A submarine not powered by nuclear energy (SS) (United States Navy designator), see SSN A Soviet/Russian surface-to-surface missile, as listed by NATO reporting name Shortstop...

The Final Act

The Nazis came to power through an alliance with some traditional conservative factions, though also experienced opposition from others. Franz von Papen, a conservative former German Chancellor and former member of the Catholic Centre Party ,supported Hitler for the position of Chancellor. Political and corporate engineering, immediately prior to the 30 January Hitler presidentially appointed Chancellorship, continued through to the 23 March Enabling Act and gave the Hitler dictatorial power. This Act passed with the support of the discredited and corrupt Huguenbergian nationalist German National People's Party (DNVP), a few liberals, and all conservative and centrist deputies in the consitutionally-challenged and effectively rigged Reichstag. Such remaining bloc easily defeated the sole opposition of Social Democrats, without the absent and 'dormant', but in fact arrested or murdered Communists. Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen (October 29, 1879–May 2, 1969) was a German politician and diplomat associated with the Centre Party. ... The German title Bundeskanzler is also the title of the Chancellor of Austria, and the title of a Swiss federal official (Federal Chancellor of Switzerland). ... The factual accuracy of this article is Germany during the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic. ... This article is about the German law passed in 1933 at the beginning of the Third Reich. ... Dictator was the title of a magistrate in ancient Rome appointed by the Senate to rule the state in times of emergency. ... Alfred Hugenberg (June 19, 1865 - March 12, 1951) was an influential German businessman and politician. ... 1924 electoral poster, using the Admiral Tirpitz as a figurehead The German National Peoples Party (German: Deutschnationale Volkspartei) (DNVP) was a right wing national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic. ... The term Reichstag (   listen?) [ɹaɪçtak] (in English: Imperial Diet) is a composition of German Reich (Empire) and tag (which does not mean day here, but is a derivate of the verb tagen, which means to meet or assemble). ...

Late 1932

Among the conservative forces who opposed Hitler, the most notable was Kurt von Schleicher, the chief Army political general and fixer who held the Chancellorship after von Papen's cabinet of barons, the failed aristocratic attempt at administration. Von Schleicher in late 1932 attempted to construct a "cross front" that would unite anti-Hitler factions on the right and center-left in the Reichstag. His failure to do so allowed Papen's second rise to power inside a Hitler coalition, and it was the failed but still power-hungry Franz von Papen who paved the way for this Decreed January/February Coalition and then for Hitler's March Dictatorship. Kurt von Schleicher (4 April 1882–30 June 1934) was a German general and the last Chancellor of Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic. ...

The Engineering of Hitler's 30 January Appointment

The maverick ex-Centre party, ex-chancellor von Papen was the chief engineer for Hitlerism and, squared the Industrial Magnates and business class, squared the Bankers, squared the weapon-hungry Officer class and through his personal influence with President Paul von Hindenburg squared the landed Junkers. Von Papen intrigued between Hindenburg's son Oskar and the still despised pre-chancellor Hitler, and equally squared the Church though his aristocratic Catholic credentials and Vatican contacts made during his own Chancellorship. Von Papen persuaded Hindenburg to appoint Hitler into the 30 January 1933 minority and appointed cabinet with a view to him, von Papen and the vested German political forces, controlling Hitler. He is famous for saying that Now we have him where we can control him. Hindenburg accepted this DNVP/Nazi majority and rejected or did not understand the last minute von Schleicher threat of Army putsch resolving the crisis. Such threat would, in fact, have saved the country from Nazism, but was anathema to the terminating presidential ambition. (See Wheeler-Bennett.) Paul von Hindenburg (full name Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg) (October 2, 1847 – August 2, 1934) was a German Field Marshal and statesman. ... ...

After Communism Hitler Neutralises the Centre and the Right

Schleicher was later assassinated by the Nazis on the Night of the Long Knives. Heinrich Brüning and the other Centre party leaders from Catholic conservatism and Catholic trade-unions effected negotiations through the first short Hitler Chancellorship, under their chairman, Monsignor Ludwig Kaas, which ended in the disastrous support for the Enabling Act. Hitler had within six weeks of his pure sufferance appointment turned the tables on everyone. He squared the right between Huguenberg and the other corporate interests, he simply eliminated the left Communists bodily, and by negotiation he neutralised the last combination between the Centre and the Socialists. Any possible last ditch resistance there was either physically assaulted during the last free elections (even Brüning was roughed-up) whilst some 26 socialists were arrested or injured. Between 20 and 22 March all combination against Hitler was lost by his allowance of limited Centre demands (for recognition of factional Catholic interests in unions and education). Constitutional fears were mysteriously promised written assuagement, and the Centre was finally squared. Dr. Heinrich Brüning (November 26, 1885–March 30, 1970) was a German politician and Chancellor of Germany. ...

Hitler Succeeds

Hitler achieved in this brief period complete solution to all the most intractable parliamentary problems of Weimar Germany, and his concept of fulfilling the needs of others whilst entering into power succeeds in such manner as to carry enormous propaganda value to the German people. The people had been suffering the torments of un-resolveable parliamentary statistics through so many short-lived administrations that Hitler's stroke and mastery was overwhelming. In the November 1933 one-party Elections, Nazism gained 92.2% of the Electorate. A euphoria swept Germany in the intervening months as the long-awaited nationalist and economic saviour of the Reich fulfilled all his promises towards economic recovery. In politics, an electorate is the group of entities entitled to vote in an election. ...

Preceding administrations had psychologically paved the way for dictatorship by having repeatedly been administrations acting without the Reichstag, dependant on flimsy alliance or majority, and existing under Decree Rule 48 for Presidential appointment The Reichstag had one power alone, which was to precede a further and generally dreaded election, with a vote of no confidence. The very concepts of democracy were subject to widespread disdain as a result of this inability to achieve lasting balance of administration.

Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates

Reported as bankrupt in December 1932, the NSDAP or Nazi Party was in fettle financial health by the middle of January because the Rhenish-Westphalian industrial magnates assumed responsibility for the debts. These financial and industrial leaders had put the Nazi party back into the political arena after a large drop in the pro-Nazi vote in November 1932. In return, they had gotten promises to be paid back as, if and when Hitler came to power. It is reported that "without the formidable assistance of the industrialists the Nazi party would have foundered on the rocks of bankruptcy." (The Nemesis of Power by John Wheeler-Bennett, Macmillan 1953.) 1932 (MCMXXXII) is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... The Nazi swastika The National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), better known as the NSDAP or the Nazi Party was a political party that was led to power in Germany by Adolf Hitler in 1933. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Nazism. ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... Sir John Wheeler Wheeler-Bennett, GCVO, MCG, OBE, FRSL, FBA, (October 13, 1902-December 9, 1975) was a conservative British historian of German and diplomatic history. ...

The magnates petitioned President Hindenburg after the November elections seeking the appointment of Hitler as Chancellor. Amongst the 38 signatories of the petition were Hjalmar Schacht, Thyssen, Krupp, Siemens AG, Bosch and the heads of Hamburg-Amerika and the North German-Lloyd Shipping Lines. Hitler was assiduous in fulfilling his promises after achieving the chancellorship by eliminating the Communists, abolishing the trade unions, forcing no nationalization of industry and beginning rearmament on a huge scale. Hindenburg may refer to: Paul von Hindenburg, president of Germany Carl Friedrich Hindenburg, mathematician Hindenburg in Oberschlesien the former name of the city of Zabrze the zeppelin, see Hindenburg disaster This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Dr. Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht (January 22, 1877 - June 3, 1970) was a German financial expert and Minister of Economics from 1935 until 1937. ... The Krupp family, a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, have become famous for their steel production and for their manufacture of ammunition and armaments. ... Siemens AG (FWB: SIE, NYSE: SI) is the worlds largest electronics company. ... Bosch is the colloquial short name for the German company Robert Bosch GmbH, as well as the last name of: Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516) - Dutch painter Robert Bosch (1861-1942) - German industrialist Carl Bosch (1874-1940) - German chemist and engineer Juan Bosch (1909-2001) - Dominican politician and writer Orlando Bosch... This article is about communism as a form of society, as an ideology advocating that form of society, and as a popular movement. ...

Representing the industrial and financial force supporting Hitler, Hjalmar Schacht was accused at the Nuremburg trials but cleared of the charges (conspiracy to wage an aggressive war, war crimes and crimes against humanity) but sentenced in the de-nazification proceedings (Also see the Krupp Trial). Dr. Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht (January 22, 1877 - June 3, 1970) was a German financial expert and Minister of Economics from 1935 until 1937. ... This article is about the city in Germany. ... A war crime is a punishable offense, under international law, for violations of the law of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ... This article is in need of attention. ... The judges in the Krupp trial. ...

Nazism and race

Nazis claimed to scientifically measure a strict hierarchy among races; at the top was the Aryan race (minus the Slavs, who were seen as below Aryan), then lesser races. At the bottom of this hierarchy were "parasitic" races, or Untermenschen, which were perceived to be dangerous to society. Lowest of all in the Nazi racial policy were Africans, gypsies and Jews. The term Aryan race refers to a model of racial identity that was prevelant in Europe from around the 1880s through to 1945, most notably in Nazi Germany. ... Slav, Slavic or Slavonic can refer to: Slavic peoples Slavic languages Slavic mythology Church Slavonic language Old Church Slavonic language Slavonian can also refer to Slavonia, a region in eastern Croatia. ... Untermensch (German for subhuman) is a term from Nazi racial ideology. ... The racial policy of Nazi Germany was the set of racist policies and laws implemented by Nazi Germany primarily against Jews. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... The Rroma people (pronounced rahma, singular Rrom) along with the closely related Sinti people are commonly known as Gypsies. ...

Nazi theory said that because the nation was the expression of the race, the greatness of a race could be evaluated according to a race's ability and desire to acquire a large homeland. German accomplishments in science, technology, philosophy and culture were interpreted as scientific evidence to support Nazi racist ideology.

Reference

• R.D'O.Butler The Roots of National Socialism 1783-1933 ,Faber&Faber , London 1941
• Edmond Vermeil Germany's Three Reichs first published London 1944

See also

• Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates