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This article is about the military conflict between Austria and Naples in 1815. For the French war in order to capture Naples in 1494-1495, see Italian War of 1494-1498. | Neapolitan War | | Part of the Hundred Days |
Map of the Neapolitan War | | | | Belligerents |
 Austria
 Tuscany
Sicily
 United Kingdom[a] |
Naples
 France[b] | | Commanders |
Johann Frimont
Frederick Bianchi
Adam Albert von Neipperg
Laval Nugent von Westmeath |
Joachim Murat
Michele Carascosa | | Strength | 120,000 (in Lombardy)
35,000 (engaged in war) | 82,000 (reported by Murat)
50,000 (actual) | | Casualties and losses | | 5,000 | 10,000 | - Declared war on Naples in early April 1815.
- Officially an ally of Naples, although never committed troops to the war
| | | Neapolitan War | | Panaro – Ferrara – Occhiobello – Carpi – Casaglia – Ronco – Cesenatico – Pesaro – Scapezzano – Tolentino – Ancona – Castel di Sangro – San Germano – Gaeta | | The Neapolitan War between the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples and the Austrian Empire, started on 15 March 1815 when Joachim Murat declared war on Austria and ended on 20 May 1815 with the signing of the Treaty of Casalanza. The war occurred during the Hundred Days between Napoleon's return from exile and before he left Paris to be decisively defeated at the Battle of Waterloo. The war was triggered by a pro-Napoleon uprising in Naples, and ended after a decisive Austrian victory at the Battle of Tolentino and Ferdinand IV was reinstated as King of Naples and Sicily. However, the intervention by Austria caused resentment in Italy, which further spurred on the drive towards Italian unification. Combatants France Papal States, Republic of Venice, Naples, Duchy of Milan, Holy Roman Empire Commanders Charles VIII Francesco II The First Italian War (1494–95), sometimes referred to as the Italian War of 1494 or Charles VIIIs Italian War, was the opening phase of the Italian Wars. ...
The Hundred Days (French Cent-Jours) or the Waterloo Campaign commonly refers to the period between 20 March 1815, the date on which Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in Paris after his return from Elba, and 8 July 1815, the date of the restoration of King Louis XVIII. The phrase Cent jours...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 386 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (937 × 1453 pixel, file size: 96 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Map of the Neapolitan War from An Historical Sketch of the Campaign of 1815 published in 1820. ...
is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy. ...
Image File history File links State_flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany. ...
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a state in central Italy which came into existence in 1569, replacing the Duchy of Florence, which had been created out of the old Republic of Florence in 1532, and which annexed the Republic of Siena in 1557. ...
Image File history File links Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1738-1848 Flag drawn by Jaume Ollé, from [Flags Of The World website] File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
Capital Naples Government Monarchy King - 1285-1309 Charles II - 1815-1816 Ferdinand I History - Established 1285 - Union with Sicily 1816 The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of southern Italy after of the secession...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Capital Naples Government Monarchy King - 1285-1309 Charles II - 1815-1816 Ferdinand I History - Established 1285 - Union with Sicily 1816 The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of southern Italy after of the secession...
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy. ...
Johann Maria Philipp Frimont, Count of Palota, Prince of Antrodocco (1759-1831), Austrian general, entered the Austrian cavalry as a trooper in 1776, won his commission in the War of the Bavarian Succession, and took part in the Turkish wars and in the early campaigns against the French Revolutionary armies...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Joachim Murat, King of Naples, Marshal of France. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Combatants Austrian Empire Kingdom of Naples Commanders Frederick Bianchi Joachim Murat Michele Carascosa Strength 10,000 30,000 The Battle of the Panaro was an early battle in the Neapolitan War fought on the banks on the Panaro River, just south of Modena on 3 April 1815. ...
Battle of Tolentino Conflict Neapolitan War Date 2-3 May 1815 Place Tolentino, Macerata, Italy Result Austrian decisive victory The Battle of Tolentino was the decisive battle in the Neapolitan War, fought by the king of Naples Joachim Murat to keep the throne after the Congress of Vienna. ...
Combatants Austria[a] Portugal Prussia[a] Russia[b] Sicily[c] Sardinia Spain[d] Sweden[e] United Kingdom French Empire Holland[f] Italy Etruria[g] Naples[h] Duchy of Warsaw[i] Confederation of the Rhine[j] Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Württemberg Denmark-Norway[k] Commanders Archduke Charles Prince Schwarzenberg Karl Mack...
Combatants Austria Russia United Kingdom Naples and Sicily Portugal Sweden France Batavia Italy Etruria Spain Bavaria Württemberg Commanders Francis II Karl Mack von Leiberich Archduke Charles Alexander I Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov Horatio Nelson†Napoleon I André Masséna Pierre-Charles Villeneuve The War of the Third Coalition was a...
Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Russian Empire United Kingdom Sweden Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Sicily First French Empire: - Kingdom of Italy - Kingdom of Naples - Kingdom of Holland - Kingdom of Etruria - Confederation of the Rhine - Swiss Confederation - Polish insurgents Kingdom of Spain Commanders Duke of Brunswick Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen Count...
The Russo-Turkish War, 1806–1812 was one of many wars fought between Imperial Russia and Ottoman Empire. ...
Battle between the frigate HMS Tartar and Norwegian gunboats near Bergen in 1808 The Gunboat War (1807-1814) was the naval conflict between Denmark-Norway against the British navy during the Napoleonic Wars. ...
The Anglo-Russian War (1807-1812) was a war between the United Kingdom and Russia which took place in 1807-1812, during the Napoleonic Wars. ...
Combatants Russia Sweden Commanders Fyodor Buxhoeveden Boris Knorring Barclay de Tolly Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor Carl Johan Adlercreutz Georg Carl von Döbeln The Finnish War was fought between Sweden and Russia from February 1808 to September 1809. ...
For the 1862 American Civil War campaign, see Peninsula Campaign. ...
The Fifth Coalition was an alliance between Austria and Great Britain formed in 1809 to fight Napoleon Bonapartes French Empire. ...
Combatants France Italy Naples Duchy of Warsaw Confederation of the Rhine Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Swiss Confederation Austria Prussia Russia Commanders Napoleon Eugène de Beauharnais Jérôme Bonaparte Jacques MacDonald Prince Schwarzenberg Józef Poniatowski Alexander I of Russia Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Pyotr Bagration Mikhail Kutuzov Strength...
This article is about the U.S.–U.K. war. ...
Combatants Prussia Russia Austria United Kingdom Sweden Sicily Sardinia French Empire Italy Naples Warsaw Confederation of the Rhine[1] Swiss Confederation Commanders Gebhard von Blücher Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Kutuzov Prince Wittgenstein Prince Schwarzenberg Prince Charles John Napoleon I of France Michel Ney Jozef Antoni Poniatowski Europe...
The Hundred Days (French Cent-Jours) or the Waterloo Campaign commonly refers to the period between 20 March 1815, the date on which Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in Paris after his return from Elba, and 8 July 1815, the date of the restoration of King Louis XVIII. The phrase Cent jours...
Capital Naples Government Monarchy King - 1285-1309 Charles II - 1815-1816 Ferdinand I History - Established 1285 - Union with Sicily 1816 The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of southern Italy after of the secession...
Anthem Volkshymne (Peoples Anthem) The Austrian Empire Capital Vienna Language(s) German Hungarian Romanian Czech Slovakian Slovenian Croatian Serbian Italian Polish Ruthenian Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy History - Established 1804 - Ausgleich 1867 The Crown of the Austrian Emperor The Austrian Empire (German: ) was a modern era successor empire founded...
is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ...
Joachim Murat, King of Naples, Marshal of France. ...
is the 140th day of the year (141st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Hundred Days (French Cent-Jours) or the Waterloo Campaign commonly refers to the period between 20 March 1815, the date on which Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in Paris after his return from Elba, and 8 July 1815, the date of the restoration of King Louis XVIII. The phrase Cent jours...
Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from...
Combatants French Empire Seventh Coalition: United Kingdom Prussia United Netherlands Hanover Nassau Brunswick Commanders Napoleon Bonaparte, Michel Ney Duke of Wellington, Gebhard von Blücher Strength 73,000 67,000 Anglo-Allies 60,000 Prussian (48,000 engaged by about 18:00) Casualties 25,000 killed or wounded 7,000...
Battle of Tolentino Conflict Neapolitan War Date 2-3 May 1815 Place Tolentino, Macerata, Italy Result Austrian decisive victory The Battle of Tolentino was the decisive battle in the Neapolitan War, fought by the king of Naples Joachim Murat to keep the throne after the Congress of Vienna. ...
King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (January 12, 1751 - January 4, 1825). ...
Italian Unification (Italian: il Risorgimento, or The Resurgence) was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy. ...
Background
Before the French Revolutionary Wars, Naples was ruled by the Bourbon King Ferdinand IV. Ferdinand was a natural opponent of Napoleon and was allied with the Third Coalition against him. However, after defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz and the Treaty of Pressburg, Ferdinand was forced to cede Naples to the French in early 1806. Combatants Great Britain Austria Prussia Spain[1] Russia Sardinia Ottoman Empire Portugal Dutch Republic[2] France The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts, from 1792 until 1802, fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states. ...
Also see: Early Modern France The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. ...
King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (January 12, 1751 - January 4, 1825). ...
Napoléon I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica – 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from...
In the Napoleonic Wars, the Third Coalition against Napoléon emerged in 1805, and consisted of an alliance of the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, Naples, and Sweden against France. ...
Combatants French Empire Russian Empire Austrian Empire Commanders Napoleon I Alexander I Francis II Strength 65,000[1] 73,000[2] Casualties 1,305 dead, 6,940 wounded, 573 captured, 1 standard lost[3] 15,000 dead or wounded, 12,000 captured, 180 guns lost, 50 standards lost[3] The...
The Treaty of Pressburg was signed on December 26, 1805 between France and Austria as a consequence of the Austrian defeats by France at Ulm (September 25 - October 20) and Austerlitz (December 2). ...
Initially, Napoleon’s brother Joseph Bonaparte ruled Naples. Then in 1808, Joseph was made King of Spain and Napoleon's brother-in-law, Joachim Murat became King of Naples. Joseph Bonaparte Coat of arms of Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain (1808-1813). ...
Joachim Murat, King of Naples, Marshal of France. ...
Murat originally ruled Naples following the same legal and social system used in France, whilst still participating in Napoleon's campaigns. But following the disastrous Battle of Leipzig, Murat abandoned the La Grande Armée to try and save his throne. As defeat in the War of the Sixth Coalition loomed, Murat increasingly moved away from Napoleon, eventually signing a treaty with Austria in January 1814 and joining the Allied side. Belligerents French Empire Italy Naples Duchy of Warsaw Saxony[1] Russia Austria Prussia Sweden Saxony[1] Commanders Napoleon I Jozef Antoni Poniatowski †Frederick Augustus Prince of Schwarzenberg Gebhard von Blücher Carl Johan Barclay De Tolly Count Benningsen Strength 195,000[2] 365,000[2] Casualties and losses 38,000...
La Grande Armée (French for the Great Army or the Grand Army) first entered the annals of history when, in 1805, Napoleon I renamed the army that he had assembled on the French coast of the English Channel for the proposed invasion of Britain and re-deployed it East...
Combatants Prussia Russia Austria United Kingdom Sweden Sicily Sardinia French Empire Italy Naples Warsaw Confederation of the Rhine[1] Swiss Confederation Commanders Gebhard von Blücher Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Kutuzov Prince Wittgenstein Prince Schwarzenberg Prince Charles John Napoleon I of France Michel Ney Jozef Antoni Poniatowski Europe...
But as the Congress of Vienna progressed, Murat's position became less and less secure as there was growing support to restore Ferdinand to the throne. The most vocal of all Murat's opponents was the United Kingdom, which had never recognised Murat's claim to the throne and moreover had been guarding Ferdinand in Sicily, ensuring he retained the Sicilian throne. The Congress of Vienna was a conference between ambassadors, from the major powers in Europe that was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna, Austria, from November 1, 1814, to June 8, 1815. ...
When Murat was informed of Napoleon's plan to escape from exile in Elba on 1 March 1815, Murat sided with him once more, and declared war on Austria as soon as he learned of Napoleon's return to France. Elba (bottom centre) from space, February 1994. ...
is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ...
War
Neapolitan advance Joachim Murat declared war on Austria on 15 March 1815, five days before Napoleon's return to Paris and the beginning of his Hundred Days. The Austrians were prepared for war, after their suspicions were raised when Murat applied for permission weeks earlier to move his troops through Austrian land in order to attack the south of France. Austria had reinforced her armies in Lombardy under the command of Bellegarde prior to war being declared. Joachim Murat, King of Naples, Marshal of France. ...
is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ...
The Hundred Days (French Cent-Jours) or the Waterloo Campaign commonly refers to the period between 20 March 1815, the date on which Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in Paris after his return from Elba, and 8 July 1815, the date of the restoration of King Louis XVIII. The phrase Cent jours...
For the village of the same name in Ontario, Canada, see Lombardy, Ontario. ...
Heinrich Joseph Johannes, Graf von Bellegarde (or sometimes Heinrich von Bellegarde), (August 29, 1756 – 1845), Austrian Generalfeldmarschall and statesman, was born at Dresden, and for a short time served in the Saxon army. ...
At the start of the war, Murat reportedly had 82,000 men in his army, including 7,000 cavalry and 90 cannon, although this figure was grossly exaggerated to try and encourage Italians to join his cause. The real number was somewhere in the region of 50,000 men.
Leaving behind a reserve Army of the Interior in case of an invasion from Sicily, he sent his two elite Guard Divisions through the Papal States, forcing the Pope to flee to Genoa. With the remainder of his army, Murat established his headquarters at Ancona and advanced on the road towards Bologna. On 30 March, Murat had arrived in Rimini, where he gave the famous Rimini Proclamation, inciting all Italian nationalists to war. Coat of arms Map of the Papal States; the reddish area was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in 1860, the rest (grey) in 1870. ...
Ancona is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101,909 (2005). ...
For the food product, see Bologna sausage. ...
Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. ...
The Italian population was mostly wary of Habsburg Austria, as they feared the increasing Austrian influence in Italy. This was because the Duchy of Milan, which had been under direct Austrian rule before Napoleon's invasion, had been returned to the Austrians after 19 years. Pro-Habsburg princes had also been reinstated in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena. The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ...
The Duchy of Milan was a state in northern Italy from 1395 to 1797. ...
The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1795, with the French in an increasingly strong position as members of the First Coalition made separate peaces. ...
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a state in central Italy which came into existence in 1569, replacing the Duchy of Florence, which had been created out of the old Republic of Florence in 1532, and which annexed the Republic of Siena in 1557. ...
The Duchy of Modena (in full, the Duchies of Modena and Reggio) was a small Italian state that existed (with a break between 1796 and 1814) from 1452 to 1859. ...
Murat was hoping that an Austrian army in Naples would prove too much, and that the Italian population would rise up in support of his cause. However, no such general insurrection occurred as any unrest was quickly quashed by the Austrian authorities and Murat found few Italians outside Naples were willing to take up arms and join his cause. Many saw Murat as a man trying to save his crown rather than as a beacon of Italian unification.
By now, the number of Austrian troops in Lombardy had swelled to 120,000 and the commander entrusted with the force to confront Murat was Baron Frimont. The army was originally intended to invade southern France after Napoleon's return, but now had to be diverted to face the approaching Neapolitan army. Frimont moved his headquarters to Piacenza in order to block any potential advance on Milan. For the village of the same name in Ontario, Canada, see Lombardy, Ontario. ...
Johann Maria Philipp Frimont, Count of Palota, Prince of Antrodocco (1759-1831), Austrian general, entered the Austrian cavalry as a trooper in 1776, won his commission in the War of the Bavarian Succession, and took part in the Turkish wars and in the early campaigns against the French Revolutionary armies...
Piacenza (Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. ...
Type Anti-tank Nationality Joint France/Germany Era Cold War, modern Launch platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder MBDA, Bharat Dynamics (under license) Date of design 70s Production period since 1972 Service duration since 1972 Operators 41 countries Variants MILAN 1, MILAN 2, MILAN 2T, MILAN 3, MILAN...
Meanwhile, on the same day that Murat gave the Rimini Proclamation, the Austrian advanced guard under the command of General Bianchi was beaten back at an engagement near Cesena (44°8′0″N 12°14′0″E / 44.13333, 12.23333). Bianchi retreated towards Modena and took up a defensive line behind the River Panaro, allowing Murat to take Bologna on 3 April. Cesena (ancient Caesena) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy, south of Ravenna and west of Rimini, on the Savio River, co-chief of the Province of Forlì-Cesena. ...
Modena (Mòdna in Modenese dialect) is a city and a province on the south side of the Po valley, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. ...
Bridge of Olina Panaro is an Italian river. ...
For the food product, see Bologna sausage. ...
Murat engaged Bianchi again at the Battle of the Panaro (44°37′22.71″N 10°59′50.33″E / 44.622975, 10.9973139); the Austrians were defeated and driven back. The Austrian vanguard was forced to retreat to Borgoforte, allowing the Neapolitans to advance on Modena. Combatants Austrian Empire Kingdom of Naples Commanders Frederick Bianchi Joachim Murat Michele Carascosa Strength 10,000 30,000 The Battle of the Panaro was an early battle in the Neapolitan War fought on the banks on the Panaro River, just south of Modena on 3 April 1815. ...
View of Borgofortes train station. ...
Modena (Mòdna in Modenese dialect) is a city and a province on the south side of the Po valley, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. ...
Following the battle, the division under the command of General Carascosa immediately occupied Modena, Carpi and Reggio Emilia, whilst Murat moved against Ferrara (44°50′0″N 11°37′0″E / 44.83333, 11.61667). However, the garrison in Ferrara withstood the best efforts of the Neapolitans to take the citadel, tying up a large number of Neapolitan troops in a costly siege. Carpi is a town in Emilia Romagna (northern Italy). ...
Country Italy Region Emilia-Romagna Province Reggio Emilia (RE) Mayor Graziano Delrio (from July 1, 2004) Elevation 58 m Area 231 km² Population - Total 141,383 - Density 612/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Reggiani Dialing code 0522 Postal code 42100 Frazioni see list Patron San Prospero - Day...
Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, capital city of the province of Ferrara. ...
On 8 April, Murat attempted to cross the Po River and finally set foot in Austrian-controlled Italy. Murat had received little reinforcement from the Italian populace up to this point but he hoped he would find more support north of the Po River, which was under direct Austrian rule. The Po (Latin: Padus, Italian: Po) is a river that flows 652 kilometers (405 miles) eastward across northern Italy, from Monviso (in the Cottian Alps) to the Adriatic Sea near Venice. ...
The region had once been part of the Kingdom of Italy, a French client republic, and it had been reported that about 40,000 men, mostly veterans of Napoleon's campaigns, were ready to join Murat once he arrived in Milan. He chose a crossing at the town of Occhiobello. It was here that Murat finally engaged with the bulk of the Austrian army under the command of Frimont. The flag of the Kingdom of Italy was a rectangular version of the flag of the Italian Republic, with Napoleons emblem on the green field. ...
Occhiobello is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rovigo in the Italian region Veneto, located about 80 km southwest of Venice and about 25 km southwest of Rovigo. ...
Meanwhile, the two Guard Divisions Murat had sent into the Papal States had passed unmolested into Tuscany and by April 8 had occupied Florence, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The Grand Duke fled to Pisa, whilst the Austrian garrison in Florence under the command of General Nugent was forced to retreat to Pistoia, with the Neapolitan army in pursuit. This article is about the city in Italy. ...
Leaning Tower of Pisa. ...
Pistoia (ancient Pistoria) is a city in the Tuscany region of Italy, the capital of a province of the same name, located about 30 km (18 mi) west and north of Florence. ...
But with reinforcements arriving from the north, and his army in a strong defensive position, Nugent was able to turn and halt the Neapolitan pursuit. Murat and the Neapolitans had reached the zenith of their campaign.
Austrian counterattack The Battle of Occhiobello (44°54′54.80″N 11°34′46.52″E / 44.9152222, 11.5795889) proved to be the turning point of the war. Murat's attempts to cross the River Po proved unsuccessful and after two days of heavy fighting, the Neapolitans fell back after suffering over 2,000 casualties. To make matters worse, the United Kingdom declared war on Murat and sent a fleet over to Italy. Joachim Murat, King of Naples, Marshal of France. ...
Po redirects here, for alternate uses see Po (disambiguation). ...
Meanwhile, Frimont had ordered a counterattack to try to relieve the garrison in Ferrara. He ordered a corps under the command of Bianchi to advance on Carpi (44°47′0″N 10°53′6″E / 44.78333, 10.885), which was guarded by a brigade under the command of Guglielmo Pepe. Johann Maria Philipp Frimont, Count of Palota, Prince of Antrodocco (1759-1831), Austrian general, entered the Austrian cavalry as a trooper in 1776, won his commission in the War of the Bavarian Succession, and took part in the Turkish wars and in the early campaigns against the French Revolutionary armies...
Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, capital city of the province of Ferrara. ...
Guglielmo Pepe (1783-1855), Neapolitan general, was born at Squillace in Calabria. ...
Another column was ordered to cut off Pepe's line of retreat. However, Carascosa, who was in command of the Neapolitan troops around Modena, saw the Austrian trap and ordered a retreat to a defensive line behind the Panaro where he was joined by the remainder of his division, which had been evacuated from Reggio Emilia and Modena. Bridge of Olina Panaro is an Italian river. ...
Country Italy Region Emilia-Romagna Province Reggio Emilia (RE) Mayor Graziano Delrio (from July 1, 2004) Elevation 58 m Area 231 km² Population - Total 141,383 - Density 612/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Reggiani Dialing code 0522 Postal code 42100 Frazioni see list Patron San Prospero - Day...
Modena (Mòdna in Modenese dialect) is a city and a province on the south side of the Po valley, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. ...
But even after Carascosa's retreat, Murat was still in a position to continue the siege at Ferrara. In response, Frimont ordered a corps under the command of General Neipperg to attack his entrenched right flank. On 12 April, after bitter fighting at the Battle of Casaglia, the Neapolitan troops were driven from their entrenched positions.
Murat was forced to lift the Siege of Ferrara and retreated back on the road to Bologna. On 14 April, Frimont attempted to force a crossing of the Panaro, but was repelled. However, only two days later, Murat and his army retreated from Bologna, which was quickly retaken by the Austrians. For the food product, see Bologna sausage. ...
In Tuscany meanwhile, Murat's two Guard Divisions also inexplicably retreated without being harassed in any way by Nugent. By 15 April, the Austrians had retaken Florence and when the news reached Murat, he ordered a general retreat of his main force back to their original headquarters in Ancona. This article is about the city in Italy. ...
Ancona is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101,909 (2005). ...
With the road to Florence now clear and the Italian peninsula opening up in front of him, Frimont ordered two corps south to deal with Murat once and for all. Bianchi's corps was ordered to march towards Foligno via Florence in an attempt to threaten the rear of the Neapolitans and to cut off their line of direct retreat, whilst Neipperg's corps was sent into direct pursuit of Murat as he retired to Ancona. Foligno, (Latin: Fulginiae, Fulginium) an ancient town of Italy, in the province of Perugia in east central Umbria, at 233 meters (764 ft) above sea-level, on the Topino river where it leaves the Apennines and enters the wide plain of the Clitunno river system. ...
With the war turning in Austria's favour, Frimont was ordered back to Lombardy to oversee the the army that was now amassing in preparation for an invasion of France. A large portion of the Austrian force was also recalled, leaving only three Austrian corps totalling around 35,000 men in Italy.
Murat, who placed too much faith in his Guard Divisions and believing they would be able to halt the advance of Bianchi and Nugent, retreated slowly, even turning to check the pursuit at the Ronco and Savio rivers. The Savio is a river in northern Italy. ...
But the Austrian advanced guard caught the retreating Neapolitan force twice by surprise at Cesenatico (44°12′00″N 12°23′40″E / 44.2, 12.39444) and Pesaro (43°55′00″N 12°54′00″E / 43.916667, 12.9). Murat hurried his retreat and by late April, his main force had arrived safely in Ancona, where he was reunited with his two Guard Divisions. Ancona is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101,909 (2005). ...
Battle of Tolentino -
Meanwhile, Bianchi's corps had made swift progress. Arriving in Florence on 20 April, they had reached their target of Foligno by 26 April and now threatened Murat's line of retreat. Neipperg's corps was still in pursuit and by 29 April, his advanced guard had arrived in Fano, just two days' march away. Battle of Tolentino Conflict Neapolitan War Date 2-3 May 1815 Place Tolentino, Macerata, Italy Result Austrian decisive victory The Battle of Tolentino was the decisive battle in the Neapolitan War, fought by the king of Naples Joachim Murat to keep the throne after the Congress of Vienna. ...
Foligno, (Latin: Fulginiae, Fulginium) an ancient town of Italy, in the province of Perugia in east central Umbria, at 233 meters (764 ft) above sea-level, on the Topino river where it leaves the Apennines and enters the wide plain of the Clitunno river system. ...
Joachim Murat, King of Naples, Marshal of France. ...
Country Italy Region Marche Province Pesaro e Urbino (PU) Mayor Stefano Aguzzi (since June 2004) Elevation 12 m Area 121 km² Population - Total (as of December 31, 2004) 61,675 - Density 512/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Fanesi Dialing code 0721 Postal code 61032 Frazioni Bellocchi, Camminate...
However, the two Austrian armies were separated and Murat hoped to quickly defeat Bianchi before turning on Neipperg. Much like Napoleon's tactics before Waterloo, Murat sent a division under Carascosa north to stall Neipperg whilst his main force headed west to face Bianchi.
Murat originally planned to face Bianchi near the town of Tolentino, but on 29 April, Bianchi's advanced guard succeeded in driving out the small Neapolitan garrison there. Bianchi, having arrived first, then formed a defensive position around the hills to the east of Tolentino. Tolentino is an Italian commune of about 19,000 inhabitants (Tolentinati), in the province of Macerata in the Marches. ...
With Neipperg's army approaching to his rear, Murat was forced to give battle Tolentino (43°12′49″N 13°17′28″E / 43.21361, 13.29111) on 2 May 1815. After two days of inconclusive fighting, Murat learned that Neipperg had outmanoeuvred and defeated Carascosa at the Battle of Scapezzano (43°43′15.35″N 13°10′11.96″E / 43.7209306, 13.1699889) and was approaching. Sensing the inevitable, Murat ordered a retreat. Battle of Tolentino Conflict Neapolitan War Date 2-3 May 1815 Place Tolentino, Macerata, Italy Result Austrian decisive victory The Battle of Tolentino was the decisive battle in the Neapolitan War, fought by the king of Naples Joachim Murat to keep the throne after the Congress of Vienna. ...
is the 122nd day of the year (123rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ...
The battle had severely damaged the morale of the Neapolitan troops and many senior officers had been casualties in the battle. The battered Neapolitan army fell back in disarray. On 5 May, a joint Anglo-Austrian fleet began a blockade of Ancona (43°37′1″N 13°31′0.00″E / 43.61694, 13.5166667), eventually taking the entire garrison of the city as prisoners. This article is about the historical state called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1927). ...
By 12 May, Bianchi, who was now in command of both his and Neipperg's corps, had taken the town of L'Aquila along with its castle. The main Austrian army was now marching on Popoli. City centre. ...
Popoli is a commune and town in the Province of Pescara in the Abruzzo region of Italy Abruzzo · Communes of the province of Pescara Categories: | ...
During this time, General Nugent had continued to advance from Florence. Having arrived in Rome on 30 April, allowing the Pope to return, Nugent advanced towrd Ceprano. By mid May, Nugent had intercepted Murat at San Germano (now Cassino 41°30′00″N 13°50′00″E / 41.5, 13.833333). Country Italy Region Lazio Province Frosinone (FR) Mayor Renato Russo (since May 2006) Elevation 105 m Area 37 km² Population - Total (as of 2004-12-31) 8,312 - Density 234/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Cepranesi Dialing code 0775 Postal code 03024 Patron SantArduino - Day July...
Cassino is a comune in the province of Frosinone, Italy, at the southern end of the region of Lazio. ...
Here, Murat attempted to check Nugent's advance but with the main Austrian force under Bianchi in pursuit, Murat was forced to call off the action on 16 May. Soon afterwards, the Austrian armies united near Calvi and began the march on Naples. Calvi is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Benevento in the Italian region Campania, located about 60 km northeast of Naples and about 10 km southeast of Benevento. ...
Murat was forced to flee to Corsica and later Cannes disguised as a sailor on a Danish ship, after a British fleet blockading Naples destroyed all the Neapolitan gunboats in the harbour. For other uses, see Corsica (disambiguation). ...
For the annual festival, see Cannes Film Festival. ...
A gunboat is literally a boat carrying one or more guns. ...
On 20 May, Neapolitan Generals Pepe and Carascosa sued for peace and concluded the Treaty of Casalanza with the Austrians, bringing the war to an end. On 23 May, the main Austrian army entered Naples and restored King Ferdinand the Neapolitan throne. Guglielmo Pepe (1783-1855), Neapolitan general, was born at Squillace in Calabria. ...
Murat, meanwhile, would attempt to reclaim his kingdom. Coming back from exile, he landed with 28 men at Pizzo, Calabria on 8 October 1815. However, unlike Napoleon months earlier, Murat was not greeted with a warm welcome and was soon captured by Bourbon troops. Pizzo is a seaport and commune in the province of Vibo Valentia (Calabria, Italy), situated on a steep cliff overlooking the Gulf of Santa Eufemia. ...
is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ...
Five days after he landed at Pizzo, he was executed in the town's castle, exhorting the firing squad to spare his face. This ended the final chapter of the Napoleonic Wars.
Aftermath Shortly after the end of the war, the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily were finally united to create the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Although the two kingdoms had been ruled by the same king since 1735, the formal union did not happen until 1816. King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Sicily would become King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. Meanwhile, the Austrians consolidated their gains in Northern Italy into the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. The Two Sicilies The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was the new name that the Bourbon king Ferdinand IV of Naples gave to his domain (including Southern Italy and Sicily) after the end of the Napoleonic Era and the full restoration of his power in 1816. ...
The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (Italian: ; German: ) (1815 - 1866) was established after the defeat of Napoleon, according to the decisions of the Congress of Vienna (9 June 1815). ...
Although Murat failed to save his crown, or to start a popular nationalist movement with the Rimini Proclamation, Murat had ignited a debate for Italian unification. Indeed, some consider the Rimini Proclamation as the start of Risorgimento. The intervention of Austria only heightened the fact the Habsburgs were the single most powerful opponent to unification, which would eventually lead to three wars of independence against the Austrians. Italian Unification (Italian: il Risorgimento, or The Resurgence) was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy. ...
Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy...
During the evolution of the process that would finally have brought to the Italian Unification (Risorgimento), the Italian Independence wars were three wars fought against Austria between 1848 and 1866 and ended with the conquest of the whole Italian territory. ...
References - Burke, Edmund. Chapter VII, The Annual Register or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year 1815, J. Dodsley (1816)
- Capt. Batty, Robert. An Historical Sketch of the Campaign of 1815, London (1820)
- Colletta, Pietro (translated by Horner, Susan). History of the Kingdom of Naples: 1734-1825, Hamilton, Adams, and Co. (1858)
- Cust, Edward. Annals of the wars of the nineteenth century, (1863)
- Browning, Oscar. The Fall of Napoleon, J. Lane (1907)
External links
See also Combatants Austria[a] Portugal Prussia[a] Russia[b] Sicily[c] Sardinia Spain[d] Sweden[e] United Kingdom French Empire Holland[f] Italy Etruria[g] Naples[h] Duchy of Warsaw[i] Confederation of the Rhine[j] Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Württemberg Denmark-Norway[k] Commanders Archduke Charles Prince Schwarzenberg Karl Mack...
{| class=wikitable<small><small>Small Text</small><nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here |- REDIRECT [[ Insert text --71. ...
Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy...
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