It has been suggested that Roots of neoconservativism be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

Neoconservatism is the political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of social liberalism and the New Left counter-culture of the 1960s. It was formulated in the 1950s, achieved its first victory in Barry Goldwater's nomination as the Republican presidential candidate in 1964,^[1][2], and coalesced in the 1970s. Image File history File links Mergefrom. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with neoconservatism. ... Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Shortcut: WP:NPOVD Articles that have been linked to this page are the subject of an NPOV dispute (NPOV stands for Neutral Point Of View; see below). ... Neoconservatism describes several distinct political ideologies which are considered new forms of conservatism. ... Ths article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... For other uses, see Politics (disambiguation). ... Cultural conservatism is conservatism with respect to culture. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Social conservatism generally refers to a political ideology or personal belief system that advocates the conservation or resurrection of what one, or ones community, considers to be traditional morality and social structure. ... National conservatism is a political term used primarily in Europe to describe a variant of conservatism which concentrates more on national interests than standard conservatism, while not being nationalist or a far-right approach. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Libertarianism is a political philosophy that holds that individuals should be allowed complete freedom of action as long as they do not infringe on the freedom of others. ... Fiscal conservatism (also known as economic liberalism) is a term used in the United States to refer to economic and political policy that advocates restraint of government taxation, government expenditures and deficits, and government debt. ... This page deals with property as ownership rights. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      The rule of law, in its most basic form, is the principle that no one is above the law. ... Social order is a concept used in sociology, history and other social sciences. ... Social conservatism generally refers to a political ideology or personal belief system that advocates the conservation or resurrection of what one, or ones community, considers to be traditional morality and social structure. ... Many countries have political parties that are deemed to represent conservative, center-right, or Tory views which may be referred to informally as conservative parties even if not explicitly named so. ... The International Democrat Union (IDU) is an international grouping of conservative, nationalist, classical liberal, anti-Communist and some Christian democratic political parties. ... For other uses, see European Democrats (disambiguation). ... Social liberalism is either a synonym for new liberalism or a label used by progressive liberal parties in order to differentiate themselves from the more conservative liberal parties, especially when there are two or more liberal parties in a country. ... The New Left is a term used in different countries to describe left-wing movements that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. ... During the 1960s the term underground acquired a new meaning in that it referred to members of the so-called counterculture, i. ... Barry Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909 – May 29, 1998) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–1965, 1969–87) and the Republican Partys nominee for president in the 1964 election. ...

It influenced the Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and the George W. Bush presidential administrations, representing a re-alignment in American politics, and the defection of "an important and highly articulate group of liberals to the other side."^[3] One accomplishment was "to make criticism from the Right acceptable in the intellectual, artistic, and journalistic circles where conservatives had long been regarded with suspicion."^[3] Reagan, an Irish surname, may refer to: // Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of The United States Nancy Reagan, the wife of Ronald Reagan and influential First Lady Ron Reagan, President Reagans son and liberal journalist Michael Reagan, President Reagans son and conservative talk show host Maureen Reagan, President... George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...

As a term, neoconservative first was used derisively by democratic socialist Michael Harrington to identify a group of people (who described themselves as liberals) as newly stimulated conservative ex-liberals. The idea that liberalism "no longer knew what it was talking about" is neoconservatism's central theme.^[4] Democratic socialism advocates socialism as a basis for the economy and democracy as a governing principle. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ...

The development of this conservatism is based on the work and thought of Irving Kristol, co-founder of Encounter magazine, and of its editor (1953–58),^[5] Norman Podhoretz,^[6] and others who described themselves as "neoconservatives" during the Cold War. Irving Kristol (born January 22, 1920, New York City) is considered the founder of American neoconservatism. ... Encounter was a literary magazine, founded in 1953 by Stephen Spender and Irving Kristol. ... Norman Podhoretz (b. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

Prominent neoconservatives are associated with periodicals such as Commentary and The Weekly Standard, and with foreign policy initiatives of think tanks such as the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), the Project for the New American Century (PNAC), and the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA). // Commentary, a monthly magazine founded by the American Jewish Committee in 1945, bills itself as Americas premier monthly magazine of opinion. ... The Weekly Standard is an American neoconservative [1] magazine published 48 times per year. ... This article is about the institution. ... The American Enterprise Institutes Logo The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI) is a neoconservative think tank, founded in 1943. ... Project for the New American Centurys Logo The Project for the New American Century (PNAC) is an American neoconservative think tank based in Washington, D.C., co-founded as a non-profit educational organization by William Kristol and Robert Kagan in early 1997. ... The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA) is a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit think-tank focusing on issues of United States national security. ...

Neoconservatives are often dubbed neocons by critics. ^[7][8]

Neoconservative policies

Irving Kristol, the "god-father" and one of the founders of neoconservatism, stated five basic policies of neoconservatism that distinguish it from other "movements" or "persuasions"^[9]. These policies, he claimed, "result in popular Republican presidencies":

1. Taxes and Federal Budget: "Cutting tax rates in order to stimulate steady economic growth. This policy was not invented by neocons, and it was not the particularities of tax cuts that interested them, but rather the steady focus on economic growth." In Kristol's view, neocons are and should be less concerned about balancing fiscal budgets than traditional conservatives: "One sometimes must shoulder budgetary deficits as the cost (temporary, one hopes) of pursuing economic growth."^[9]

2. Size of Government: Kristol distinguishes between Neoconservatives and the call of traditional conservatives for smaller government. "Neocons do not feel ... alarm or anxiety about the growth of the state in the past century, seeing it as natural, indeed inevitable."^[9]

3. Traditional Moral Values: "The steady decline in our democratic culture, sinking to new levels of vulgarity, does unite neocons with traditional conservatives". Here Kristol distinguishes between traditional conservatives and libertarian conservatives. He cites the shared interest of Neocons and Religious Conservates in using the government to enforce morality: "Since the Republican party now has a substantial base among the religious, this gives neocons a certain influence and even power."^[9]

4. Expansionist Foreign Policy: "Statesmen should ... distinguish friends from enemies." And according to Kristol, "with power come responsibilities ... if you have the kind of power we now have, either you will find opportunities to use it, or the world will discover them for you."^[9]

5. National Interest: "the United States of today, inevitably ... [will] feel obliged to defend ... a democratic nation under attack from nondemocratic forces ...that is why it was in our national interest to come to the defense of France and Britain in World War II ... that is why we feel it necessary to defend Israel today."^[9]

History and origins

Great Depression and World War II

"New" conservatives initially approached this view from the political left. The forerunners of neoconservatism were often liberals or socialists who strongly supported the Allied cause World War II, and who were influenced by the Depression-era ideas of former New Dealers, trade unionists, and Trotskyists, particularly those who followed the political ideas of Max Shachtman. A number of future neoconservatives, such as Jeane Kirkpatrick, were Shachtmanites in their youth; some were later involved with Social Democrats USA^{[citation needed]}. Left wing redirects here. ... Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... Socialism is a broad array of ideologies and political movements with the goal of a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The New Deal was the title President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave to the series of programs he initiated between 1933 and 1938 with the goal of providing relief, recovery, and reform (3 Rs) to the people and economy of the United States during the Great Depression. ... A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers. ... Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ... Max Shachtman (September 10, 1904 - November 4, 1972) was an American Marxist theorist. ... Jeane Kirkpatrick Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick (November 19, 1926 â€“ December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent anticommunist. ... Shachtmanism is a critical term applied to the form of Trotskyism associated with Max Shachtman. ... Social Democrats USA (SD USA), one of the successors of the Socialist Party of America, is a small coalition of intellectuals and trade unionists. ...

Some of the mid-20th Century New York Intellectuals were forebears of neoconservatism. The most notable was literary critic Lionel Trilling, who wrote, "In the United States at this time liberalism is not only the dominant but even the sole intellectual tradition." It was this liberal "vital center," a term coined by the historian and liberal theorist Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., that the neoconservatives would see as threatened by New Left extremism. But the majority of "vital center" liberals remained affiliated with the Democratic Party, retained left-of-center viewpoints, and opposed Republican politicians such as Richard Nixon who first attracted neoconservative support.^{[citation needed]} The New York Intellectuals were a group of American writers and literary critics who advocated left-wing, anti-Stalinist political ideas in the mid-20th century. ... Lionel Trilling (July 4, 1905 – November 5, 1975) was an American literary critic, author, and teacher. ... This article is about Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. ...

Initially, the neoconservatives were less concerned with foreign policy than with domestic policy. Irving Kristol's journal, The Public Interest, focused on ways that government planning in the liberal state had produced unintended and harmful consequences. Norman Podhoretz's magazine Commentary, formerly a journal of the liberal left, had more of a cultural focus, criticizing excesses of the movements for black equality and women's rights and the academic left. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s the early neoconservatives had been socialists or liberals strongly supportive of the American Civil Rights Movement, integration, and Martin Luther King.^[10][6] Irving Kristol (born January 22, 1920, New York City) is considered the founder of American neoconservatism. ... Norman Podhoretz (b. ... // Commentary, a monthly magazine founded by the American Jewish Committee in 1945, bills itself as Americas premier monthly magazine of opinion. ... The 1950s decade refers to the years 1950 to 1959 inclusive. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969. ... Martin Luther King is perhaps most famous for his I Have a Dream speech, given in front of the Lincoln Memorial during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom This article is about the civil rights movement following the Brown v. ... Children at a parade in North College Hill, Ohio Racial integration, or simply integration includes desegregation (the process of ending systematic racial segregation). ... “Martin Luther King” redirects here. ...

Opposition to Détente with the Soviet Union and the views of the anti-Soviet and anti-capitalist New Left, which emerged in response to the Soviet Union's break with Stalinism in the 1950s, was one factor that would cause the neoconservatives to split with the "liberal consensus" of the early postwar years. Détente is a French term, meaning a relaxing or easing; the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. ... The term anti-Stalinist left refers to elements of the political left which have been critical of the policies of Joseph Stalin and of the political system that developed in the Soviet Union under his rule. ... Anti-capitalism is any and all opposition to capitalism. ... The New Left is a term used in different countries to describe left-wing movements that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. ... For architecture, see Stalinist architecture. ...

Irving Kristol (born January 22, 1920, New York City) is considered the founder of American neoconservatism. ...

Drift away from New Left and Great Society

While initially the views of the New Left became very popular among the children of hard-line Communists, often Jewish immigrant families on the edge of poverty and including those of some of today's most famous neoconservative thinkers, some neoconservatives also came to despise the counterculture of the 1960s and what they felt was a growing anti-Americanism among many baby boomers, exemplified in the emerging New Left by the movement against the Vietnam War. The New Left is a term used in different countries to describe left-wing movements that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. ... In sociology, counterculture is a term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group, or subculture, that run counter to those of the social mainstream of the day, the cultural equivalent of political opposition. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969. ... A baby boom is defined as a period of increased birth rates relative to surrounding generations. ... The New Left is a term used in different countries to describe left-wing movements that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000...

As the radicalization of the New Left pushed these intellectuals farther to the right, they moved toward a more aggressive militarism, while also becoming disillusioned with the Johnson Administration's Great Society. Militarism or militarist ideology is the doctrinal view of a society as being best served (or more efficient) when it is governed or guided by concepts embodied in the culture, doctrine, system, or people of the military. ... Lyndon Baines Johnson ( August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician. ... The Great Society was also a 1960s band featuring Grace Slick, and a 1914 book by English social theorist Graham Wallas. ...

Academics in these circles, many of whom were still Democrats, rebelled against the Democratic Party's leftward drift on defense issues in the 1970s, especially after the nomination of George McGovern in 1972. Many of their concerns were voiced in the influential 1970 bestseller The Real Majority by future television commentator and neo-conservative Ben Wattenberg. Many clustered around Sen. Henry "Scoop" Jackson, a Democrat derisively known as the "Senator from Boeing," during his 1972 and 1976 campaigns for President; but later came to align themselves with Ronald Reagan and the Republicans, who promised to confront charges of Soviet "expansionism." Among those who worked for Jackson are Paul Wolfowitz, Doug Feith, Richard Perle and Felix Rohatyn. The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... George McGovern on May 8, 1972 cover of Time Magazine George Stanley McGovern, Ph. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Ben J. Wattenberg is a prominent neo-conservative commentator and writer. ... Henry M. Jacksons home Everett, Washington Henry Martin Scoop Jackson (May 31, 1912 – September 1, 1983) was a U.S. Congressman and Senator for Washington State from 1941 until his death. ... Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Reagan redirects here. ... Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, working on issues of international economic development, Africa and public-private partnerships. ... Douglas Feith Douglas J. Feith (born July 16, 1953) served as the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy for United States President George W. Bush from July 2001 until he resigned from his position effective August 8, 2005. ... Richard Norman Perle (born 16 September 1941 in New York City) is an American political advisor and lobbyist who worked for the Reagan administration as an assistant Secretary of Defense and worked on the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee from 1987 to 2004. ... Felix G. Rohatyn (born May 29, 1928 in Vienna, Austria) is a Jewish-American businessman and investment banker and has also served in public service. ...

Michael Lind, a self-described former neoconservative, wrote that neoconservatism "originated in the 1970s as a movement of anti-Soviet liberals and social democrats in the tradition of Truman, Kennedy, Johnson, Humphrey and Henry ("Scoop") Jackson, many of whom preferred to call themselves 'paleoliberals.' When the Cold War ended, "many 'paleoliberals' drifted back to the Democratic center… Today's neocons are a shrunken remnant of the original broad neocon coalition. Nevertheless, the origins of their ideology on the left are still apparent. The fact that most of the younger neocons were never on the left is irrelevant; they are the intellectual (and, in the case of William Kristol and John Podhoretz, the literal) heirs of older ex-leftists."^[11] Michael Lind is an American journalist and historian, currently the Whitehead Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation. ... For the victim of Mt. ... John Kennedy and JFK redirect here. ... Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908–January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician. ... For other uses, see Hubert Humphrey (disambiguation). ... Henry Martin Scoop Jackson (May 31, 1912 – September 1, 1983) was a U.S. Congressman and Senator for Washington State from 1941 until his death. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... William Bill Kristol (born December 23, 1952 in New York City) is an American conservative pundit, inspired in part by the ideas of Leo Strauss. ... John Podhoretz (born April 18, 1961) is a U.S. neoconservative commentator for a variety of media sources, the author of several books on politics, and a former presidential speechwriter. ...

Senator Henry M. Jackson, influential neoconservative forerunner.

In his semi-autobiographical book, Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea, Irving Kristol cites a number of influences on his own thought, including not only Max Shachtman and Leo Strauss but also the skeptical liberal literary critic Lionel Trilling. The influence of Leo Strauss and his disciples on some neoconservatives has generated some controversy. http://bioguide. ... http://bioguide. ... Henry Martin Scoop Jackson (May 31, 1912 – September 1, 1983) was a U.S. Congressman and Senator for Washington State from 1941 until his death. ... Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973), was a German-born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical political philosophy. ... Lionel Trilling (July 4, 1905 – November 5, 1975) was an American literary critic, author, and teacher. ...

Left-wing past of neoconservatives

Former neoconservative author Michael Lind argues that "The organization as well as the ideology of the neoconservative movement has left-liberal origins." He draws a line from the center-left anti-Communist Congress for Cultural Freedom to the Committee on the Present Danger to the Project for the New American Century and adds that "European social-democratic models inspired the quintessential neocon institution, the National Endowment for Democracy." Some neoconservatives were anti-Vietnam War.^{[citation needed]} Michael Lind is an American journalist and historian, currently the Whitehead Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation. ... The International Association for Cultural Freedom (previously known as the Congress for Cultural Freedom) was an anti-communist political group best known for being revealed in 1967 as a covert operation of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. ... -1... Project for the New American Centurys Logo The Project for the New American Century (PNAC) is an American neoconservative think tank based in Washington, D.C., co-founded as a non-profit educational organization by William Kristol and Robert Kagan in early 1997. ... The National Endowment for Democracy, or NED, is a U.S. non-profit organization that was founded in 1983, to promote democracy by providing cash grants funded primarily through an annual allocation from the U.S. Congress. ...

The neoconservative desire to spread democracy abroad has been likened to the Trotskyist theory of permanent revolution. Lind argues that the neoconservatives are influenced by the thought of former Trotskyists such as James Burnham and Max Shachtman, who argued that "the United States and similar societies are dominated by a decadent, postbourgeois 'new class.'" He sees the neoconservative concept of "global democratic revolution" as deriving from the Trotskyist Fourth International's "vision of permanent revolution." He also points to what he sees as the Marxist origin of "the economic determinist idea that liberal democracy is an epiphenomenon of capitalism," which he describes as "Marxism with entrepreneurs substituted for proletarians as the heroic subjects of history." However, few leading neoconservatives cite James Burnham as a major influence.^[12] Permanent Revolution is a term within Marxist theory, which was first used by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels between 1845 and 1850, but has since become most closely associated with Leon Trotsky. ... Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ... James Burnham (1905–1987) was an American popular political theorist, former Communist activist and intellectual, known for his work The Managerial Revolution, published in 1941, which heavily influenced George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four. // Burnham was of English Catholic stock, although he was an atheist for much of his life... Max Shachtman (September 10, 1904 - November 4, 1972) was an American Marxist theorist. ... The new class is a term to describe the privileged ruling class of bureaucrats and Communist party functionaries which typically arises in a Stalinist communist state. ... For other uses, see Fourth International (disambiguation). ... Marxism is both the theory and the political practice (that is, the praxis) derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... An epiphenomenon is a secondary phenomenon that occurs alongside a primary phenomenon. ... For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ... An entrepreneur (a loanword from French introduced and first defined by the Irish economist Richard Cantillon) is a person who operates a new enterprise or venture and assumes some accountability for the inherent risks. ... The proletariat (from Latin proles, offspring) is a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is called a proletarian. ...

Critics of Lind contend that there is no theoretical connection between Trotsky's "permanent revolution," and that the idea of a "global democratic revolution" instead has Wilsonian roots.^[13] While both Wilsonianism and the theory of permanent revolution have been proposed as strategies for underdeveloped parts of the world, Wilson proposed capitalist solutions, while Trotsky advocated socialist solutions. Wilsonianism or Wilsonian are words used to describe a certain type of ideological perspectives on foreign policy. ...

1980s

During the 1970s political scientist Jeane Kirkpatrick increasingly criticized the Democratic Party, of which she had been a member since the nomination of the antiwar George McGovern. She accused the Jimmy Carter administration of using a double standard by tolerating human rights abuses in Communist states, while withdrawing support of anti-communist autocrats on the basis of human rights. She joined Ronald Reagan's successful 1980 campaign as his foreign policy advisor and later became the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, a position she held for four years. The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... Jeane Kirkpatrick Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick (November 19, 1926 â€“ December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent anticommunist. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... George McGovern on May 8, 1972 cover of Time Magazine George Stanley McGovern, Ph. ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... Reagan redirects here. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ...

During this period, the United States increased its support for anti-communist governments engaged in human rights abuses as part of its general hard line against communism. As the 1980s wore on, younger second-generation neoconservatives, such as Elliott Abrams, pushed for a clear policy of supporting democracy against both left and right wing dictators. This debate led to a policy shift in 1986, when the Reagan administration urged Philippines president Ferdinand Marcos to step down amid turmoil over a rigged election. Abrams also supported the 1988 Chilean plebiscite that resulted in the restoration of democratic rule and Pinochet's eventual removal from office. Through the National Endowment for Democracy, led by another neoconservative, Carl Gershman, funds were directed to the anti-Pinochet opposition in order to ensure a fair election. Elliot Abrams Elliott Abrams (born January 24, 1948) is an American lawyer who has served in foreign policy positions for a number of U.S. Presidents, most recently George W. Bush. ... Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralín Marcos (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1966 to 1986. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte1 (born November 25, 1915) was head of the military government that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. ... The National Endowment for Democracy, or NED, is a U.S. non-profit organization that was founded in 1983, to promote democracy by providing cash grants funded primarily through an annual allocation from the U.S. Congress. ... General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte1 (born November 25, 1915) was head of the military government that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. ...

1990s

During the 1990s, neoconservatives were once again in the opposition side of the foreign policy establishment, both under the Republican Administration of President George H. W. Bush and that of his Democratic successor, President Bill Clinton. Many critics charged that the neoconservatives lost their raison d'être and influence following the collapse of the Soviet Union.^{[citation needed]} Others argue that they lost their status due to their association with the Iran-Contra scandal during the Reagan Administration. For the band, see 1990s (band). ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... In the Iran-Contra Affair, United States President Ronald Reagans administration secretly sold arms to Iran, which was engaged in a bloody war with its neighbor Iraq from 1980 to 1988 (see Iran-Iraq War), and diverted the proceeds to the Contra rebels fighting to overthrow the leftist and...

Neoconservative writers were critical of the post-Cold War foreign policy of both George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, which they criticized for reducing military expenditures and lacking a sense of idealism in the promotion of American interests. They accused these Administrations of lacking both "moral clarity" and the conviction to pursue unilaterally America's international strategic interests.^{[citation needed]} For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... Moral clarity is a catch-phrase associated with American political conservatives. ...

Particularly galvanizing to the movement was the decision of George H. W. Bush and then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell to leave Saddam Hussein in power after the first Gulf War in 1991. Some neoconservatives viewed this policy, and the decision not to support indigenous dissident groups such as the Kurds and Shiites in their 1991-1992 resistance to Hussein, as a betrayal of democratic principles.^{[citation needed]} The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is by law the highest ranking military officer of the United States military, and the principal military advisor to the President of the United States. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq and Chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council from 1979 until his overthrow by US forces in 2003. ... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... The 1991 uprisings in Iraq were rebellions in Southern and Northern Iraq in the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War. ...

Ironically, some of those same targets of criticism would later become fierce advocates of neoconservative policies. In 1992, referring to the first Gulf War, then United States Secretary of Defense and future Vice President Dick Cheney, said: For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... The United States Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) is the head of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), concerned with the armed services and military matters. ... The Vice President of the United States (sometimes referred to as VPOTUS[1] or Veep) is the first in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president. ...

"I would guess if we had gone in there, I would still have forces in Baghdad today. We'd be running the country. We would not have been able to get everybody out and bring everybody home..."

"And the question in my mind is how many additional American casualties is Saddam (Hussein) worth? And the answer is not that damned many. So, I think we got it right, both when we decided to expel him from Kuwait, but also when the president made the decision that we'd achieved our objectives and we were not going to go get bogged down in the problems of trying to take over and govern Iraq."

Within a few years of the Gulf War in Iraq, many associated with neoconservatism were pushing for the ousting of Saddam Hussein. On February 19, 1998, an open letter to President Clinton was signed by dozens of pundits, many identified with neoconservatism and, later, related groups such as the PNAC, urging decisive action to remove Saddam from power.^[14] The Project for the New American Century, or PNAC, is a Washington, DC, USA based think tank. ...

Neoconservatives were also members of the blue team, which argued for a confrontational policy toward the People's Republic of China and strong military and diplomatic support for Taiwan. This article is about a political group. ...

Administration of George W. Bush

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Vanity Fair editor Craig Unger on the Bush family feud, neoconservatives and the Christian right

The Bush campaign and the early Bush Administration did not initially appear to exhibit strong support for neoconservative principles. As a candidate Bush argued for a restrained foreign policy, stating his opposition to the idea of "nation-building"^[15] and an early foreign policy confrontation with China was handled without the vociferous confrontation suggested by some neoconservative thinkers."^[16]. Also early in the Administration, some neoconservatives criticized Bush's Administration as insufficiently supportive of the State of Israel, and suggested Bush's foreign policies were not substantially different from those of President Clinton.^[17] Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ... Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ... This article or section should be merged with nation-building Nation building is the use of armed force in the aftermath of a conflict to underpin an enduring transition to democracy. ...

But Bush's policies seemed to change dramatically immediately after the September 11, 2001 attacks. According to columnist Gerard Baker, "It took, improbably, the arrival of George Bush in the White House and September 11, 2001, to catapult [neoconservatism] into the public consciousness. When Mr Bush cited its most simplified tenet — that the US should seek to promote liberal democracy around the world — as a key case for invading Iraq, neoconservatism was suddenly everywhere. It was, to its many critics, a unified ideology that justified military adventurism, sanctioned torture and promoted aggressive Zionism."^[18] A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly...

Bush laid out his vision of the future in his State of the Union speech on January 2002 following the 9/11 attacks. This speech was written by neoconservative David Frum, and the speech named Iraq, Iran and North Korea as members of an "axis of evil" which, he said, "pose a grave and growing danger."^[19] It is also in this speech that Frum and Bush suggest the possibility of preemptive war: "I will not wait on events, while dangers gather. I will not stand by, as peril draws closer and closer. The United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons."^[20] The date that commonly refers to the attacks on United States citizens on September 11, 2001 (see the September 11, 2001 Attacks). ...

"Bush Doctrine"

The Bush Doctrine of preemptive war was explicitely stated in the National Security Council text entitled the National Security Strategy of the United States published on September 20, 2002. "We must deter and defend against the threat before it is unleashed. ... even if uncertainty remains as to the time and place of the enemy’s attack. ... The United States will, if necessary, act preemptively."^[21] Policy analysts noted that the Bush Doctrine as stated in the 2002 NSS document bore a strong resemblance to recommendations originally presented in a controversial Defense Planning Guidance draft written in 1992 by Paul Wolfowitz under the first Bush administration^[22] President Bush makes remarks in 2006 during a press conference in the Rose Garden about Irans nuclear ambitions and discusses North Koreas nuclear test. ... The National Security Council (NSC) of the United States is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... President Bush makes remarks in 2006 during a press conference in the Rose Garden about Irans nuclear ambitions and discusses North Koreas nuclear test. ...

The Bush Doctrine was greeted with accolades by many neoconservatives. When asked whether he agreed with the Bush Doctrine, Max Boot said he did, and that "I think [Bush is] exactly right to say we can’t sit back and wait for the next terrorist strike on Manhattan. We have to go out and stop the terrorists overseas. We have to play the role of the global policeman. ... But I also argue that we ought to go further."^[23] Discussing the significance of the Bush Doctrine, neoconservative writer William Kristol claimed: "The world is a mess. And, I think, it's very much to Bush's credit that he's gotten serious about dealing with it. ... The danger is not that we're going to do too much. The danger is that we're going to do too little."^[24] President Bush makes remarks in 2006 during a press conference in the Rose Garden about Irans nuclear ambitions and discusses North Koreas nuclear test. ... President Bush makes remarks in 2006 during a press conference in the Rose Garden about Irans nuclear ambitions and discusses North Koreas nuclear test. ... Max Boot (born 1969 in Moscow, Soviet Union) is an American author, editorialist, lecturer and military historian. ... President Bush makes remarks in 2006 during a press conference in the Rose Garden about Irans nuclear ambitions and discusses North Koreas nuclear test. ... William Bill Kristol (born December 23, 1952 in New York City) is an American conservative pundit, inspired in part by the ideas of Leo Strauss. ...

Supporters in Britain and Ireland

In Britain, the most notable supporters of the neoconservative viewpoint in relation to foreign affairs are associated with the Henry Jackson Society. They include the academics Dr.Brendan Simms and James M. Rogers and the politicians Michael Gove, Michael Ancram, Edward Vaizey and Lord David Trimble. Richard Perle has acted as a patron of the society. Another member, Oliver Kamm, wrote Anti-Totalitarianism: The Left-wing Case for a Neoconservative Foreign Policy (2005) The Henry Jackson Society is a non-partisan society or think tank (with tax-exempt charity status) that aims to promote democratic geopolitics. It is based at Peterhouse, a college of the University of Cambridge, in the United Kingdom. ... Dr. Brendan Simms is an historian, writer, and Newton-Sheehy teaching fellow at the University of Cambridge in the Centre of International Studies. ... James M. Rogers, based at the University of Cambridge, is the Executive Secretary of The Henry Jackson Society, founded in Cambridge and London. ... Michael Andrew Gove (born August 26, 1967) is a Conservative politician, journalist and author in the United Kingdom. ... Michael Andrew Foster Jude Kerr, 13th Marquess of Lothian, PC QC, MP, (born 7 July 1945), known as Michael Ancram, is a United Kingdom Conservative Party politician. ... The Honourable Edward Henry Butler Vaizey (born June 5, 1968) is a British Conservative commentator, politician and columnist. ... The Lord Trimble William David Trimble, Baron Trimble, PC (born 15 October 1944), known as David Trimble, is a Northern Irish politician who served as leader of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) and the first First Minister of Northern Ireland. ... Richard Norman Perle (born 16 September 1941 in New York City) is an American political advisor and lobbyist who worked for the Reagan administration as an assistant Secretary of Defense and worked on the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee from 1987 to 2004. ... Oliver Kamm (born 1963) is a British newspaper columnist, author and blogger. ...

In Ireland the most prominent supporter of Neoconservative policies is the scriptwriter and commentator Eoghan Harris. Harris strongly praised the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, and argued that Neoconservative policies would lead to democratisation in Iraq. Harris continues to support U.S. actions in the War on Terror. Senator Eoghan Harris is an Irish politician and a sometimes controversial and outspoken newspaper columnist and polemicist. ... This article is about the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ... This article is about U.S. actions, and those of other states, after September 11, 2001. ...

Evolution of neoconservative views

Usage and general views

The term has been used before, and its meaning has changed over time. Writing in The Contemporary Review (London) in 1883, Henry Dunckley used the term to describe factions within the Conservative Party; James Bryce again uses it in his Modern Democracies (1921) to describe British political history of the 1880s. The German authoritarians Carl Schmitt, who became professor at the University of Berlin in 1933, the same year that he entered the Nazi party (NSDAP), and Arthur Moeller van den Bruck were called "neo-conservatives".^[25] In "The Future of Democratic Values" in Partisan Review, July-August 1943, Dwight MacDonald complained of "the neo-conservatives of our time [who] reject the propositions on materialism, Human Nature, and Progress." He cited as an example Jacques Barzun, who was "attempting to combine progressive values and conservative concepts." Henry Dunckley (December 24, 1823- June 29, 1896), English journalist, was born at Warwick. ... James Bryce, right, with Andrew Carnegie; Bryce served as a trustee of the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, OM, GCVO, FRS, PC (May 10, 1838 - January 22, 1922), was a British jurist, historian and politician. ... Carl Schmitt (July 11, 1888 – April 7, 1985) was a German jurist, political theorist, and professor of law. ... There is no institution called the University of Berlin, but there are four universities in Berlin, Germany: Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) Technical University of Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin) Free University of Berlin (Freie Universität Berlin) Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der... Arthur Moeller van den Bruck (April 23, 1876 – May 30, 1925) was a German cultural historian and writer. ... Partisan Review was an American political and literary quarterly published from 1934 to 2003. ... Dwight Macdonald (1906-1982) was an American writer, social critic, philosopher, and political radical. ... Jacques Martin Barzun (born November 30, 1907 - 2005) continues to be a leading voice in the fields of literature, education, and cultural history. ...

In the early 1970s, socialist Michael Harrington prominently used the term in a manner similar to the modern meaning. He characterized neoconservatives as former leftists -- whom he derided as "socialists for Nixon" -- who had moved significantly to the right. These people tended to remain supporters of social democracy, but distinguished themselves by allying with the Nixon administration over foreign policy, especially by their support for the Vietnam War and opposition to the Soviet Union. They still supported the "welfare state," but not necessarily in its contemporary form. Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Nixon redirects here. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... There are three main interpretations of the idea of a welfare state: the provision of welfare services by the state. ...

Irving Kristol remarked that a neoconservative is a "liberal mugged by reality," one who became more conservative after seeing the results of liberal policies. Kristol also claims three distinctive aspects of neoconservatism from previous forms of conservatism: a forward-looking approach drawn from their liberal heritage, rather than the reactionary and dour approach of previous conservatives; a meliorative outlook, proposing alternate reforms rather than simply attacking social liberal reforms; taking philosophical or ideological ideas very seriously.^[26] Irving Kristol (born January 22, 1920, New York City) is considered the founder of American neoconservatism. ...

Some observers name political philosopher Leo Strauss as a major intellectual antecedent of neoconservativism, mostly because of his influence on Allan Bloom and the influence of Closing of the American Mind. Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973), was a German-born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical political philosophy. ... Allan Blooms translation and interpretation, Second edition 1991. ... The Closing of the American Mind, by Allan Bloom (published 1987 ISBN 5551868680), describes how higher education has failed democracy and impoverished the souls of todays students. ...

Neoconservative views on foreign policy

Historically, neoconservatives supported a militant anticommunism ^[27], tolerated more social welfare spending than was sometimes acceptable to libertarians and mainstream conservatives, and sympathized with a non-traditional foreign policy agenda that was less deferential to traditional conceptions of diplomacy and international law and less inclined to compromise principles, even if that meant unilateral action. Main International Relations Theories and derivates Realism & Neorealism Idealism, Liberalism & Neoliberalism Marxism & Dependency theory Functionalism & Neofunctionalism Critical theory & Constructivism International relations theory attempts to provide a conceptual model upon which international relations can be analyzed. ... Main International Relations Theories and derivates Realism & Neorealism Idealism, Liberalism & Neoliberalism Marxism & Dependency theory Functionalism & Neofunctionalism Critical theory & Constructivism The term realism or political realism collects a wide variety of theories and modes of thought about International Relations that have in common that the motivation of states is in the... Main International Relations Theories and derivates Realism & Neorealism Idealism, Liberalism & Neoliberalism Marxism & Dependency theory Functionalism & Neofunctionalism Critical theory & Constructivism Neorealism or structural realism is a theory of international relations, outlined by Kenneth Waltz in his 1979 book, Theory of International Politics. ... Main International Relations Theories and derivates Realism & Neorealism Idealism, Liberalism & Neoliberalism Marxism & Dependency theory Functionalism & Neofunctionalism Critical theory & Constructivism Former President of the United States Woodrow Wilson, considered to be a founder of idealism. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Liberal institutionalism. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... International Relations Theory Realism Liberalism Idealism Neoconservatism Institutionalism Functionalism Marxism Critical theory Isolationism Marxist and Neo-Marxist international relations theories are positivist paradigms which reject the realist/liberal view of state conflict or cooperation; instead focusing on the economic and material aspects. ... Main International Relations Theories Politics Portal This box:      Dependency theory is a body of social science theories, both from developed and developing nations, that create a worldview which suggests that poor underdeveloped states of the periphery are exploited by wealthy developed nations of the centre, in order to sustain economic... Main International Relations Theories Politics Portal This box:      Critical international relations theory is a set of schools of thought in international relations (IR) that have criticized the status-quo—both from positivist positions as well as postpositivist positions. ... Main International relations theory Politics Portal This box:      In the discipline of international relations, constructivism is the application of constructivist epistemology to the study of world affairs. ... International Relations Theory Realism Liberalism Idealism Neoconservatism Institutionalism Functionalism Marxism Critical theory Isolationism Functionalism is a theory of international relations that arose principally from the experience of European integration. ... Main International Relations Theories and derivates Realism & Neorealism Idealism, Liberalism & Neoliberalism Marxism & Dependency theory Functionalism & Neofunctionalism Constructivism Neofunctionalism is a theory of regional integration, building on the work of David Mitrany. ... Anti-communism is opposition to communist ideology, organization, or government, on either a theoretical or practical level. ... ... See also Libertarianism and Libertarian Party Libertarian,is a term for person who has made a conscious and principled commitment, evidenced by a statement or Pledge, to forswear violating others rights and usually living in voluntary communities: thus in law no longer subject to government supervision. ... Ths article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... Look up Unilateralism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The movement began to focus on such foreign issues in the mid-1970s ^{[citation needed]}. However, it first crystallized in the late 1960s as an effort to combat the radical cultural changes taking place within the United States. Irving Kristol wrote: "If there is any one thing that neoconservatives are unanimous about, it is their dislike of the counterculture."^[28] Norman Podhoretz agreed: "Revulsion against the counterculture accounted for more converts to neoconservatism than any other single factor."^[29] Ira Chernus, a professor at the University of Colorado, argues that the deepest root of the neoconservative movement is its fear that the counterculture would undermine the authority of traditional values and moral norms. Because neoconservatives believe that human nature is innately selfish, they believe that a society with no commonly accepted values based on religion or ancient tradition will end up in a war of all against all. They also believe that the most important social value is strength, especially the strength to control natural impulses. The only alternative, they assume, is weakness that will let impulses run riot and lead to social chaos.^[30] Woodstock: the iconic Sixties event The Sixties in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969 (see: 1960s), but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past 20 years. ... In sociology, counterculture is a term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group, or subculture, that run counter to those of the social mainstream of the day, the cultural equivalent of political opposition. ... The University of Colorado at Boulder (CU-Boulder, UCB officially[3]; Colorado and CU colloquially) is the flagship university of the University of Colorado System in Boulder, Colorado. ... Hobbes redirects here. ...

According to Peter Steinfels, a historian of the movement, the neoconservatives' "emphasis on foreign affairs emerged after the New Left and the counterculture had dissolved as convincing foils for neoconservatism . . . The essential source of their anxiety is not military or geopolitical or to be found overseas at all; it is domestic and cultural and ideological."^[31] Neoconservative foreign policy parallels their domestic policy. They insist that the U.S. military must be strong enough to control the world, or else the world will descend into chaos. Peter F. Steinfels (born in 1941) is an American journalist and educator best known for his writings on religious topics. ... The New Left is a term used in different countries to describe left-wing movements that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. ...

Believing that America should "export democracy," that is, spread its ideals of government, economics, and culture abroad, they grew to reject U.S. reliance on international organizations and treaties to accomplish these objectives. Compared to other U.S. conservatives, neoconservatives may be characterized by an idealist stance on foreign policy, a lesser social conservatism, and a much weaker dedication to a policy of minimal government, and, in the past, a greater acceptance of the welfare state, though none of these qualities are necessarily requisite. Main International Relations Theories and derivates Realism & Neorealism Idealism, Liberalism & Neoliberalism Marxism & Dependency theory Functionalism & Neofunctionalism Critical theory & Constructivism Former President of the United States Woodrow Wilson, considered to be a founder of idealism. ... A countrys foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how that particular country will interact with other countries of the world and, to a lesser extent, non-state actors. ... Ths article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... In civics, minarchism, sometimes called minimal statism or small government, is the view that the size, role and influence of government in a free society should be minimal — only large enough to protect the liberty and property of each individual. ...

Aggressive support for democracies and nation building is additionally justified by a belief that, over the long term, it will reduce the extremism that is a breeding ground for Islamic terrorism. Neoconservatives, along with many other political theorists, have argued that democratic regimes are less likely to instigate a war than a country with an authoritarian form of government. Further, they argue that the lack of freedoms, lack of economic opportunities, and the lack of secular general education in authoritarian regimes promotes radicalism and extremism. Consequently, neoconservatives advocate the spread of democracy to regions of the world where it currently does not prevail, most notably the Arab nations of the Middle East, communist China, North Korea and Iran. Nation-building refers to the process of constructing or structuring a nation using the power of the state, especially a foreign one. ... Extremism is a term used to describe the actions or ideologies of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society; or otherwise claimed to violate common standards of ethics and reciprocity. ... Islamist terrorism, sometimes called Islamic terrorism, is terrorism that is carried out to further the political and religious ambitions of a segment of the Muslim community. ... Arab States redirects here. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

Neoconservatives also have a very strong belief in the ability of the United States to install democracy after a conflict - comparisons with denazification in Germany and installing a democratic government in Japan starting in 1945 are often made - and they have a principled belief in defending democracies against aggression. This belief has guided U.S. policy in Iraq after the removal of the Saddam Hussein regime, where the U.S. insisted on organizing elections as soon as practical ^{[citation needed]}. Denazification (German: Entnazifizierung) was an Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society, culture, press, economy, judiciary and politics of any remnants of the Nazi regime. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq and Chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council from 1979 until his overthrow by US forces in 2003. ...

Distinctions from other conservatives

Most people currently described as "neoconservatives" are members of the Republican Party, but while neoconservatives have generally been in electoral alignment with other conservatives, have served in the same Presidential Administrations, and have often ignored intra-conservative ideological differences in alliance against those to their left, there are notable differences between neoconservative and traditional or "paleoconservative" views. In particular, neoconservatives disagree with the nativist, protectionist, and non-interventionist foreign policy rooted in American history and once exemplified by the ex-Republican "paleoconservative" Pat Buchanan. As compared with traditional conservatism and libertarianism, which also sometimes exhibits a non-interventionist strain, neoconservatism is characterized by an increased emphasis on defense capability, a willingness to challenge regimes deemed hostile to the values and interests of the United States, pressing for free-market policies abroad. Neoconservatives are strong believers in democratic peace theory. The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party, although one early citation described it as the Gallant Old Party) [1], is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over... Nonintervention or Non-interventionism is a foreign policy which holds that political rulers should avoid alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Patrick Joseph Buchanan (born November 2, 1938) is an American politician, author, syndicated columnist, and broadcaster. ... Nonintervention or Non-interventionism is a foreign policy which holds that political rulers should avoid alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense. ... The democratic peace theory, liberal peace theory,[1] or simply the democratic peace is a theory and related empirical research in international relations, political science, and philosophy which holds that democracies—usually, liberal democracies—never or almost never go to war with one another. ...

The support of neoconservatives for the civil rights movement also marked it off from traditional conservatism.^[10][6] Historically, various popular movements struggling for social justice and democratic rights since the Second World War were known as civil rights movement, most famously the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, which struggled for equal rights for African-Americans. ...

Neoconservatives also differ with the traditional "pragmatic" approach to foreign policy often associated with Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger, which emphasized pragmatic accommodation with dictators; peace through negotiations, diplomacy, and arms control; détente and containment—rather than rollback—of the Soviet Union; and the initiation of the process that led to ties between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the United States. Main International Relations Theories Politics Portal This box:      For other uses, see Realism (disambiguation). ... Nixon redirects here. ... Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German-born American politician, and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. ...

Criticism of the term "neoconservative"

Some of those identified as neoconservatives refuse to embrace the term. Critics argue that it lacks coherent definition, or that it is coherent only in a Cold War context. For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

Many writers, such as Barry Rubin, director of the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Institute, argue that the neoconservative label is used as a pejorative by anti-Semites: "neo-conservative" is a codeword for Jewish. Some^[Who?] claim that just as antisemites did with big business moguls in the nineteenth century and Communist leaders in the twentieth, the term is used to take all those involved in some aspect of public life and single out those who are Jewish, implying that this is a Jewish-led movement conducted not in the interests of all the, in this case, American people, but to the benefit of Jews, and in this case Israel.^[32] Barry Rubin is a professor at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) in Herzliya, Israel and the Director of the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center of the IDC. He is also Research Director of the IDC’s Lauder School of Government, Diplomacy, and Strategy; the editor of the journal Turkish... Anti-Semitism (alternatively spelled antisemitism) is hostility towards Jews (not: Semites - see the Misnomer section further on). ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...

Critics of Rubin's position might argue that because neoconservatives aren't necessarily Jewish, this criticism is not valid. As with the contested concept of the "New Anti-Semitism", these critics claim that it is anti-Semitic to identify support for Israel with the Jewish people. For example, according to Norman Finkelstein, it would be anti-Semitic "both to identify and not to identify Israel with Jews."^[33] New anti-Semitism is the concept of an international resurgence of attacks on Jewish symbols, as well as the acceptance of anti-Semitic beliefs and their expression in public discourse, coming simultaneously from three political directions: the radical left, Islamism, and the far-right. ... Norman Finkelstein on Democracy Now! Norman G. Finkelstein (born December 8, 1953) is an American professor of political science and author. ...

The fact that the use of the term "neoconservative" has rapidly risen since the 2003 Iraq War is cited by some conservatives as proof that the term is largely irrelevant in the long term. David Horowitz, a conservative author, offered this critique in a recent interview with an Italian newspaper: For other uses of the term, see Iraq war (disambiguation) The 2003 invasion of Iraq (also called the 2nd or 3rd Persian Gulf War) began on March 20, 2003, when forces belonging primarily to the United States and the United Kingdom invaded Iraq without the explicit backing of the United... David Horowitz is an American conservative writer and activist. ...

[Neo-conservatism] is a term almost exclusively used by the enemies of America's liberation of Iraq. There is no "neo-conservative" movement in the United States. When there was one, it was made up of former Democrats who embraced the welfare state but supported Ronald Reagan's Cold War policies against the Soviet bloc. Today "neo-conservatism" identifies those who believe in an aggressive policy against radical Islam and the global terrorists.^{[citation needed]}

Many other supposed neoconservatives, similarly, believe that the term has been adopted by the political left to stereotype supporters of U.S. foreign policy under the George W. Bush administration, or as a conspiracy theory, saying the term is used simply to label Jews in a negative way, or to downcast any support given of Israel or some supposed Jewish tenet often associating Jews with control of the media, the entertainment industry, the government of the United States of America, or the concept of capitalism. Paul Wolfowitz has denounced the term as a meaningless label, saying: For other uses, see Stereotype (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Conspiracy theory (disambiguation). ...

[If] you read the Middle Eastern press, it seems to be a euphemism for some kind of nefarious Zionist conspiracy. But I think that, in my view it's very important to approach [foreign policy] not from a doctrinal point of view. I think almost every case I know is different. Indonesia is different from the Philippines. Iraq is different from Indonesia. I think there are certain principles that I believe are American principles – both realism and idealism. I guess I'd like to call myself a democratic realist. I don't know if that makes me a neo-conservative or not.

Jonah Goldberg and others have rejected the label as trite and over-used, arguing "There's nothing 'neo' about me: I was never anything other than conservative." Other critics have similarly argued the term has been rendered meaningless through excessive and inconsistent use. For example, Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld are often identified as leading "neoconservatives" despite the fact that both men have ostensibly been life-long conservative Republicans (though Cheney has been vocally supportive of the ideas of Irving Kristol). Such critics thus largely reject the claim that there is a neoconservative movement separate from traditional American conservatism. Jonah Jacob Goldberg (born March 21, 1969), is an American political commentator and writer. ... Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941), is the 46th and current Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush. ... Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is a businessman, a U.S. Republican politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President Gerald Ford from 1975 to 1977, and the 21st Secretary of Defense under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2006. ... Irving Kristol (born January 22, 1920, New York City) is considered the founder of American neoconservatism. ...

Other traditional conservatives are likewise skeptical of the contemporary usage of the term, and may dislike being associated with the stereotypes, or even the supposed agendas of neoconservatism. Conservative columnist David Harsanyi wrote, "These days, it seems that even temperate support for military action against dictators and terrorists qualifies you a neocon."^[34] David Harsanyi is a columnist at The Denver Post [1]. In addition to a thrice-weekly column, his writings on politics and culture have appeared in The Wall Street Journal, Weekly Standard, National Review, New York Press, Christian Science Monitor, Jerusalem Post, Toronto Globe & Mail, The Hill, Associated Press, Sports...

Criticism

The term is frequently used pejoratively by self-described paleoconservatives, Democrats, and by libertarians of both left and right. A word or phrase is pejorative or derogatory (sometimes misspelled perjorative) if it expresses contempt or disapproval; dyslogistic (noun: dyslogism) is used synonymously (antonyms: meliorative, eulogistic, noun eulogism). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... See also Libertarianism and Libertarian Party Libertarian,is a term for person who has made a conscious and principled commitment, evidenced by a statement or Pledge, to forswear violating others rights and usually living in voluntary communities: thus in law no longer subject to government supervision. ...

Critics take issue with neoconservatives' support for aggressive foreign policy; critics from the left especially take issue with what they characterize as unilateralism and lack of concern with international consensus through organizations such as the United Nations.^[35][36][37] Neoconservatives respond by describing their shared view as a belief that national security is best attained by promoting freedom and democracy abroad through the support of pro-democracy movements, foreign aid and in certain cases military intervention. This is a departure from the traditional conservative tendency to support friendly regimes in matters of trade and anti-communism even at the expense of undermining existing democratic systems. Author Paul Berman in his book Terror and Liberalism describes it as, "Freedom for others means safety for ourselves. Let us be for freedom for others." Left wing redirects here. ... Look up Unilateralism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... Paul Berman is a prominent liberal American intellectual. ...

Jacobinism, Bolshevism

The "traditional" conservative Claes G. Ryn has argued that neoconservatives are "a variety of neo-Jacobins." Ryn maintains that true conservatives deny the existence of a universal political and economic philosophy and model that is suitable for all societies and cultures, and believe that a society's institutions should be adjusted to suit its culture, while Neo-Jacobins Claes Gösta Ryn (born 12 June 1943) is Professor of Politics at The Catholic University of America. ... In the context of the French Revolution, a Jacobin originally meant a member of the Jacobin Club (1789-1794), but even at that time, the term Jacobins had been popularly applied to all promulgators of extreme revolutionary opinions: for example, Jacobin democracy is synonymous with totalitarian democracy. ...

are attached in the end to ahistorical, supranational principles that they believe should supplant the traditions of particular societies. The new Jacobins see themselves as on the side of right and fighting evil and are not prone to respecting or looking for common ground with countries that do not share their democratic preferences. (Ryn 2003: 387)

Further examining the relationship between Neoconservatism and moral rhetoric, Ryn argues that

Neo-Jacobinism regards America as founded on universal principles and assigns to the United States the role of supervising the remaking of the world. Its adherents have the intense dogmatic commitment of true believers and are highly prone to moralistic rhetoric. They demand, among other things, "moral clarity" in dealing with regimes that stand in the way of America's universal purpose. They see themselves as champions of "virtue." (p. 384).

Thus, according to Ryn, neoconservatism is analogous to Bolshevism: in the same way that the Bolsheviks wanted to destroy established ways of life throughout the world to replace them with communism, the neoconservatives want to do the same, only imposing free-market capitalism and American-style liberal democracy instead of socialism. For other uses, see Bolshevik (disambiguation). ...

Colonel Lawrence Wilkerson, former chief of staff to U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell, had the following to say in a December, 2005 interview with the German weekly Der Spiegel: "They are not new conservatives. They're Jacobins. Their predecessor is French Revolution leader Maximilien Robespierre."^[38] Colonel Lawrence B. Wilkerson (US Army, retired) was the chief of staff to United States Secretary of State Colin Powell. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Maximilien François Marie Odenthalius Isidore de Robespierre [1] (IPA: ; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) is one of the best-known leaders of the French Revolution. ...

Conflict with libertarian conservatives

There is also conflict between neoconservatives and libertarian conservatives. Libertarian conservatives are ideologically opposed to the expansiveness of federal government programs and regard neoconservative foreign policy ambitions with outspoken distrust. They view the neoconservative promotion of preemptive war as morally unjust, dangerous to the preservation of a free society, and against the principles of the Constitution. See also Libertarianism and Libertarian Party Libertarian,is a term for person who has made a conscious and principled commitment, evidenced by a statement or Pledge, to forswear violating others rights and usually living in voluntary communities: thus in law no longer subject to government supervision. ...

Friction with paleoconservatism

Main article: Neoconservative - Paleoconservative Conflict

Disputes over Israel and public policy contributed to a sharp conflict with "paleoconservatives," starting in the 1980s. The movement's name ("old conservative") was taken as a rebuke to the "neo" side. The "paleocons" view the neoconservatives as "militarist social democrats" and interlopers who deviate from traditional conservatism agenda on issues as diverse as federalism, immigration, foreign policy, the welfare state, and in some cases abortion, feminism and homosexuality. All of this leads to a debate over what counts as conservatism.^{[citation needed]} Starting in the 1980s, two factions in the American Conservative movement began quarrelling with one another: neoconservatives and paleoconservatives. ... The term paleoconservative (sometimes shortened to paleo or paleocon when the context is clear) refers to an American branch of conservative Old Right thought that stands against both the mainstream tradition of the National Review magazine and the neoconservatives. ... For theological federalism, see Covenant Theology. ... A countrys foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how that particular country will interact with other countries of the world and, to a lesser extent, non-state actors. ... There are three main interpretations of the idea of a welfare state: the provision of welfare services by the state. ... Feminists redirects here. ... Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ...

The paleoconservatives argue that neoconservatives are an illegitimate addition to the conservative movement. Pat Buchanan calls neoconservatism "a globalist, interventionist, open borders ideology."^[39] The open rift is often traced back to a 1981 dispute over Ronald Reagan's nomination of Mel Bradford, a Southerner, to run the National Endowment for the Humanities. Bradford withdrew after neoconservatives complained that he had criticized Abraham Lincoln; the paleoconservatives supported Bradford. Patrick Joseph Buchanan (born November 2, 1938) is an American politician, author, syndicated columnist, and broadcaster. ... Melvin E. Mel Bradford was a conservative political commentator and professor of literature at the University of Dallas. ... The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent federal agency of the United States established by the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965 (Pub. ... For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation). ...

In addition, paleolibertarianism is a parallel movement that stresses free market economics. Paleolibertarianism is a school of thought within American libertarianism founded by Lew Rockwell and Murray Rothbard, and closely associated with the Ludwig von Mises Institute. ... A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy...

'Frictions between NeoConservatives in Europe...'

...will certainly comes with the launching (in Brussels, on Sept. 11 - 2007) of "HANSAKYRKA" a Think Tank for an Hanseatic Neo-Conservative Revolution - http://hansakyrka.freehostia.com
Indeed, this newly launched Think Tank is breaking numerous old "conservative" clichés :
- with their reference to an Hanseatic Revival, they are more Northern-Europeans before Europeans
- they feel as well brothers from North-East Europeans than from WASP, Scan & German related culture in USA and in the world
- they are not Christian, promote a sort of "sociologic phylosophy" but approve the Christian familial-centered attitude
- they place the Jews on their side of civilized people, together against the dogmatic of an archaïc and terroristic islamic danger
- they refer to the "constructive" "Rhineland Social Model" also named 'Rhineland's Capitalism" by opposition to "Speculative Int'l Capitalism"
- they speak about doubling the Salvation Army by a "Hansa Marine" in order to promote social help to 4th World of their own countries

Criticism in popular culture

Music

• The Rolling Stones' song "Sweet Neo Con", from the A Bigger Bang album (2005), is critical of American Neoconservatism, with implied references to the Iraq War, Halliburton, George W. Bush, and Condoleezza Rice.
• The Offspring's 2003 album, Splinter, included the song "Neocon". The song's lyrics, though defiant, are vague. However, it is generally assumed to be referring to George W. Bush, since The Offspring have been critical of him (both vocally and lyrically) in the past.
• Pro-Pain has a song critical of neo-conservatives entitled, "Neo Con".

Rolling Stones redirects here. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Haliburton. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is the 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. ... For other uses, see Offspring (disambiguation). ... Splinter is the seventh studio album by The Offspring, released on December 9, 2003. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... The subject of this article may not satisfy the notability guideline or one of the following guidelines for inclusion on Wikipedia: Biographies, Books, Companies, Fiction, Music, Neologisms, Numbers, Web content, or several proposals for new guidelines. ...

Parodies

• Andrew Hearst, "Help the Warmongers Help Themselves", Vanity Fair, October 2006.

Related publications and institutions

Institutions

• American Enterprise Institute
• Bradley Foundation
• Foundation for Defense of Democracies
• Henry Jackson Society
• Hudson Institute
• HANSAKYRKA - Think Tank for an Hanseatic Neo-Conservative Revolution - http://hansakyrka.freehostia.com
• Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
• Project for the New American Century
• Strategic Studies Group GEES

The American Enterprise Institutes Logo The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI) is a neoconservative think tank, founded in 1943. ... The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is a large and influential foundation with about half a billion US dollars in assets. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... The Henry Jackson Society is a non-partisan society or think tank (with tax-exempt charity status) that aims to promote democratic geopolitics. It is based at Peterhouse, a college of the University of Cambridge, in the United Kingdom. ... The Hudson Institute is a right-leaning U.S. think tank, founded in 1961 in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, by the futurist Herman Kahn and other colleagues from the RAND Corporation. ... The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA) is a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit think-tank focusing on issues of United States national security. ... Project for the New American Centurys Logo The Project for the New American Century (PNAC) is an American neoconservative think tank based in Washington, D.C., co-founded as a non-profit educational organization by William Kristol and Robert Kagan in early 1997. ...

Publications

• Commentary
• Weekly Standard

Political magazines featuring neoconservative ideas: // Commentary, a monthly magazine founded by the American Jewish Committee in 1945, bills itself as Americas premier monthly magazine of opinion. ... The Weekly Standard is an American Conservative political magazine published 48 times per year. ...

• Front Page Magazine
• The National Interest
• National Review
• Policy Review
• The Public Interest

FrontPageMag. ... The National Interest is a prominent quarterly international affairs journal, founded in 1985 by Irving Kristol and currently published by the Nixon Center. ... National Review (NR) is a biweekly magazine of political opinion, founded by author William F. Buckley, Jr. ... Policy Review is one of Americas leading conservative journals. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into The_Public_Interest_Magazine. ...

See also

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Neoconservatism

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... Cover of The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order The Clash of Civilizations is a theory, proposed by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington, that peoples cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. ... “City College” redirects here. ... Daniel Pipes in Copenhagen Daniel Pipes (born September 9, 1949) is an American historian and analyst who specializes in the Middle East. ... Francis Fukuyama Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama (born October 27, 1952, Chicago, Illinois) is an American philosopher, political economist and author. ... The rise of multinational corporations and outsourcing have played a crucial part in globalization. ... Irving Kristol (born January 22, 1920, New York City) is considered the founder of American neoconservatism. ... Islamic fundamentalism is a term used to describe religious ideologies seen as advocating literalistic interpretations of the texts of Islam and of Sharia law. ... Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941), is the 46th and current Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush. ... Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973), was a German-born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical political philosophy. ... Neoconservatism in Canada is the new strand of Conservatism found within Canada. ... Neoconservatism in Japan, also known as the neo-defense school, is a term used by Asian media only recently to refer to a hawkish new generation of Japanese conservatives. ... Starting in the 1980s, two factions in the American Conservative movement began quarrelling with one another: neoconservatives and paleoconservatives. ... Sidney Hook (December 20, 1902–July 12, 1989) was a prominent New York intellectual and philosopher who championed pragmatism. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, working on issues of international economic development, Africa and public-private partnerships. ... Notable men called Alex Jones: Alex Jones (U.S. journalist) Alex Jones (British playwright) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with neoconservatism. ... Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ... Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ... The term Jewish right represents Jews who identify with or support right wing or conservative causes. ... For the school of international relations, see Neoliberalism in international relations. ... The Euston Manifesto (pron. ...

External links

Notes

This article concerns the British newspaper. ... The National Security Council (NSC) of the United States is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. ... Fritz Richard Stern (1926- ) is an American historian of German history, Jewish history, and historiography. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Ben-GÅ«ryōn Avenue in the centre of Herzliyyāh, facing north towards Sōkōlōv Street (1998) Herzliya (in Hebrew: הֶרְצְלִיָּה, without Niqqud: הרצלייה, commonly pronounced in Hebrew as Hertseliya) is a city in Israel, on the central coastal strip in the south of the Sharon region, just north... Norman Finkelstein on Democracy Now! Norman G. Finkelstein (born December 8, 1953) is an American professor of political science and author. ... Michael Kinsley (born March 9, 1951 in Detroit, Michigan) is a veteran American political journalist and commentator, currently serving as Editorial and Opinion Editor at the Los Angeles Times (since April 2004) (though he announced in July 2005 that he would assume a reduced, but as-yet-undefined, role). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Rich Lowry on C-SPAN Rich Lowry (born 1968 in Arlington, Virginia) is editor of the conservative monthly magazine, National Review. ... Jeane Kirkpatrick Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick (November 19, 1926 â€“ December 7, 2006) was an American ambassador and an ardent anticommunist. ...

References

• Lawrence Auster, Buchanan's White Whale, FrontPageMag, March 19, 2004. Accessed online 16 September 2006.
• Joyce Battle, ed., Shaking Hands with Saddam Hussein: The U.S. Tilts toward Iraq, 1980-1984, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82 February 25, 2003. Accessed online 16 September 2006.
• Patrick J. Buchanan, Whose War, The American Conservative, March 24, 2003. Accessed online 16 September 2006.
• George W. Bush, Gerhard Schroeder, et al., Transcript: Bush, Schroeder Roundtable With German Professionals, The Washington Post, February 23, 2005. Accessed online 16 September 2006.
• Ira Chernus, Monsters To Destroy: The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2006. ISBN 1-59451-276-0
• John Dean, Worse Than Watergate: The Secret Presidency of George W. Bush (Little. Brown, 2004) ISBN 0-316-00023-X (hardback) -- Deeply critical account of neo-conservatism in the administration of George W. Bush.
• David Frum, Unpatriotic Conservatives, March 19, 2003, National Review online. The piece appears in the April 7, 2003, issue of National Review. Accessed online 16 September 2006.
• Mark Gerson, ed., The Essential Neo-Conservative Reader (Perseus Publishing, 1997) ISBN 0-201-15488-9 (paperback) or ISBN 0-201-47968-0 (hardback)
• Mark Gerson, Norman's Conquest: A Commentary on the Podhoretz Legacy, Policy Review, Fall 1995, Number 74. Accessed online 16 September 2006.
• John Gray, Black Mass, (Allen Lane 2007) ISBN 978-0-713-99915-0
• Jim Hanson, The Decline of the American Empire, (Praeger Publishers, 1993) ISBN 0-275-94480-8
• Halper, Stefan & Clarke, Jonathan, America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order (Cambridge University Press, 2004) ISBN 0-521-83834-7
• Robert Kagan et al., Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy (Encounter Books, 2000) ISBN 1-893554-16-3.
• Kristol, Irving. Neo-Conservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea: Selected Essays 1949-1995. New York: The Free Press, 1995. ISBN 0028740211 (10). ISBN 978-0028740218 (13). (Hardcover ed.) Rpt. as Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea. New York: Ivan R. Dee Publisher, 1999. ISBN 1-56663-228-5 (10). (Paperback ed.)
• –––. "What Is a Neoconservative?" Newsweek, January 19, 1976.
• Kalle Lasn, Why won't anyone say they are Jewish?, Adbusters, March/April 2004. Accessed online 16 September 2006.
• Michael Lind, "A Tragedy of Errors", The Nation, February 23, 2004, 23-32.
• Tod Lindberg, "Neoconservatism's Liberal Legacy." Policy Review, 127 (2004): 3-22.
• James Mann, Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet. (2004) Viking. ISBN 0-670-03299-9 (cloth)
• Sam Manuel, Jew-hatred, red-baiting: heart of claims of ‘neocon’ conspiracy, The Militant (U.S.), June 28, 2004. Accessed online 16 September 2006.
• Georg Mascolo, "A Leaderless, Directionless Superpower": interview with Ex-Powell aide Wilkerson, Spiegel Online, December 6, 2005. Accessed 16 September 2006.
• Joshua Muravchik, "Renegades" Commentary, October 1, 2002. Bibliographical information is available online, the article itself is not.
• Joshua Muravchik, "The Neoconservative Cabal", Commentary, September, 2003. Bibliographical information is available online, the article itself is not.
• Joseph Prueher, letter with U.S. apology to China over spy plane incident, April 11, 2001. Reptroduced on sinomania.com. Accessed online 16 September 2006.
• Norman Podhoretz, The Norman Podhoretz Reader. New York: Free Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-3661-0
• Michael C. Ruppert, Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil, New Society Publishers, 2004. ISBN 0-86571-540-8
• Claes G. Ryn, America the Virtuous: The Crisis of Democracy and the Quest for Empire. Transaction Publishers, 2003. ISBN 0-7658-0219-8 (cloth).
• Irwin Stelzer (ed), Neoconservatism, Atlantic Books 2004
• Grant F. Smith, Deadly Dogma: How Neoconservatives Broke the Law to Deceive America, ISBN 0-9764437-4-0
• Stephen Solarz et al., Open Letter to the President, February 19, 1998, online at IraqWatch.org. Accessed 16 September 2006.
• Peter Steinfels. The Neoconservatives: The Men Who Are Changing America's Politics. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979.) ISBN 0-671-22665-7.
• Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History. (University of Chicago Press, 1999) ISBN 0-226-77694-8.
• Leo Strauss, The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism. (University of Chicago Press, 1989) ISBN 0-226-77715-4.
• Jay Tolson, The New American Empire?, U.S. News, January 13, 2003. Accessed online 16 September 2006.
• Joseph Wilson, The Politics of Truth. (2004) Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-1378-X.
• Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack. (2004) Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5547-X.
• Wes Vernon China Plane Incident Sparks Re-election Drives of Security-minded Senators, NewsMax.com, April 7, 2001. Accessed online 16 September 2006.

The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1985 by Thomas Blanton, it archives and publishes declassified U.S. government files concerning selected topics of American foreign policy. ... Patrick Buchanan Patrick Joseph Buchanan (born November 2, 1938), usually known as Pat Buchanan, is an American conservative journalist and a well known television political commentator. ... John Dean, May 7, 1972. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Professor John N. Gray John N. Gray (born April 17, 1948) in South Shields, County Durham, is a prominent British political philosopher and author, currently School Professor of European Thought at the London School of Economics. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... Robert Kagan (born September 26, 1958) is an American neoconservative scholar and political commentator. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full 2000 Gregorian calendar). ... Irving Kristol (born January 22, 1920, New York City) is considered the founder of American neoconservatism. ... This article is about the year. ... The Newsweek logo Newsweek is a weekly news magazine published in New York City and distributed throughout the United States and internationally. ... is the 19th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Nation logo The Nation is a weekly left-liberal periodical devoted to politics and culture. ... is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Norman Podhoretz (b. ... Michael Ruppert is the Editor/Founder of From The Wilderness, a newsletter and website dedicated to revealing political cover-ups. ... Claes Gösta Ryn (born 12 June 1943) is Professor of Politics at The Catholic University of America. ... Irwin M. Stelzer (born 1932) is an American economist. ... Stephen J. Solarz is a member of the Intellibridge Expert Network and Vice-Chairman of International Crisis Group. ... Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973), was a German-born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical political philosophy. ... This article is about the year. ... Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973), was a German-born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical political philosophy. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... This page is for the diplomat. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bob Woodward signs his book State of Denial after a talk in March 2007. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• The NeoCon Reader, edited by Irwin Stelzer, ISBN 0-8021-4193-5
• The Neoconservative Vision, Mark Gerson, ISBN 1-56833-100-2.
• Neocon Middle East Policy: The 'Clean Break' Plan Damage Assessment, edited by Grant F. Smith, ISBN 0-9764437-3-2
• Neoconservatism: Why We Need It, Douglas Murray, ISBN 1-59403-147-9
• The Neoconservative Mind, Gary Dorrien, ISBN 1-56639-019-2
• Monsters To Destroy: The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin, Ira Chernus, ISBN 1-59451-276-0
• John Ehrman, The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectual and Foreign Affairs 1945—1994, Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-3000-6870-0.
• Murray Friedman. The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy. Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0521545013.

Irwin M. Stelzer (born 1932) is an American economist. ...

History of neoconservatism

• Christian Science Monitor: Neocon 101
• Michael Lind. How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington, Salon.com, April 9, 2003.
• Jack R. Fischel, The Rise of Neoconservatism (book review).
• Benjamin Ross, "Who Named the Neocons?" Dissent Summer 2007

Michael Lind is an American journalist and historian, currently the Whitehead Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation. ...

Who is neoconservative?

• Max Boot. What the Heck Is a 'Neocon'? An attempt to deny, in sharp contrast to Kristol, the very existence of neoconservatism
• Zachary Selden, Director of the Defence and Security Committee of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly: Neoconservatives and the American Mainstream
• Bill Steigerwald: So, what is a 'neocon'?
• Irwin Stelzer: Nailing the neocon myth.
• The Christian Science Monitor, "Neoconservatism: Key Figures."

Max Boot (born 1969 in Moscow, Soviet Union) is an American author, editorialist, lecturer and military historian. ... This article is about the military alliance. ...

Explanations of neoconservative ideas

• Irving Kristol. The Neoconservative Persuasion
• The Christian Science Monitor, "Q&A: Neocon power examined." (Max Boot discusses the extent of neoconservative influence with The Christian Science Monitor.)

Irving Kristol (born January 22, 1920, New York City) is considered the founder of American neoconservatism. ...

Critiques of neoconservative ideas

• Francis Fukuyama, After Neoconservatism - archived copy of original New York Times article. Links to a PDF of the article from the NYT website.
• International Relations Center's RightWeb - critical analysis and biographies of important neoconservatives.
• Alexander S. Peak. Conservative Socialism. A libertarian critique of neoconservatism, likening it to socialism. LewRockwell.com

See also Libertarianism and Libertarian Party Libertarian,is a term for person who has made a conscious and principled commitment, evidenced by a statement or Pledge, to forswear violating others rights and usually living in voluntary communities: thus in law no longer subject to government supervision. ... Socialism is a broad array of ideologies and political movements with the goal of a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. ... Header image from LewRockwell. ...

Conservative criticism of neoconservatism

• Paul Gottfried: What’s In A Name? The Curious Case Of “Neoconservative”
• Conservatives, Neoconservatives, Paleoconservatives: What Next? by Paul Gottfried.
• Claes G. Ryn, "The Ideology of American Empire". Orbis 47 (2003), 383-397. A longer and more scholarly traditional conservative critique.
• Zmirak, J.P., "America the Abstraction," A conservative critique of neoconservatism.
• Why do NeoCons hate France? Why real conservatives should be pro-France.
• Nation or Notion? by Patrick J. Buchanan
• Strauss & the Straussians by Paul Gottfried.
• Strauss & History by Claes G Ryn.
• William Norman Grigg. Neoconservative fascism. A paleolibertarian critique of neoconservatism, likening it to fascism. LewRockwell.com

Paul Gottfried Paul Edward Gottfried is Raffensperger Professor of Humanities at Elizabethtown College and a Guggenheim recipient. ... Claes Gösta Ryn (born 12 June 1943) is Professor of Politics at The Catholic University of America. ... William Norman Grigg is the senior editor and a prolific contributer to The New American, the official magazine of the John Birch Society. ... Paleolibertarianism is a school of thought within libertarianism founded by Murray Rothbard and Lew Rockwell, and closely associated with the Ludwig von Mises Institute. ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and other societal interests subordinate to the interests of the state. ... Header image from LewRockwell. ...

Neoconservatism, Leo Strauss, and Trotskyism

• Ben Jelloun, Mohammed, Swans.com: Wilsonian Or Straussian Post-Cold War Idealism? - a postcolonial-Nietzschean view)
• Shadia Drury. Leo Strauss and the neoconservatives, Evatt Foundation, September 11, 2004 - claims Strauss inspired the neocon movement
• Benjamin Balint, Review of The Truth About Leo Strauss
• Ami Eden, "Now it's Trotsky's fault?", The Forward - a sceptical look at the existence of a Trotskyist-Neoconservative link.
• Bill King, Neoconservatives and Trotskyism - challenges the view that there is a relation between the neocons and Trotskyism
• Justin Raimondo, Trotsky, Strauss, and the Neocons, Antiwar.com, June 13, 2003 - alleges neoconservatism is a conspiracy inspired by Leo Strauss and Max Shachtman
• Justin Raimondo, The Imperial Delusion, Antiwar.com, 2006
• Ben Ross, George Bush's Philosophers - left-liberal account of neoconservatism's origins
• Alan Wald, Debate with Michael Lind on neoconservatism and Trotskyism History News Network
• Monty Cantsin, The Philosophy of Leo Strauss: Oligarchs with Myths - Left-wing account of the Neocon development and influence
• Logos Spring 2004 Issue: Confronting Neoconservatism - several articles on the different aspects of neoconservatism.

Postcolonial theory is a literary theory or critical approach that deals with literature produced in countries that were once, or are now, colonies of other countries. ... In the television series Andromeda, the Nietzscheans are a race of genetically engineered humans who quite religiously follow the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, Social Darwinism and Dawkinite genetic competitiveness. ... Shadia B. Drury (1950-) is a Canadian academic and political commentator. ... The Forward is a Jewish-American newspaper published in New York. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Antiwar. ... Antiwar. ... Monty Cantsin is a multiple identity that anyone can adopt, but has close ties to Neoism. ...

Neoconservatism and Jews

• Kevin B. MacDonald, Neoconservatism and American Jewry in Occidental Quarterly
• Gorin, Julia, "Blame It on Neo," OpinionJournal. September 23, 2004 - "Just because we call ourselves "neocons," it doesn't mean you can."
• Robert J. Lieber, The Left's Neocon Conspiracy Theory, Chronicle of Higher Education
• Jim Lobe. Attacking Neo-Cons From the Right (Review of America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order, a critique by two center-right authors)
• Murray Friedman. The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy. Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0521545013.

Kevin B. MacDonald Kevin B. MacDonald, (born January 24, 1944) is a professor of psychology at California State University, Long Beach, best known for his use of evolutionary psychology to inform his study of Judaism as being what he claims is a group evolutionary strategy. MacDonalds most controversial claim... The Occidental Quarterly is a white nationalist journal that seeks to direct American conservatism in the direction of an Anglo-Saxon cultural and racialist ideology. ... OpinionJournal. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Documentaries

• Adam Curtis, The Power of Nightmares (BBC), [1]