FACTOID # 15: Most people live in poverty in most African countries.
 
 Home   Encyclopedia   Statistics   Countries A-Z   Flags   Maps   Education   Forum   FAQ   About 
 
WHAT'S NEW
RELATED ARTICLES
People who viewed "Neuropathy" also viewed:
RECENT ARTICLES
More Recent Articles »
 

SEARCH ALL

FACTS & STATISTICS    Advanced view

Search encyclopedia, statistics and forums:

 

 

(* = Graphable)

 

 


Encyclopedia > Neuropathy
Neuropathy
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 G56. - G63.,
G90.0, G99.0
ICD-9 337.0-337.1,
356-357, 377
eMedicine topic list

Neuropathy is usually short for peripheral neuropathy. Peripheral neuropathy is defined as deranged function and structure of peripheral motor, sensory, and autonomic neurons, involving either the entire neuron or selected levels.[1] The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // G00-G99 - Diseases of the nervous system (G00-G09) Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (G00) Bacterial meningitis, not elsewhere classified (G01) Meningitis in bacterial diseases classified elsewhere (G02) Meningitis in other infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhere (G03) Meningitis due to other and unspecified causes (G04) Encephalitis, myelitis... // G00-G99 - Diseases of the nervous system (G00-G09) Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (G00) Bacterial meningitis, not elsewhere classified (G01) Meningitis in bacterial diseases classified elsewhere (G02) Meningitis in other infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhere (G03) Meningitis due to other and unspecified causes (G04) Encephalitis, myelitis... // G00-G99 - Diseases of the nervous system (G00-G09) Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (G00) Bacterial meningitis, not elsewhere classified (G01) Meningitis in bacterial diseases classified elsewhere (G02) Meningitis in other infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhere (G03) Meningitis due to other and unspecified causes (G04) Encephalitis, myelitis... // G00-G99 - Diseases of the nervous system (G00-G09) Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (G00) Bacterial meningitis, not elsewhere classified (G01) Meningitis in bacterial diseases classified elsewhere (G02) Meningitis in other infectious and parasitic diseases classified elsewhere (G03) Meningitis due to other and unspecified causes (G04) Encephalitis, myelitis... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... Peripheral neuropathy is the term for damage to nerves of the peripheral nervous system, which may be caused either by diseases of the nerve or from the side-effects of systemic illness. ...

Contents

Classification

The four cardinal patterns of peripheral neuropathy are polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex and autonomic neuropathy. The most common form is (symmetrical) peripheral polyneuropathy, which mainly affects the feet and legs. Polyneuropathy is a neurological disorder that occurs when many peripheral nerves throughout the body malfunction simultaneously. ... Mononeuropathy (or mononeuritis) is a type of neuropathy that only affects a single peripheral or cranial nerve. ... Mononeuritis multiplex is the clinical picture that arises from problems with multiple individual nerves serially or almost simultaneously. ... Autonomic neuropathy is a disease of the non-voluntary, non-sensory nervous system affecting mostly the internal organs such as the bladder muscles, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract, and the genital organs. ... For other uses, see Foot (disambiguation). ... In common usage, a human leg is the lower limb of the body, extending from the hip to the ankle, and including the thigh, the knee, and the cnemis. ...


A radiculopathy involves spinal nerve roots, but if peripheral nerves are also involved the term radiculoneuropathy is used. Radiculopathy is not a specific condition, but rather a description of a problem in which one or more nerves are affected and do not work properly. ...


The form of neuropathy may be further broken down by cause, or the size of predominant fiber involvement, i.e. large fiber or small fiber peripheral neuropathy. Frequently the cause of a neuropathy cannot be identified and it is designated idiopathic. Small fiber peripheral neuropathy is a type of neuropathy. ... Idiopathic means arising spontaneously or from an obscure or unknown cause. ...


Neuropathy may be associated with varying combinations of weakness, autonomic changes and sensory changes. Loss of muscle bulk or fasciculations, a particular fine twitching of muscle may be seen. Sensory symptoms encompass loss of sensation and "positive" phenomena including pain. This wikipedia entry will focus on the painful aspects of neurological conditions. Readers interested in a more detailed discussion of peripheral neuropathy should follow the links to the main entry. Peripheral neuropathy is the term for damage to nerves of the peripheral nervous system, which may be caused either by diseases of the nerve or from the side-effects of systemic illness. ...


Neuropathic pain

See also: Neuralgia

According to the most widely accepted definition, neuropathic pain is "initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system."[2] As much as 3% of the population is affected.[3] Neuralgia is a painful disorder of the nerves. ...


Neuropathic pain may result from disorders of the peripheral nervous system or the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Thus, neuropathic pain may be divided into peripheral neuropathic pain, central neuropathic pain or mixed (peripheral and central) neuropathic pain.


Central neuropathic pain is found in spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and some strokes. Fibromyalgia, a disorder of chronic widespread pain, is potentially a central pain disorder and is responsive to medications effective for neuropathic pain.[4]


Aside from diabetes (see Diabetic neuropathy) and other metabolic conditions, the common causes of painful peripheral neuropathies are herpes zoster infection, HIV-related neuropathies, nutritional deficiencies, toxins, remote manifestations of malignancies, genetic and immune mediated disorders.[5][6] Diabetic neuropathies are neuropathic disorders that are associated with diabetes mellitus. ... Shingles redirects here, for other uses of the term, see Shingle. ...


Neuropathic pain is common in cancer as a direct result of cancer on peripheral nerves (e.g., compression by a tumor), as a side effect of some chemotherapy drugs, and as a result of radiation injury. Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... Chemotherapy, in its most general sense, refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells, specifically those of micro-organisms or cancer. ...


Symptoms

Neuropathy often results in numbness, abnormal sensations called dysesthesias and allodynias that occur either spontaneously or in reaction to external stimuli, and a characteristic form of pain, called neuropathic pain or neuralgia, that is qualitatively different from the ordinary nociceptive pain one might experience from stubbing a toe. Dysaesthesia (dysesthesia in American English) is a tactile hallucination. ... Allodynia, meaning other pain, is an exaggerated response to otherwise non-noxious stimuli and can be either static or mechanical. ... Pain is both a sensory and emotional experience, generally associated tissue damage, or inflammation. ...


Neuropathic pain may have continuous and/or episodic (paroxysmal) components. The latter are likened to an electric shock. Common qualities of the pain include burning or coldness, "pins and needles" sensations, numbness and itching. "Ordinary" pain results from exclusive stimulation of pain fibers, while neuropathic pain often results from the firing of both pain and non-pain (touch, warm, cool) sensory nerve fibers serving the same area. The result is signals that the spinal cord and brain do not normally receive.


Treatments for neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain can be very difficult to treat with only some 40-60% of patients achieving partial relief.[7]


Deciding on the best treatment for individual patients challenges both the art and science of medicine. Attempts to synthesize scientific studies into best practices are limited by such factors as differences in reference populations and a lack of head-to-head studies. Furthermore, there are few studies evaluating treatment combinations or the special needs of children.


It is common practice in medicine to designate classes of medication according to their most common or familiar use e.g. as "antidepressants" and "anti-epileptic drugs" (AED's). These drugs have alternate uses to treat pain because the human nervous system employs common mechanisms for different functions, for example ion channels for impulse generation and neurotransmitters for cell-to-cell signaling. Ion channels are present in the membranes that surround all biological cells. ...


In addition to the work of Dworkin, O'Connor and Backonja et al., cited above, there have been several recent attempts to derive guidelines for pharmacological therapy.[8][9] These have combined evidence from randomized controlled trials with expert opinion. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a form of clinical trial, or scientific procedure used in the testing of the efficacy of medicines or medical procedures. ...


Favored treatments are certain antidepressants e.g tricyclics and selective serotonin-norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors (SNRI's), anticonvulsants, especially pregabalin (Lyrica) and gabapentin (Neurontin), and topical lidocaine. Opioid analgesics and tramadol are recognized as useful agents but are not recommended as first line treatments. Chemical structure of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline. ... The anticonvulsants, sometimes also called antiepileptics, belong to a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in prevention of the occurrence of epileptic seizures. ... Pregabalin (brand name: Lyrica®) is a new anticonvulsant drug indicated as an add on therapy for partial onset seizures and for certain types of neuropathic pain. ... Gabapentin (brand name Neurontin) is a medication originally developed for the treatment of epilepsy. ... Lidocaine (INN) (IPA: ) or lignocaine (former BAN) (IPA: ) is a common local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug. ... An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. ... Tramadol (INN) (IPA: ) is an atypical opioid which is a centrally acting analgesic, used for treating moderate to severe pain. ...


Many of the pharmacologic treatments for chronic neuropathic pain decrease the sensitivity of nociceptive receptors, or desensitize C fibers such that they transmit fewer signals. Pain is both a sensory and emotional experience, generally associated tissue damage, or inflammation. ...


Antidepressants

Main article: Antidepressants

Antidepressants function differently in neuropathic pain than in depression. Activation of descending norepinephrinergic and serotonergic pathways to the spinal cord limit pain signals ascending to the brain. Antidepressants will relieve neuropathic pain in non-depressed persons. An antidepressant is a medication used primarily in the treatment of clinical depression. ...


In animal models of neuropathic pain it has been found that compounds which only block serotonin reuptake do not improve neuropathic pain.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Similarly, compounds that only block norepinephrine reuptake also do not improve neuropathic pain. Compounds such as duloxetine, venlafaxine, and milnacipran that block both serotonin reuptake and norepinephrine reuptake do improve neuropathic pain. Norepinephrine (INN)(abbr. ... Duloxetine (brand names Cymbalta, Yentreve, and in parts of Europe, Xeristar or Ariclaim) is a drug which primarily targets major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), pain related to diabetic peripheral neuropathy and in some countries stress urinary incontinence (SUI). ... Venlafaxine (Effexor) is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class first introduced by Wyeth in 1993. ... Milnacipran is an antidepressant of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor class. ... For the professional wrestling stable, see Ravens Nest#Serotonin. ...


Tricyclic antidepressants may also work on sodium channels in peripheral nerves.


Anticonvulsants

Main article: Anticonvulsants

Pregabalin (Lyrica) and gabapentin (Neurontin) work by blocking specific calcium channels on neurons. The actions of the anticonvulsants carbamazepine (Tegretol) and oxcarbazepine (Trileptal), especially effective on trigeminal neuralgia, are principally on sodium channels. The anticonvulsants, sometimes also called antiepileptics, belong to a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in prevention of the occurrence of epileptic seizures. ... Pregabalin (brand name: Lyrica®) is a new anticonvulsant drug indicated as an add on therapy for partial onset seizures and for certain types of neuropathic pain. ... Gabapentin (brand name Neurontin) is a medication originally developed for the treatment of epilepsy. ... Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an benzodiazepiene and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ... Oxcarbazepine (marketed as Trileptal® by Novartis or Trexapin by Taro) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ... Trigeminal neuralgia, or Tic Douloureux, is a neuropathic disorder of the trigeminal nerve that causes episodes of intense pain in the eyes, lips, nose, scalp, forehead, and jaw. ... Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that exist in a cells plasma membrane and regulate the flow of sodium (Na+) ions into it. ...


Lamotrigine may have a special role in treating two conditions for which there are few alternatives, namely post stroke pain and HIV/AIDS-related neuropathy in that subgroup on antiretroviral therapy.[18]


Opioids

Main article: Opioids

Opioids, also known as narcotics, are increasingly recognized as important treatment options for chronic pain. They are not considered first line treatments in neuropathic pain but remain the most consistently effective class of drugs for this condition. Opioids must be used only in appropriate individuals and under close medical supervision. An opioid is any agent that binds to opioid receptors found principally in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. ...


Several opioids, particularly methadone have NMDA antagonist activity in addition to their µ-opioid agonist properties. Methadone (Dolophine®, Amidone®, Methadose®, Physeptone®, Heptadon® and many others) is a synthetic opioid, used medically as an analgesic, antitussive and a maintenance anti-addictive for use in patients on opioids. ...


Methadone and ketobemidone possess NMDA antagonsism. Methadone does so because it is a racemic mixture; only the l-isomer is a potent µ-opioid agonist.[19] Ketobemidone structure Ketobemidone is a powerful opioid analgesic. ... In chemistry, a racemate is a mixture of equal amounts of left- and right-handed stereoisomers of a chiral molecule. ...


There is little evidence to indicate that one strong opioid is more effective than another. Expert opinion leans toward the use of methadone for neuropathic pain, in part because of NMDA antagonism. It is reasonable to base the choice of opioid on other factors.[20]


Topical agents

In some forms of neuropathy, especially post-herpes neuralgia, the topical application of local anesthetics such as lidocaine can provide relief. A transdermal patch containing Lidocaine is available commercially in some countries. Lidocaine (INN) (IPA: ) or lignocaine (former BAN) (IPA: ) is a common local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug. ...


Repeated topical applications of capsaicin, are followed by a prolonged period of reduced skin sensibility referred to as desensitization, or nociceptor inactivation. Capsaicin not only deplete substance P but also results in a reversible degeneration of epidermal nerve fibers. [21] Nevertheless, benefits appear to be modest. [22]


Marijuana and cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are modestly effective in reducing chronic pain. Nabilone is a synthetic cannabinoid which is significantly more potent than delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Nabilone produces less relief of chronic neuropathic pain and had more side effects than a weak opioid. [23] Cannabinoids are a group of terpenophenolic compounds present in Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L). ... Nabilone is a cannabinoid with therapeutic use as an antiemetic. ...


The predominant adverse effects are CNS depression and cardiovascular effects which are mild and well tolerated but, psychoactive side effects limit their use.[24] A complicating issue may be a narrow therapeutic window; lower doses decrease pain but higher doses have the opposite effect.[25]


Sativex, a fixed dose combination of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol, is sold as an oromucosal spray. It has some limited effect on multiple sclerosis pain. There are high rates of adverse effects (92%), especially dizziness and nausea and intoxication. About half the users will stop the drug after one year. [26]


Nabilone has some positive effects on the pain and other symptoms of fibromyalgia, at least in the short term.[27] Long-term studies are need to assess the probability of weight gain and other adverse effects.


A recent study showed smoked marijuana is beneficial in treating symptoms of HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy.[28] Cannabis, also known as marijuana[1] or ganja (Hindi: गांजा),[2] is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa. ...


NMDA antagonism

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor seems to play a major role in neuropathic pain and in the development of opioid tolerance. The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is an ionotropic receptor for glutamate (NMDA (N-methyl d-aspartate) is a name of its selective specific agonist). ...


Dextromethorphan is an NMDA antagonist at high doses. Dextromethorphan (DXM or DM) is an antitussive (cough suppressant) drug found in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. ...


Experiments in both animals and humans have established that NMDA antagonists such as ketamine and dextromethorphan can alleviate neuropathic pain and reverse opioid tolerance.[29] Unfortunately, only a few NMDA antagonists are clinically available and their use is limited by unacceptable side effects. Antagonists will block the binding of an agonist at a receptor molecule, inhibiting the signal produced by a receptor-agonist coupling. ... Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic for use in human and veterinary medicine developed by Parke-Davis (1962). ... Dextromethorphan (DXM or DM) is an antitussive (cough suppressant) drug found in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. ...


Reducing sympathetic nervous stimulation

In some neuropathic pain syndromes, "crosstalk" occurs between descending sympathetic nerves and ascending sensory nerves. Increases in sympathetic nervous system activity result in an increase of pain; this is known as sympathetically-mediated pain.


Lesioning operations on the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system are sometimes carried out. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...


Dietary supplements

There are two dietary supplements that have clinical evidence showing them to be effective treatments of diabetic neuropathy; alpha lipoic acid and benfotiamine.[30]


A 2007 review of studies found that injected (parenteral) administration of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) was found to reduce the various symptoms of peripheral diabetic neuropathy.[31] While some studies on orally administered ALA had suggested a reduction in both the positive symptoms of diabetic neuropathy (including stabbing and burning pain) as well as neuropathic deficits (paresthesia),[32] the metanalysis showed "more conflicting data whether it improves sensory symptoms or just neuropathic deficits alone".[31] There is some limited evidence that ALA is also helpful in some other non-diabetic neuropathies.[33] In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body. ... Lipoic acid is the trivial name for 6,8-dithiooctanoic acid, ( HSCH2CH2CH(SH)C4H8COOH ) which is regarded as a coenzyme in the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex of the citric acid cycle. ... Paresthesia or paraesthesia (in British English) is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of a persons skin with no apparent long-term physical effect, more generally known as the feeling of pins and needles or of a limb being asleep (but not directly related to the phenomenon of...


Benfotiamine is a lipid soluble form of thiamine that has several placebo controlled double blind trials proving efficacy in treating neuropathy and various other diabetic comorbidities.[34][35] Benfotiamine (rINN, also known as benfotiamine or benphothiamine) is an allithiamin, a naturally-occurring lipophilic form of thiamine. ...


Other Modalities

In addition to pharmacological treatment several other modalities are commonly recommended.[36] While lacking adequate double blind trials, these have shown to reduce pain and improve patient quality of life for chronic neuropathic pain: chiropractic, massage, meditation, cognitive therapy,[37] and prescribed exercise. Some pain management specialists will try acupuncture, with variable results. Chiropractic (from Greek chiros and praktikos meaning done by hand) is a health care profession whose purpose is to diagnose and treat mechanical disorders of the spine and musculoskeletal system with the intention of affecting the nervous system and improving health. ... Massage in Frankfurt, Germany. ... For other senses of this word, see Meditation (disambiguation). ... This article is about Becks Cognitive Therapy. ... Acupuncture chart from Hua Shou (fl. ...


Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) may be worth considering in chronic neurogenic pain. TENS, with certain electrical waveforms, appears to have an acupuncture-like function. TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator) is considered a method of pain relief, and has a wide following for use in obstetric care particularly labour. ...


Infrared photo therapy has been used to treat neuropathic symptoms.[38] However, recent work has cast doubt on the value of this approach.[39]


Neuromodulators

Neuromodulation is a field of science, medicine and bioengineering that encompasses both implantable and non-implantable technologies (electrical and chemical) for treatment purposes.[40]


Implanted devices are expensive and carry the risk of complications. Available studies have focused on conditions having a different prevalence than neuropathic pain patients in general. More research is needed to define the range of conditions for which they might be beneficial.


Spinal Cord Stimulators And Implanted Spinal Pumps

Spinal cord stimulators, use electrodes placed adjacent to, but outside the spinal cord. The overall complication rate is one-third, most commonly due to lead migration or breakage. Lack of pain relief sometimes prompts device removal.[41]


Infusion pumps delivery medication directly to the fluid filled (subarachnoid) space surrounding the spinal cord. Opioids alone or opioids with adjunctive medication (either a local anesthetic or clonidine) or more recently ziconotide[42] are infused. Complications such as, serious infection (meningitis), urinary retention, hormonal disturbance and intrathecal granuloma formation have been noted.


There are no randomized studies of infusion pumps. For selected patients 50% or greater pain relief, is achieved in 38% to 56% at six months but declines with the passage of time. [43] These results must be viewed skeptically since placebo effects cannot be evaluated.


Motor Cortex Stimulation

Stimulation of the primary motor cortex through electrodes placed within the skull but outside the thick meningeal membrane (dura) has been used to treat pain. The level of stimulation is below that for motor stimulation. As compared with spinal stimulation, which requires a noticeable tingling (paresthesia) for benefit, the only palpable effect is pain relief.[44][45]


Deep Brain Stimulation

The best long-term results with deep brain stimulation have been reported with targets in the periventricular/periaqueductal grey matter (79%), or the periventricular/periaqueductal grey matter plus thalamus and/or internal capsule (87%).[46] There is a significant complication rate which increase over time.[47]


See also

For other uses, see Nerve (disambiguation). ... The Peripheral nervous system resides or extends outside the CNS central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to serve the limbs and organs. ... Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation and may be referred to as the innate cascade. ... Neuralgia is a painful disorder of the nerves. ... Small fiber peripheral neuropathy is a type of neuropathy. ... This article is about the syndrome. ... Phantom pain, also called deafferentation pain, anesthesia dolorosa, or denervation pain, is pain that is felt in a part of the body (usually an extremity) that either no longer exists due to amputation or is insensate as a result of nerve severance. ...

References

  1. ^ Dyck PJ (1982). "Current concepts in neurology. The causes, classification, and treatment of peripheral neuropathy". N. Engl. J. Med. 307 (5): 283-6. PMID 6283352. 
  2. ^ Bogduk, Nikolai; Merskey, Harold (1994). Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms, 2nd edition, Seattle: IASP Press, 212. ISBN 0931092051. 
  3. ^ Gilron I, Watson CP, Cahill CM, Moulin DE (2006). "Neuropathic pain: a practical guide for the clinician". CMAJ 175 (3): 265-75. doi:10.1503/cmaj.060146. PMID 16880448. 
  4. ^ Dworkin RH, Fields HL (2005). "Fibromyalgia from the perspective of neuropathic pain". J Rheumatol Suppl 75: 1-5. PMID 16078355. 
  5. ^ Portenoy RK (1989). "Painful polyneuropathy". Neurol Clin 7 (2): 265-88. PMID 2566901. 
  6. ^ Vaillancourt PD, Langevin HM (1999). "Painful peripheral neuropathies". Med. Clin. North Am. 83 (3): 627-42, vi. doi:10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70127-9 . PMID 10386118. 
  7. ^ Dworkin RH, O'Connor AB, Backonja M, et al (2007). "Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations". Pain 132 (3): 237-51. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.033. PMID 17920770. 
  8. ^ Attal N, Cruccu G, Haanpää M, et al (2006). "EFNS guidelines on pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain". Eur. J. Neurol. 13 (11): 1153-69. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01511.x. PMID 17038030. 
  9. ^ Moulin DE, Clark AJ, Gilron I, et al (2007). "Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain - consensus statement and guidelines from the Canadian Pain Society". Pain Res Manag 12 (1): 13-21. PMID 17372630. 
  10. ^ Bennett G, Xie Y (1988). "A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man". Pain 33 (1): 87-107. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(88)90209-6 . PMID 2837713. 
  11. ^ Seltzer Z, Dubner R, Shir Y (1990). "A novel behavioral model of neuropathic pain disorders produced in rats by partial sciatic nerve injury". Pain 43 (2): 205-18. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(90)91074-S . PMID 1982347. 
  12. ^ Kim S, Chung J (1992). "An experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by segmental spinal nerve ligation in the rat". Pain 50 (3): 355-63. PMID 1333581. 
  13. ^ Malmberg A, Basbaum A (1998). "Partial sciatic nerve injury in the mouse as a model of neuropathic pain: behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates". Pain 76 (1-2): 215-22. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00045-1 . PMID 9696476. 
  14. ^ Sung B, Na H, Kim Y, Yoon Y, Han H, Nahm S, Hong S (1998). "Supraspinal involvement in the production of mechanical allodynia by spinal nerve injury in rats". Neurosci. Lett. 246 (2): 117-9. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00235-3 . PMID 9627194. 
  15. ^ Lee B, Won R, Baik E, Lee S, Moon C (2000). "An animal model of neuropathic pain employing injury to the sciatic nerve branches". Neuroreport 11 (4): 657-61. doi:10.1097/00001756-200003200-00002. PMID 10757496. 
  16. ^ Decosterd I, Woolf C (2000). "Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain". Pain 87 (2): 149-58. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00276-1 . PMID 10924808. 
  17. ^ Vadakkan K, Jia Y, Zhuo M (2005). "A behavioral model of neuropathic pain induced by ligation of the common peroneal nerve in mice". The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society 6 (11): 747-56. PMID 16275599. 
  18. ^ Wiffen PJ, Rees J. Lamotrigine for acute and chronic pain.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):CD006044.
  19. ^ Davis AM, Inturrisi CE (1999). "d-Methadone blocks morphine tolerance and N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced hyperalgesia". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 289 (2): 1048-53. PMID 10215686. 
  20. ^ Bruera E, Palmer JL, Bosnjak S, et al (2004). "Methadone versus morphine as a first-line strong opioid for cancer pain: a randomized, double-blind study". J. Clin. Oncol. 22 (1): 185-92. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.03.172. PMID 14701781. 
  21. ^ Nolano M, Simone DA, Wendelschafer-Crabb G, Johnson T, Hazen E, Kennedy WR (1999). "Topical capsaicin in humans: parallel loss of epidermal nerve fibers and pain sensation". Pain 81 (1-2): 135-45. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00007-X . PMID 10353501. 
  22. ^ Finnerup NB, Otto M, Jensen TS, Sindrup SH (2007). "An evidence-based algorithm for the treatment of neuropathic pain". MedGenMed 9 (2): 36. PMID 17955091. 
  23. ^ Frank B, Serpell MG, Hughes J, Matthews JN, Kapur D (2008). "Comparison of analgesic effects and patient tolerability of nabilone and dihydrocodeine for chronic neuropathic pain: randomised, crossover, double blind study". BMJ 336 (7637): 199-201. doi:10.1136/bmj.39429.619653.80. PMID 18182416. 
  24. ^ Campbell FA, Tramèr MR, Carroll D, Reynolds DJ, Moore RA, McQuay HJ (2001). "Are cannabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in the management of pain? A qualitative systematic review". BMJ 323 (7303): 13-6. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.13. PMID 11440935. 
  25. ^ Wallace M, Schulteis G, Atkinson JH, et al (2007). "Dose-dependent effects of smoked cannabis on capsaicin-induced pain and hyperalgesia in healthy volunteers". Anesthesiology 107 (5): 785-96. doi:10.1097/01.anes.0000286986.92475.b7. PMID 18073554. 
  26. ^ Rog DJ, Nurmikko TJ, Young CA (2007). "Oromucosal delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol for neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis: an uncontrolled, open-label, 2-year extension trial". Clin Ther 29 (9): 2068-79. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.09.013. PMID 18035205. 
  27. ^ Skrabek RQ, Galimova L, Ethans K, Perry D (2008). "Nabilone for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia". J Pain 9 (2): 164-73. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.09.002. PMID 17974490. 
  28. ^ Abrams D, Jay C, Shade S, Vizoso H, Reda H, Press S, Kelly M, Rowbotham M, Petersen K (2007). "Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial". Neurology 68 (7): 515-21. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000253187.66183.9c. PMID 17296917. 
  29. ^ Nelson KA, Park KM, Robinovitz E, Tsigos C, Max MB (1997). "High-dose oral dextromethorphan versus placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia". Neurology 48 (5): 1212-8. PMID 9153445. 
  30. ^ Head KA (2006). "Peripheral neuropathy: pathogenic mechanisms and alternative therapies" (PDF). Altern Med Rev 11 (4): 294-329. PMID 17176168. 
  31. ^ a b Foster TS (2007). "Efficacy and safety of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in the treatment of symptomatic diabetic neuropathy". Diabetes Educ 33 (1): 111-7. doi:10.1177/0145721706297450. PMID 17272797. “ALA appears to improve neuropathic symptoms and deficits when administered via parenteral supplementation over a 3-week period. Oral treatment with ALA appears to have more conflicting data whether it improves sensory symptoms or just neuropathic deficits alone.” 
  32. ^ Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A, et al (2006). "Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial". Diabetes Care 29 (11): 2365-70. doi:10.2337/dc06-1216. PMID 17065669. 
  33. ^ Patton LL, Siegel MA, Benoliel R, De Laat A (2007). "Management of burning mouth syndrome: systematic review and management recommendations". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 103 Suppl: S39.e1-13. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.11.009. PMID 17379153. 
  34. ^ Stracke H, Lindemann A, Federlin K (1996). "A benfotiamine-vitamin B combination in treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy". Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 104 (4): 311-6. PMID 8886748. 
  35. ^ Thornalley PJ (2005). "The potential role of thiamine (vitamin B(1)) in diabetic complications". Curr Diabetes Rev 1 (3): 287-98. doi:10.2174/157339905774574383. PMID 18220605. 
  36. ^ Chen H, Lamer TJ, Rho RH, et al (2004). "Contemporary management of neuropathic pain for the primary care physician". Mayo Clin. Proc. 79 (12): 1533-45. PMID 15595338. 
  37. ^ Kerns JW, White A, Nashelsky J, Sherman S (2006). "Does psychiatric treatment help patients with intractable chronic pain?". J Fam Pract 55 (3): 235-6. PMID 16510058. 
  38. ^ Burke T. Part 9. How Light (Photo Energy) May Increase Local NO and Vasodilation. Nitric Oxide and Its Role in Health and Diabetes. Diabetes In Control. Retrieved on 2008-03-28.
  39. ^ Lavery LA, Murdoch DP, Williams J, Lavery DC (2008). "Does anodyne light therapy improve peripheral neuropathy in diabetes? A double-blind, sham-controlled, randomized trial to evaluate monochromatic infrared photoenergy". Diabetes Care 31 (2): 316-21. doi:10.2337/dc07-1794. PMID 17977931. 
  40. ^ Krames ES. Neuromodulatory devices are part of our "Tools of the Trade". Pain Med 2006;7:S3-5.
  41. ^ Turner JA, Loeser JD, Deyo RA, Sanders SB (2004). "Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome or complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications". Pain 108 (1-2): 137-47. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2003.12.016. PMID 15109517. 
  42. ^ Lynch SS, Cheng CM, Yee JL (2006). "Intrathecal ziconotide for refractory chronic pain". Ann Pharmacother 40 (7-8): 1293-300. doi:10.1345/aph.1G584. PMID 16849624. 
  43. ^ Turner JA, Sears JM, Loeser JD (2007). "Programmable intrathecal opioid delivery systems for chronic noncancer pain: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications". Clin J Pain 23 (2): 180-95. doi:10.1097/01.ajp.0000210955.93878.44. PMID 17237668. 
  44. ^ Brown JA, Pilitsis JG. Motor Cortex Stimulation Pain Medicine 2006; 7:S140.
  45. ^ Osenbach, R. Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Intractable Facial Pain Pain Medicine 2006; 7:S126
  46. ^ Bittar RG, Kar-Purkayastha I, Owen SL, et al (2005). "Deep brain stimulation for pain relief: a meta-analysis". J Clin Neurosci 12 (5): 515-9. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2004.10.005. PMID 15993077. 
  47. ^ Oh MY, Abosch A, Kim SH, Lang AE, Lozano AM (2002). "Long-term hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation". Neurosurgery 50 (6): 1268-74; discussion 1274-6. doi:10.1097/00006123-200206000-00017. PMID 12015845. 

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 87th day of the year (88th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

Neuropathy related organizations

External links

v • d • e
Nervous system pathology, primarily PNS (G50-G99, 350-359)
Nerve, nerve root
and plexus disorders
(neuropathy, radiculopathy, plexopathy)
cranial nerve: V (Trigeminal neuralgia) - VII (Facial nerve paralysis, Bell's palsy, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, Central seven) - XI (Accessory nerve disorder)

nerve root and plexus: Brachial plexus lesion - Thoracic outlet syndrome - Phantom limb The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principal components are nerves called neurons. ... A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin & eosin stained slide Pathologist redirects here. ... For other uses, see Nerve (disambiguation). ... Nerve roots can refer to: Dorsal root Ventral root Category: ... PLEXUS (Physics Learning EXperience Using Software) is a name of project that was started by Vibor Cipan, physics student form Croatia and it is based on utilization of usage of computer technology to enhance learning of physics. ... Radiculopathy is not a specific condition, but rather a description of a problem in which one or more nerves are affected and do not work properly. ... Cranial nerves are nerves which start directly from the brainstem instead of the spinal cord. ... Trigeminal neuralgia, or Tic Douloureux, is a neuropathic disorder of the trigeminal nerve that causes episodes of intense pain in the eyes, lips, nose, scalp, forehead, and jaw. ... Facial nerve paralysis is a common problem that involves the paralysis of any structures innervated by the facial nerve. ... Bells palsy (or facial palsy) is characterised by facial drooping on the affected half, due to malfunction of the facial nerve (VII cranial nerve), which controls the muscles of the face. ... Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by recurring facial paralysis, swelling of the face and lips (usually the upper lip), and the development of folds and furrows in the tongue. ... Central seven, also called central facial palsy, is a disease characterized by paralysis of the lower half of one side of the face. ... Injury to the spinal accessory nerve can cause an accessory nerve disorder or spinal accessory nerve palsy, which results in diminished or absent function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and upper portion of the trapezius muscle. ... Brachial plexus lesions are classified as traumatic or obstetric. ... Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) consists of a group of distinct disorders that affect the nerves in the brachial plexus (nerves that pass into the arms from the neck) and various nerves and blood vessels between the base of the neck and axilla (armpit). ... This article is about the syndrome. ...

mononeuropathy: upper limb (Carpal tunnel syndrome, Ulnar nerve entrapment, Radial neuropathy) - Causalgia - lower limb (Meralgia paraesthetica, Tarsal tunnel syndrome, Morton's neuroma) - Mononeuritis multiplex
Polyneuropathies
and other disorders of the PNS
hereditary and idiopathic (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Dejerine Sottas syndrome, Refsum's disease, Morvan's syndrome)
Guillain-Barré syndrome - Alcoholic polyneuropathy
Diseases of myoneural junction
autoimmune: Myasthenia gravis - Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Diseases of muscle (myopathy)
Muscular dystrophy

myotonic (Myotonic dystrophy, Myotonia congenita, Thomsen disease, Neuromyotonia, Paramyotonia congenita) Mononeuropathy (or mononeuritis) is a type of neuropathy that only affects a single peripheral or cranial nerve. ... This article is about the medical condition. ... Ulnar nerve entrapment is a condition where the ulnar nerve becomes trapped or pinched due to some physiological abnormalities // Commonly, this causes pain, numbness, or paralysis of the ring and little fingers which may extend up the arm. ... Radial neuropathy (or radial mononeuropathy) is a type of mononeuropathy which results from acute trauma to the radial nerve that runs the length of the arm. ... Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic progressive disease characterized by severe pain, swelling and changes in the skin. ... Meralgia paraesthetica or meralgia paresthetica (see spelling differences) (me-ral-gee-a par-es-thet-i-ka) is numbness or pain in the outer thigh not caused by injury to the thigh, but by injury to a nerve that extends from the thigh to the spinal column. ... Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a painful foot condition in which the tibial nerve is impinged and compressed as it travels though the tarsal tunnel. ... Mortons Neuroma. ... Mononeuritis multiplex is the clinical picture that arises from problems with multiple individual nerves serially or almost simultaneously. ... Polyneuropathy is a neurological disorder that occurs when many peripheral nerves throughout the body malfunction simultaneously. ... Peripheral neuropathy is the term for damage to nerves of the peripheral nervous system, which may be caused either by diseases of the nerve or from the side-effects of systemic illness. ... Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), known also as Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy (HMSN) or Peroneal Muscular Atrophy, is a heterogeneous inherited disorder of nerves (neuropathy) that is characterized by loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation, predominantly in the feet and legs but also in the hands and arms... Dejerine-Sottas Syndrome/Neuropathy (hereditary motor and sensory polyneuropathy type III; sometimes also described as a subtype III of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease) is an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive neuropathy. ... Refsums disease (Refsum-Thiébaut disease, Refsum-Thiébaut-Klenk-Kahlke disease), named after Norwegian neurologist Sigvald Bernhard Refsum (1907-1991), is an autosomal recessive (Chromosome 10) neurological disease that results in the malformation of myelin sheaths around nerve cells. ... Morvans syndrome (or fibrillary chorea) is a rare disease named after nineteenth century French physician Augustin Marie Morvan (1819-1897). ... Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) (IPA pronunciation: is an acute, autoimmune, polyradiculoneuropathy affecting the peripheral nervous system, usually triggered by an acute infectious process. ... Alcoholic polyneuropathy is a neurological disorder in which many peripheral nerves throughout the body malfunction simultaneously (a polyneuropathy). ... Electron micrograph showing a cross section through the neuromuscular junction. ... Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. ... Myasthenia gravis (sometimes abbreviated MG; from the Greek myastheneia, lit. ... Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare disorder of nerve-muscle (neuromuscular) junction. ... For other uses of Muscle, see Muscle (disambiguation). ... In medicine, a myopathy is a neuromuscular disease in which the muscle fibers do not function for any one of many reasons, resulting in muscular weakness. ... Muscular dystrophy refers to a group of genetic, hereditary muscle diseases that cause progressive muscle weakness. ... Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is a chronic, slowly progressing, highly variable inherited multisystemic disease that can manifest at any age from birth to old age. ... Myotonia congenita is a genetic, neuromuscular disorder characterized by the slow relaxation of the muscles. ... Thomsen disease, a form of Myotonia congenita, is a muscular genetic disorder characterized by muscle stiffness (cramp) and an inability of the muscle to relax after a voluntary contraction. ... Neuromyotonia is spontaneous muscular activity resulting from repetitive motor unit action potentials of peripheral origin. ... Paramyotonia congenita is a rare congenital neuromuscular disorder which is characterized by a condition in which the muscles do not relax after contracting (myotonia). ...


congenital myopathy (Centronuclear myopathy, Nemaline myopathy, Central core disease) Congenital myopathy is a term for any muscle disorder present at birth. ... Centronuclear myopathies (CNM) are a group of congenital myopathies where cell nuclei are abnormally located in skeletal muscle cells. ... Nemaline myopathy (NM; also called rod myopathy or nemaline rod myopathy) is a group of congenital, hereditary neuromuscular disorders that cause muscle weakness, generally nonprogressive, of varying severity. ...


Mitochondrial myopathy Mitochondrial myopathy is typically caused by defects in part of the mitochondrion (the power plant of the cell) known as the respiratory chain. ...

periodic paralysis: Hypokalemic - Hyperkalemic
Autonomic
Periodic paralysis is a rare group of genetic diseases that lead to weakness or paralysis (rarely death) from common triggers such as cold, heat, high carbohydrate meals, not eating, stress or excitement and physical activity of any kind. ... Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is characterized by a fall in potassium levels in the blood. ... Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), also known as Impressive Syndrome, is an inherited autosomal dominant disorder which affects sodium channels in muscle cells and the ability to regulate potassium levels in the blood of horses. ... Dysautonomia is any disease or malfunction of the autonomic nervous system. ... Familial dysautonomia, or FD, is a disorder of the autonomic nervous system which affects the development and survival of sensory, sympathetic and some parasympathetic neurons in the autonomic and sensory nervous system resulting in variable symptoms including: insensitivity to pain, inability to produce tears, poor growth, and labile blood pressure... Horners syndrome is a clinical syndrome caused by damage to the sympathetic nervous system. ... Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a degenerative neurological disorder. ... Shy-Drager syndrome is a rare, progressively degenerative disease of the autonomic nervous system. ... These are a group of diseases characterized by neuronal degeneration in the cerebellum, pontine nuclei, and inferior olive. ...

  Results from FactBites:
 
Peripheral Neuropathy Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (625 words)
Causes of acquired peripheral neuropathy include physical injury (trauma) to a nerve, tumors, toxins, autoimmune responses, nutritional deficiencies, alcoholism, and vascular and metabolic disorders.
Acquired peripheral neuropathies are caused by systemic disease, trauma from external agents, or infections or autoimmune disorders affecting nerve tissue.
Inherited forms of peripheral neuropathy are caused by inborn mistakes in the genetic code or by new genetic mutations.
MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Peripheral neuropathy (1535 words)
Peripheral neuropathy may involve damage to a single nerve or nerve group (mononeuropathy) or may affect multiple nerves (polyneuropathy).
Tests for neuropathy are guided by the suspected cause of the disorder, as suggested by the history, symptoms, and pattern of symptom development.
People with neuropathy (especially those with polyneuropathy or mononeuropathy multiplex) are prone to new nerve injury at pressure points (knees and elbows, for example).
  More results at FactBites »


 

COMMENTARY     


Share your thoughts, questions and commentary here
Your name
Your comments
Please enter the 5-letter protection code

Want to know more?
Search encyclopedia, statistics and forums:
 


Lesson Plans | Student Area | Student FAQ | Reviews | Press Releases |  Feeds | Contact
The Wikipedia article included on this page is licensed under the GFDL.
Images may be subject to relevant owners' copyright.
All other elements are (c) copyright NationMaster.com 2003-5. All Rights Reserved.
Usage implies agreement with terms.